國(guó)際結(jié)算(雙語(yǔ))第一國(guó)際結(jié)算緒論chapterInternationalSettlement

1、Hello, everybody!姓姓名名學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)號(hào)5.17pm5.24pm5.31 am5.31pm6.7am6.7pm6.14am6.14pm6.21am6.21pm6.28amChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and Contents of Interrnational Settlement * 1.2 Classification of International Settlement * 1.3 Emergence and Development of International Settlement * 1.4 Role of Bank in

2、 International Settlement * 1.5 Related International Customs and Practices * 1.6 The Banking Network in International Settlement * 1 Definition of International Settlement International Settlement is defined as financial activities conducted among different countries in which payments are effected

3、or funds are transferred from one country to another,in order to settle accounts,debts,claims and etc. 2 Main contents of International Settlement (1) Negotiable instruments: A negotiable instrument is an instrument the titles on which can be transferred easily from one party to another , which is a

4、 kind of finacial documents. There are three parties to a negotiable instrument: drawer deawee payee (2) Payment methods Traditional payment methods: Remittance , collection , letter of creditOther payment methods: Standby letter of credit , guarantee , international factorin and international forfa

5、iting (3) Documents commercial documents: Invoices , Weight List , Packing List , Measurement List transport documents: Marline Bill Of Lading , Airway Bill , Railway Bill insurance documents: Insurance Policy and Insurance Certificate official documents: Import License , Export License , Customs In

6、voice 1 International Cargo Trade Settlement The financial activity arising from international cargo merchandise trade is called international cargo trade settlement . As the international cargo merchandise trade is a kind of visible movement ,it is also known as the internaional visible trade settl

7、ement2 International Service Trade Settlement International service trade settlement refers to the settlement related to the cross-border services providing. General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS), a treaty of the World Trade Oraganization , covers four modes of supply for the delivery of servi

8、ces in cross-border trade.(1) Cross-border supply referd to the services delivered within the territory of the member , from the territory of another member.It is the services but not the people or material that crosses the bored.(2) Consumption abroad Consumption abroad is the services delivered ou

9、tside the territory of the member , in the territoryof another member , to a service consumer of themember.(3) Commercial presence Commercial presence is the services delivered within the territory of the member , through the commercial presence of the suppier.(4) Presence of natural person Presence

10、 of natural person is services delivered within the territory of the member , with supplier presenting as a natural person.3 International Non-trade Settlement International Non-trade Settlement refers to financial activities that are generated in the course of other cross-border economic (excluding

11、 international trade), political and cultural contacts.1 Emergence of International Settlementprerequisite: international trade circulation of commodities was beyond the borders of countries barter originallyfeudal societygold and silver became currency2 Development of International Settlement From

12、Cash Settlememt to Non-cash SettlementFrom Direct Settlement to Indirect SettlementFrom Cash on Delivery to payment against DocumentFrom Paper Document to Electromic Dpcument(1) From Cash Settlement to Non-cash Settlement(2) From Direct Settlement to Indirect Settlement Settlement through commercial

13、 papers must meet the following condition at the same time: 1.The importers and the exporters must have a closed business relationship with a foundation of mutual trust. 2. The worth of trading goods and payment time must be same for importers and exporters in one country.In international trade, it

14、is difficult for importers and exporter to have the above two conditions at the same time. Then, commercial banks get involved in international trade.With abundant capital and outstanding creditworyhiness, banks begin to serve as intermediaries to facilitate international settlement between exporter

15、s and importers, and finally develop into indispensable important financial intermediaries in international trade payments.(3) From Cash on Delivery to Payment against Documentprerequisite: a) insurance and banks become independent social sectorb) bill of landing and insurance documents are createdc

16、) price terms have become a common practice for all countries to follow.Because the documents can represent the goods, buyers payfunds against documents instead of goods, banks can not only clear debts and claims between trade parties but alsofinance exporters and importers on the basis of pledged d

