waste-management課件

1、1Waste Management: practical application of the new ethical concepts of Eco-Ethics International Union byRomeo D. Caturao, MSc in Marine Ecology Macintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supported2What are Wastes?Basel Convention Definition of Wastes“substances or ob

2、jects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”Disposal means“any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”3Kinds of Waste

3、sSolid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trashLiquid Wastes: wastes in liquid formExamples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, m

4、anufacturing industries and other sources4Classification of Wastes according to their Properties Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradablecannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,cans, styrofoam containers and others)5Classification of Wastes accord

5、ing totheir Effects on Human Health and the EnvironmentHazardous wastesSubstances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territ

6、ory of the PhilippinesNon-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines6Sources of Was

7、tesHouseholdsCommerce and IndustryM acintosh P IC Tim age form atis not supportedMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedM acintosh P IC Tim age form atis not supported7Sources of WastesAgricultureFisheriesMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedMacintosh PICTimage formatis not supportedMacintos

8、h PICTimage formatis not supportedM acintosh PICTim age form atis not supported8Waste Generation by Country(Global Waste Survey Final Report Published by IMO 1995)*CountriesAmount /yearJapan395 M tonnes/yearGermany104 M tonnes/yearNetherlands6.1 M tonnes/yearHungary102 M tonnes/yearPoland130 M tonne

9、s/yearRomania607 M tonnes/yearBahrain92,000 tonnes/yearChina6 B tonnes/yearPhilippines1.3 M tonnes/year*from primary and secondary industry sectors9Waste Generation in the PhilippinesIn Metro Manila: It is estimated that 25 million m3 of acid and alkaline liquid waste is disposed of annually from th

10、e electronics industry. Almost 2,000 m3 of solvents and 22,000 tonnes of heavy metals, infectious wastes, biological sludges, lubricants and intractable wastes are disposed of on land or into water courses. 4,000 tonnes of solid wastes are generated daily. Of these, only about 3,400 tonnes are colle

11、cted and transported to existing sites.10Waste Generation in Iloilo ProvinceHundreds of tons of domestic wastes are generated daily by households contributing to the enormous environmental problems the world is facing.*Chua, TE (1996) Waste management in the coastal areas of the ASEAN region. ECLARM

12、 Proceedings No. 3311EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climate12EFFECTS OF WASTEAccording to NAS:GHGs are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing gl

13、obal mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions.Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.This could also affect hu

14、man health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered. 13EFFECTS OF WASTEAccording to NAS:- Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some a

15、reas.- Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils.- Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably proje

16、cted for specific areas.14Effects of waste.Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere:-Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20).-C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and sol

17、id waste.-CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.-N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 197

18、7, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2000, US EPA, Office of Atmospheric Programs, April 2002 EPA 236-R-02-003.15WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reduce Waste- Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft

19、reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically.- Improve product design to use less materials.- Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.- Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.- Switch to r

20、eusable transport containers.- Purchase products in bulk.16WHAT SHOULD BE DONEReuse- Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper.- Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.- Use inco

21、ming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.- Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.17WHAT SHOULD BE DONEDonate/Exchange- old books- old clothes- old computers- excess building materials- old equipment to local organizations18WHAT SHOULD BE DONEEmployee Educ

22、ation- Develop an “office recycling procedures” packet.- Send out recycling reminders to all employees including environmental articles.- Train employees on recycling practices prior to implementing recycling programs.- Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies are introduced and new e

23、mployees join the institution.19WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Employee Education- education campaign on waste management that includes an extensive internal web site, quarterly newsletters, daily bulletins, promotional signs and helpful reference labels within the campus of an institution.20WHAT SHOULD BE DON

24、EPreventing Waste- packaging waste reductions and changes in the manufacturing process- use biodegradable materials21WHAT SHOULD BE DONEConduct outreach program adopting an ecologically sound waste management system which includes: waste reduction segregation at source composting recycling and re-us

25、e more efficient collection more environmentally sound disposal22Residents are organized into small groups to carry out the following:construction of backyard compost pitconstruction of storage bins where recyclable and reusable materials are stored by each householdconstruction of storage centers w

26、here recyclable and reusable materials collected by the street sweepers are stored prior to selling to junk dealersmaintenance of cleanliness in yards and streetsgreening of their respective areasencouraging others to join23ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EMS What is an EMS?An EMS is a formal set

27、of policies and procedures that define how an organization will evaluate, manage, and track its environmental impact. It follows the basic model:Plan Do Check Act This facilitates cost-effective environmental performance by defining and continuously improving the process and actions that an organiza

28、tion undertakes to meet its environmental goals.24EMS Development A Policy Statement that communicates an organizations environmental priorities to employees. Managerial endorsement of the policy statement demonstrates the organizations commitment to the effort and willingness to allocate resources

29、for implementation. Once a policy statement is in place, the organization implements it following the model.25Stages in the Implementation of EMSunderstanding of eco-ethicsenvironmental and health effectseconomic impactsliabilitiesAfter establishing a complete list of significant aspects, the organi

30、zation sets environmental goals and develops a plan to achieve those goals.Identify all environmental aspects: any environmental or health and safety impacts resulting from activities and services. The organization then evaluates each aspect according to a variety of criteria:1. Plan262. Do The do-p

31、hase of the model involves implementation of the environmental plan through employee training and establishment of operation controls.Check Evaluates progress toward meeting program goals through ongoing monitoring and measuring and periodic EMS audits.ActInvolves taking corrective action to update

32、and improve the environmental plan. For example, if an organization makes significant progress on one environmental aspect, another environmental aspect will replace it on the priority list. 27Why Should an Organization Adopt an EMS?1. Improve environmental performance It helps monitor energy and wa

33、ter conservation, resource efficiencies, and pollution prevention. 2. Better regulatory complianceIncrease regulatory compliance which is especially important for organizations that spend time and resources with regulatory violations. 3. Certification and recognitionEMS implementation can enhance an organizations image and improve public community relations.28EMS Certification EPA encourages organizations to use recognized EM