非謂語總結(jié)歸納

1、總結(jié)歸納：非謂語動詞用法分析說明 非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。1不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別（1）動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)（2）動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。不

2、定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))（3）不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別（1）不定式作表語1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。To do two things at a time is to do neith

3、er-次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。（2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。To work means to earn a living工作就是為了生活。（3）如果主語是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish, dream等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用。

4、His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant（2）動名詞作表

5、語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。His hobby is collecting stamps他的愛好是集郵。注：動名詞作表語時與進(jìn)行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the f

6、inal was no more convincing than I had expected（3）分詞作表語分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?。一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite， interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對感興趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人

7、/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：interesting使人感到高興-interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的-excited感到激動的delighting令人高興的-delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費(fèi)解的-puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 satisfying令人滿意的-satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚

8、異的-surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的-worried感到擔(dān)心的Travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。They were very excited at the news聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。3不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞

9、作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視 afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 mean意欲，打算expect期望 appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法 pretend假裝 ask問 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love愛 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望offer提供 beg請求fail不能 plan計(jì)劃bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿 car

10、e關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí)regret抱歉，遺憾 choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許undertake承擔(dān) want想要 intend想要 refuse拒絕decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) propose提議 seek找，尋覓 2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ)：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使 allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿announce宣布force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使 inspire鼓舞 request請求as

11、sist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示advise勸告pray請求 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦 bear容忍 remind提醒 beg請求 report報告invite吸引，邀請，summon傳喚 command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓(xùn)練 cause引起instruct指示 require要求deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴 direct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡 enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說e

12、ncourage鼓勵want想要condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé) lead引起，使得 teach教permit允許 wish希望 (2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說到，講到admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受dislike不喜歡，討厭advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 appreciate 感激，欣賞confess坦白 avoid避免 enjoy享有，喜愛bear忍受 envy嫉妒can't help不禁delay延遲escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse原諒

13、consider 考慮 fancy幻想，愛好favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意figure描繪，計(jì)算 miss錯過finish完成，結(jié)束pardon原諒，饒恕resist抵抗，阻止forgive原諒 permit 允許imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期risk冒險involve卷入，包含 practise 實(shí)行，實(shí)踐suggest建議prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄keep保持 quit放棄，停止stand堅(jiān)持，忍受 recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two

14、years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）/ forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事/ stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）/ remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾/ regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企圖做某事/ try doing試驗(yàn)、試

15、一試某種辦法6) mean to do打算，有意要/ mean doing意味著7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）/ go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）/ propose doing建議（做某事）9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有would/should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：I should like to see him tomorrow10) need, want, requi

16、re, deserve +動名詞表被動意義=不定式被動態(tài)表,示“要(修、清理等)”意思。Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?You must remember to leave tomorrow你可要記著是明天動身。I don't regret telling her what I thought我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to

17、 be more careful你可要多加小心。Let's try doing the work some other way讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling我沒想要傷害你的感情。This illness will mean (your) going to hospital得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。4不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系He was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一個離開

18、教室的。The train to arrive was from London將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系Get him something to eat給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。I need a pen to write with我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。4)不定式修飾一些表示

19、方向、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如：ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive運(yùn)動 movement運(yùn)動，活動ambition抱負(fù)，野心effort努力，嘗試need需要，需求campaign戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機(jī)會chance機(jī)會 force力，壓力，要點(diǎn)promise許諾，希望courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖reason理由，原因decision決定 method方法，方式light光，光線，亮光determination決心，決定 motive動機(jī)，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢wish希望，愿望，祝

20、愿5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要接不定式做補(bǔ)語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do-tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true

21、他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us他們放棄這個實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定使我們大吃一驚。He is always the first to come and the last to leave他總是第一個到來，最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點(diǎn)：1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。The child standing over

22、there is my brother站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?He is an advanced teacher他是個先進(jìn)教師。3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點(diǎn)要注意：faded, fallen, gone, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently

23、-come (3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？5不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語

24、的區(qū)別?，F(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的區(qū)別。1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。2）過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。Given more attention, the trees could hav

25、e grown better.如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會長得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個計(jì)劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計(jì)劃。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭

26、，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔細(xì)讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to s

27、upport him他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf這男孩個子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應(yīng)該注意的：a：not/never tooto, toonot to , but/only too to, too ready/eager/glad/happy to 表示肯定意義He is too careful not to have noticed it.他那么細(xì)心, 不

28、會不注意到這一點(diǎn)的。b：做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。6非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：When to start has not been decided何時動身尚未決定。(主語)I don't know what

29、to do我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注）A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞，如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式：While still a young boy, Tom knew how to play the piano well and

30、 as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有，只能”講時跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式連用）。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but get your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有：feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到watch注視 listen to聽notice注意 s

31、ee看見 look at看 hear聽On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如：Let him do it.讓他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill我想要你知道我病了。(注)：上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：He was seen to comeThe boy was made to go to bed early.