17、ocuments.(4) From Paper Document to Electronic Document International settlement has become increasingly complicated and diversified, especially more and more documents are required to be submitted in international settlement operation procedures. Owing to the widespread of computers, the electronic

18、 international settlement becomes possible. In international settlement , banks have been performing main critical roles to facilitate the process of international settlement (1) Settle accounts In international trade,trade parties can not settle debts directly for geographic reason,hoverver, banks

19、can provide remittance , collection , letter of credit or other payment methods with parties to clear debts and credit. (2) Finance facility The capital allocation and transfer in internatioal settlement are mostly finished through electronic clearing system of financial markets. The following are s

20、ome important electronic clearing systems widely used today Clearing House Inter-bank Payment System(CHIPS)Clesring House Automated Payment System(CHAPS)Federal Reserve Wire Network(FEDWIRE)Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System(TARGET)China National Advanced Pay

21、ment Sydtem(CNAPS)Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication(SWIFT)Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) (3) Guarantee for risk In international settlement, there are negotiating bank , accepting bank , rembursement bank and confirming bank to ensure that the exporter gets the money and

22、the importer gets the contracted goods. (4) Consultancy service and other value-added services In practice , bank usually provide consultancy service and other value-added services.1 Definition and Characteristics of International Trade Customs and Practices International customs and practics are th

23、e habitual patterns rules and regulations recognized by international community.They are formed in long-term international communication and practice. International customs and practices are notable for their characteristics,i.e. , fairness and rationality , clarity and standardization , universal u

24、tilization.2 Relationship between Customs and Practices , Laws and Contracts International customs and practices are not laws in themselves but regulations followed by people , while laws are the regulations formulated by government authorities, representing the will of the state and being implement

25、ed by force. The contract can accept or eliminate the application of international customs and practices clearly on certain items.3 Main International Customs and Practices (1) In terms of rules on negotiable instruments , there are three law widely used:Geneval Uniform Laws UK Bill of Exchange Act

26、of 1882US Uniform Commercial Code of 1952(2) As to payment methods, the applicable international cus-toms and practices are as follows: URC522(Uniform Rules for Collections , ICC Publication No.522) UCP600(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits , ICC Publication No.600) ISP98(Internati

27、onal Standbu Practices , ICC Publication No.590) URCG325(Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantees , ICC Publication No.325) URDG758(Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees , ICC PublicationNo.758) URR725(Uniform Rules for Bank-to-bank Reimbursements under Documentary Credits, ICC Publication No.725) 1 Corr

28、espondent Banking Relationship When a local bank and a foreign bank provide agency services for each other under an agreement , the two banks become correspondent banks in international settlement mutually. Traditionally , correspondent bank can be divided into two types: Depository Bank Non- deposi

29、tory Bank2 Establishment of Correspondent RelationshipStep 1:Credit investigationStep 2:Negotiating and signing the agreementStep 3:Confirming control documents3 The Selection of Correspondent Bank1.The sister bank2. depository bank3. non-depository bank4 Other Bank Institutions in International Set

30、tlement Business(1) Representative Office(2) Agency Office(3) Branch Bank Abroad(4) Subsidiary Bank(5) Affiliated Bank(6) Consortium Bank第一章 緒論 第一節(jié) 國(guó)際結(jié)算的定義、分類(lèi)及內(nèi)容 第二節(jié) 國(guó)際結(jié)算的起源與發(fā)展 第三節(jié) 銀行在國(guó)際結(jié)算中的作用 第四節(jié) 與國(guó)際結(jié)算有關(guān)的國(guó)際慣例 第五節(jié) 國(guó)際結(jié)算中得銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)一、國(guó)際結(jié)算的概念 國(guó)際結(jié)算是指處于不同國(guó)家或不同貨幣區(qū)的自然人、法人或政府機(jī)關(guān)，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和政治的交流，產(chǎn)生的以貨幣表現(xiàn)得債權(quán)債務(wù)，以及通過(guò)銀行辦

