(完整word版)高中英語語法總結(jié)-名詞性從句(4),推薦文檔

1、名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Nou n Clauses)。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓 語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。根據(jù)從句在句子中的功能分根據(jù)從句的性質(zhì)分定語從句形容詞性從句主語從句名詞性從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句狀語從句副詞性從句第一節(jié)知識點講解一【主語從 顧名思義，主語從句在句子中作主語。有時本身出現(xiàn)在主語的位置上，也有時出于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的考慮退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主語it代替。從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般為單數(shù)形式。如：What I saw

2、 was bey ond any verbal descriptio n.That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit.Why the compa ny denied the con tract is still unknown.When and where the gover nment will build a city square is un der discussio n.It is pretty annoying that a small part of the mach ine is miss ing.It remai ns t

3、o be see n whether the new no vel will be well received.Tips:主語從句的that絕對不能省去。因為句子是不能做主語的，故用that引導(dǎo)。若去掉則沒有了主語，而賓語從句的that可省。主語從句：That he is right is known to all of us.賓語從句：We all kn ow (that) he is right.1. It作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末It作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而i

4、t引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：a) It is a pity that you didnt go to你不he看那場電影真可惜。b) It doesnt interest me whythes ucceed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。c) It is in the morni ng that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)2.用it

5、作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is+名詞+從句It is a fact that事實是 非常榮幸是常識It is an honor thatIt is com mon kno wledgethatIt is+形容詞+從句It is natural thatIt is stra nge thatIt is+不及物動詞+從句It seems that似乎It happe ned that碰巧It appears that似乎It+過去分詞 +從句It is reported that據(jù)報道 It has been proved that已證實 It is said that據(jù)說3.主語從句不可位于

6、句首的五種情況：(1)if引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。(2)It is said /reported結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It is said that Preside nt Jia ng will visit our school n ext week.錯誤表達(dá)：That Preside nt Jia ng will visit our school n ext week is said.(3)It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the exam in

7、ati on.錯誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the exam in ati on occurred to him.(4)It doesnt matter how/whether結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：It doesn t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.(5)含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?錯誤表達(dá)：Is tha

8、t will rain in the evening likely?4. what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別what引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語.賓語.表語，而that貝懷然。例如:a) What you said yesterday is right.b) That she is still alive is a con solati on二.【賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。We assumed that there would be more tha n 100 guests.He told the

9、police in detail what he saw and heard.Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years.That will depe nd on whether they can get the chance.Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment.The con ductor complai ned that we were not gifted in singing a nd that he would never com

10、e again.1.作動詞的賓語很自然奇怪的是(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that通?？梢允÷?,例如：I heard that be joined the army.我聽說他參軍了。(2)由what, whether (if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如：a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。(3)動詞+間接賓語+賓語從句。例如：She told me that she would accept my inv

11、itation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。2.作介詞的賓語，例如：Our success depe ndsup on how well we can cooperate with one ano ther.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3.作形容詞的賓語，例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mis我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個錯誤。注意：that弓丨導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：an xious, aware, certain, con fide nt, convin ced, determ in ed, glad,proud,surprised, worried,

12、sorry, tha nkful, ashamed, disappo in ted, anno yed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。也可以將此類詞后的that從句的看作原因狀語從句。4. it可以作為形式賓語it不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。例如：We heard it that she would get married next mon th.我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了。5.后邊不能直接跟that從句的動詞這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, caus

13、e, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類 詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：正確表達(dá)：I admire their wi nning the match.錯誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞有些動詞不可用于動詞+間接賓語+that從句 結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy, order(命令),accuse, refuse, impress, forgive,blame, denou

14、nce(公開指責(zé))，advise, congratulate等。例如：正確表達(dá)：He impressed the man ager as an hon est man.錯誤表達(dá)：He impressed the man ager that he was an hon est man.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy(想象)，guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含 有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：I don t think shdress fits you