32、在動詞help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如:3)在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1)不定式的邏輯主語為：

33、for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone我發(fā)現(xiàn)他個人干這活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：It was wise of him to do that他那樣做是明智的。2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；名詞's+動名詞。例如：Tom insisted on my going with them他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late他不喜歡他妻子工作得

34、很晚。3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wrong等It is very kind of you to help me你幫助我太好了。間或也可用for + ther

35、e to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。7非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型1）Doing.+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名詞+doing sth.It is no

36、use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。It is a great fun playing football打籃球很有趣。It is a waste of time trying to explain設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時間。3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sthIt is useless speaking.光說沒用。It is nice seeing you again真高興又遇到了你。It is good playing chess after

37、supper晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。非謂語動詞的特殊用法一 非謂語動詞短語做插入語的問題1)有些分詞(短語)可用來表示說話人的態(tài)度，看問題的角度，或者對所敘述的情況進(jìn)行解釋，它們便成了句子的獨(dú)立成分，其邏輯主語也就不再是句子的主語?！纠纭縎trictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.嚴(yán)格地講，誰也不允許在這兒。(speaking的邏輯主語并不是nobody)Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.從他的口音判斷，他

38、一定是南方人。(這句中不是he在“判斷”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.總的來說，這本書沒有問題。Taking all things into consideration, his work is a successful one.全面考慮起來，他的工作還是很成功的。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞(分詞詞組)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly) speaking, judging from(by),talking about,speaking of, takinginto co

39、nsideration, considering, put frankly,等。2)這樣使用的有些分詞，在句子中逐漸起到連詞或介詞的作用，便把它們視為連詞或介詞?！纠纭縂ranting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行為也會引起極大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十個人，包括我在內(nèi)。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的費(fèi)用有

40、人代付，我就去。經(jīng)常這樣使用的分詞有：admitting (that), assuming (that), concerning, presuming, granting, supposing (that), given, granted, provided(that)等。二 解析分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語一致。如果不一致的話，分詞前面可以帶有自己的邏輯主語(名詞或代詞)，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(或稱為帶邏輯主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu))。分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)可表示伴隨情況、陪襯動作、附加說明以及表示時間、原因、條件等?！纠纭縏he moon has no light of its o

41、wn, only sunlight shining on it. (附加說明)She rushed out of the room, the little baby carried in her arms. (伴隨動作)Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand. (伴隨動作)Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. (表示原因) Both bright side and dark side considered, yo

42、u will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示條件)All flights having been cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. there be句型和it也能引出分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語修飾主句，there和it相當(dāng)于分詞的邏輯主語?！纠纭縏here being nothing else to do, we went home. There having been no rai

43、n, the plants withered. It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _on benches, chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1)A) having seated B) seating C) seated D)

44、having been seated本題考察的是with引導(dǎo)的分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，seat一般用被動形式表示主動意思，所以用過去分詞，答案為C。seat可以用于如下句中：He came in and was seated in the chair. Please come in and be seated. So many directors_, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent本題考察的是分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)

45、構(gòu),主語與分詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，因此選擇B。三 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語的行為之前，且動作由邏輯主語所承受(即與邏輯主語是被動關(guān)系)?！纠纭縃aving been given such a good chance, he planned to work hard. Having been experimented several times, this new product will be put into mass production. All the compositions having been written and collected,

46、the teacher dismissed the students. 四 現(xiàn)在分詞被動式的用法在表示一個被動動作時，如果這個動作正在進(jìn)行，或是與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，我們可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式?！纠纭縏he bridge being built now will be completed in three months. This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-

47、restraint as if I were the one _. (CET-4 1996,6) A) to correct B) correcting C)having corrected D) being corrected句意為：如果我批評某個人，我會盡量保持幽默，自我控制，像批評自己一樣。one為代詞，后面的動詞為其修飾成分，故用分詞，而且one與correct之間是動賓關(guān)系，故用分詞被動式，答案為D。五 現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的用法現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中，表示這個動作在謂語所表示的動作之前完成?！纠纭縃aving succeeded in the last examination,

48、 she was more confident of another success in the coming one. Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy（療法）.Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game. Not having made adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the trip till next week.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用現(xiàn)在

49、分詞的完成形式?！纠纭縃is parents having died, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.六 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法及實(shí)例分析現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動和進(jìn)行”，過去分詞表示“被動和完成”(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動，只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。1)分詞作狀語分詞在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語時，它的邏輯主語

50、與句子的主語一致。作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句?！纠纭縃earing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.G

51、iven better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mothers illness.分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓或被動關(guān)系用過去分詞?！纠纭縉ot having enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we dont have enough hands).Taught by mistakes and s

52、etbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) ._the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6) A)Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed本句意思為：相信地球是平的，許多人擔(dān)心哥倫布會從邊上掉下去。許多人與相信之間是主謂關(guān)系，及分詞與主語之間為主謂關(guān)系。因此，應(yīng)用

53、現(xiàn)在分詞，答案為B.No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed本句中貝多芬的作品被反復(fù)表演，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞，故答案為B._as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)A) Be

54、ing published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published本句中as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，意思為：他的作品盡管在被這樣的時候出版，還是引起了關(guān)注，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞，故答案為B.2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)?，F(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時，有時可以在分詞前加while，when, once, although, until, if等連詞?！纠纭縒hen leaving the airport, she waved again and

55、again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to und

56、erstand.3)分詞作定語。分詞作定語時，單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面。現(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞(即與名詞是動賓關(guān)系)?！纠纭縒e will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.This is really an exhausting day to all of us!We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.After a night spen

57、t in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1) A)having B) to have C) to have h