31、理貨幣收付以清算這種債權(quán)債務(wù)的業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)。要點(diǎn)： 1.清償債權(quán)、債務(wù) 2.運(yùn)用某種手段和支付方式辦理 3.實(shí)現(xiàn)貨幣資金的跨國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移二、國(guó)際結(jié)算的分類(lèi)國(guó)際結(jié)算國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)算國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易結(jié)算買(mǎi)賣(mài)大米、機(jī)器、石油等實(shí)物商品輸入輸出所產(chǎn)生的債權(quán)債務(wù)的結(jié)算國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易結(jié)算運(yùn)輸、信息、金融等服務(wù)商品的交易所產(chǎn)生的債權(quán)債務(wù)的結(jié)算國(guó)際非貿(mào)易結(jié)算政府的援助、捐贈(zèng)僑民匯款由非貿(mào)易的活動(dòng)引起的貨幣支付與結(jié)算三、國(guó)際結(jié)算的基本內(nèi)容 （一）國(guó)際結(jié)算的支付工具 國(guó)際結(jié)算的支付工具是票據(jù)：本票、匯票、支票（二）國(guó)際結(jié)算方式 1.傳統(tǒng)結(jié)算方式：匯款、托收、信用證 2.新型結(jié)算方式：備用信用證、保函、保理和福費(fèi)廷（三）國(guó)際結(jié)算中的單

32、據(jù) 運(yùn)輸單據(jù)、保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)、金融單據(jù)、商業(yè)單據(jù)等 國(guó)際結(jié)算是伴著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生的，也是隨著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的。同時(shí)，國(guó)際結(jié)算與 各國(guó)生產(chǎn)力水平的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r、科學(xué)技術(shù)水平的提高和金融、運(yùn)輸及保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。一、易貨貿(mào)易階段 最初的國(guó)際貿(mào)易結(jié)算是通過(guò)易貨來(lái)完成的，即以物易物。二、現(xiàn)金結(jié)算階段 A.條件：黃金、白銀及其他金屬鑄幣稱(chēng)為一般等價(jià)物并充當(dāng)世界貨幣后，產(chǎn)生了現(xiàn)金結(jié)算。 B.缺點(diǎn)：攜帶不方便、不安全、交易成本高三、非現(xiàn)金結(jié)算階段 概念：指不直接使用現(xiàn)金，而是使用代替現(xiàn)金起流通作用和支付作用的票據(jù)來(lái)結(jié)算國(guó)家間的債權(quán)債權(quán)的結(jié)算方式。 萌芽：11世紀(jì)，地中海沿岸國(guó)家商人使用字據(jù)代替現(xiàn)金。

33、 發(fā)展：16-17世紀(jì)，歐洲國(guó)家開(kāi)始使用票據(jù) 成熟標(biāo)志：19世紀(jì)末，歐洲各國(guó)相繼出臺(tái)票據(jù)法 產(chǎn)生的關(guān)鍵：銀行的介入四、電訊結(jié)算階段信息時(shí)代到來(lái)，國(guó)際結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)開(kāi)始應(yīng)用電子商務(wù)技術(shù)，標(biāo)志著電訊結(jié)算階段的開(kāi)始。體現(xiàn) ：銀行普遍使用SWIFT（Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication,環(huán)球同業(yè)銀行金融電訊協(xié)會(huì)） 一、賬戶(hù)資金結(jié)算與清算（1）美元資金清算系統(tǒng) a. CHIPS（Clearing House Inter-bank Payment System，美國(guó)同業(yè)銀行收付系統(tǒng)） b. FEDWIRE（Federal Rese

34、rve Wire Network，聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備通信系統(tǒng)）（2）歐元資金清算系統(tǒng) a. CHAPS（Clesring House Automated Payment System，英國(guó)倫敦同業(yè)銀行自動(dòng)收付系統(tǒng)） b, TARGET(Trans-European Automated Real-Time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System 歐洲間實(shí)時(shí)全額自動(dòng)清算系統(tǒng))（3）人民幣資金清算系統(tǒng) CNAPS（China National Advanced Payment Sydtem，中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化支付系統(tǒng)）（4）國(guó)際銀行的通信系統(tǒng) SWIFT（Society fo

35、r Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication，環(huán)球同業(yè)銀行金融電訊協(xié)會(huì)）二、國(guó)際貿(mào)易融資 銀行對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的融資很大部分是與結(jié)算方式相結(jié)合的。匯款銀行只負(fù)責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)移資金，沒(méi)有融資作用托收出口商的融資：出口托收押匯、票據(jù)貼現(xiàn)進(jìn)口商的融資：擔(dān)保提貨信用證開(kāi)證行負(fù)有第一性的付款義務(wù)責(zé)任，這種方式本身就是對(duì)進(jìn)口商的融資和信用擔(dān)保，也給出口商帶來(lái)了許多融資便利保理、保函、福費(fèi)廷等兼具融資和支付兩方面功能三、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)擔(dān)保 在國(guó)際結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)中，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方利益不一致進(jìn)出口雙方缺乏信任。銀行作為第三方參與，為雙方提供中介服務(wù)和安全障，使得進(jìn)、出口商能有效地規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。四、資

36、信調(diào)查與咨詢(xún)服務(wù) 銀行憑借自己掌握社會(huì)資金再分配的權(quán)利及與企業(yè)廣泛聯(lián)系的特殊地位，以及自身的良好信譽(yù)，可以向人們提供相關(guān)的可靠消息。比如為客戶(hù)提供理財(cái)服務(wù)和金融信息。一、國(guó)際慣例的定義和特點(diǎn) 1、定義： 國(guó)際慣例是在長(zhǎng)期的國(guó)際交往實(shí)踐中約定成俗的，是國(guó)際社會(huì)公認(rèn)的國(guó)際交往行為的慣常模式、規(guī)則和原則等，對(duì)當(dāng)事人之間的關(guān)系、權(quán)利和義務(wù)有明確的規(guī)范。 2、特點(diǎn)：國(guó)際性 公正性 權(quán)威性 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性二、國(guó)際慣例與國(guó)際法、合同之間的關(guān)系1.國(guó)際慣例與國(guó)際法的關(guān)系 國(guó)際法是法律，國(guó)際慣例不具有法律上的強(qiáng)制性，當(dāng)事人可自行決定是否采用。一旦當(dāng)事人在合同中采用國(guó)際慣例，該項(xiàng)國(guó)際慣例就具有法律效力。2.國(guó)際慣例和合同

37、的關(guān)系 合同中可以援引國(guó)際慣例，也可以明確表述不適用某國(guó)際慣例。當(dāng)合同對(duì)某些細(xì)節(jié)沒(méi)有規(guī)定是，國(guó)際慣例可以做為對(duì)合同相關(guān)規(guī)定的一種解釋和補(bǔ)充。三、主要的國(guó)際慣例 1.與票據(jù)相關(guān)的國(guó)際慣例：(1)英國(guó)1882年票據(jù)法(UK Bill of Exchange Act of 1882)(2)美國(guó)1952年統(tǒng)一商法典(US Uniform Commercial Code of 1952)(3)日內(nèi)瓦1930年統(tǒng)一匯票本票法公約(Convention on the Unification of the Law Relating to Bills of Exchange and Promissory Not

38、es)(4)日內(nèi)瓦1931年統(tǒng)一支票法公約(Convention Providing a Uniform Law of Cheques)(5)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際匯票和國(guó)際本票公約(Convention on International Bill of Exchange and International Promissory Note of the United Nations)2.與結(jié)算方式相關(guān)的國(guó)際慣例 （1）托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則，國(guó)際商會(huì)第522號(hào)出版物，URC522(Uniform Rules for Collections , ICC Publication No.522)（2）跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例，國(guó)際商會(huì)第600號(hào)出版物， UCP600(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ,ICC Publication No.600)（3）國(guó)際備用信用證慣例，ISP98(International Standbu Practices , ICC Publication No.590)（4）合同保函統(tǒng)一規(guī)則，國(guó)際商會(huì)第325號(hào)出版物，URCG325(Uniform Rules for Contrac