15、 well.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三【表語從句】表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是主語+連系動詞+表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain(留下、保持、依然)，seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還 有the reason is that和-I t is because等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support

16、of the people.3) But the fact rema ins that we are beh ind the other classes.4) The reas on he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四【同位語從句】同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1.同位語從句的功能同位語從句 對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all

17、 the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is give n by the gen eral.2.同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：He got the n ews from Mary that the sports meet ing was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別(1).同位語從句和定語從句相似，二者都有先行詞。同位語從句是對先行詞的進(jìn)一步陳述，和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系， 含義相同。定語從句是對先行詞的修飾或限制。(2).同位語從

18、句表示先行詞的內(nèi)容是什么，進(jìn)一步說明先行詞。定語從句與先行詞之間是所屬關(guān)系，表示“ 的起修飾作用。(3).同位語從句的“that不能省略。定語從句的關(guān)系代詞“that在從句中作賓語時可以省略。(4)同位語從句的先行詞是一個含有概念的抽象名詞，從句對這一概念進(jìn)行展開或說明。 同位語從句和定語從句的異同與辨析。1正確使用同位語從句的關(guān)連詞；2.正確運用同位語從句的先行詞；3能正確認(rèn)識并正確翻譯同位語從句。同位語從句和定語從句比較練習(xí)1.1 heard about the n ews that he got a full mark in this exam in atio n.(同位語從句)2. T

19、his is good n ews that I heard from Mary.(定語從句)3. He cant answer the question how he got the money同位語從句)4. This is an easy questi on that he an swered in class.(定語從句)五【連接代詞、連接副詞和連接詞】通過以上介紹，我們可以看出，四種名詞性從句都需要有一個連接性詞在從句的開頭。這個詞是什么性質(zhì)，要看它 在從句中作作的成分，如果作的是主語、賓語、表語的話，這個詞就是連接代詞；如果作的是各種狀語，就叫連接副詞；如果不作任何成分，就叫連接詞

20、。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞：連接詞that, if, whether連接代詞：who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever連接畐U詞whe n, where, how, why第二節(jié)考點分類解析【考點一：語序問題】名詞性從句的語序：永遠(yuǎn)陳述語氣。即名詞性從句中不會岀現(xiàn)助動詞提前的現(xiàn)象。如:Who he is doesnt matter much.When and where we shall have the sports meet is a questi on.I dont know what his name is.I

21、 don t know what is wrong with him. = I don t know what is the matter with him.A. what will man look likeB. what man will look likeYou cant imagine how excited I wa at that time.Can you tell me what size shoes you wear?No one can be sure_in a million years.(MET1991)A. what will man look likeB. what

22、man will look likeC. man will look like whatD. what look will man like【考點二：that和what的區(qū)別問題】能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever八個。為何單獨講what的用法呢？重要！在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率高！在本書第一章定語從句中，我們提到過，what是不能引導(dǎo)定語從句的。定語從句中如果缺少的成分是主語、賓語、表語，我們選擇的是關(guān)系代詞that或其他?，F(xiàn)在山頭換了，到了名詞性從句的知識范圍了。What在名詞性從句中

23、就很有用武之地了。還是分析成分,what在從句中作的主語、賓語、表語。而that只是一個 連接詞”，既不作什么成分，也沒有什么意義。女口:What you did doesnt agree with what you promised.What he couldnt understand was why his teacher was never satisfied with him.The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide to cha nge my professi on.What we cant get alwaysems

24、better than what we have already got.I think that your compositi on is no better tha n his.That you dont love her is not my bus in ess.What we have see n is differe nt from_.A. we heardB. we have heard C. what we heardD. what we have heard答案：D。我們應(yīng)該可以看出這是個賓語從句。從句中hear是個及物動詞，缺少賓語。所以，應(yīng)該選有what引導(dǎo)的從句。而不能是

25、that或者省略了that的情況。I couldnt agree with_ at the meeting.A. that you said B. which you said C. all what you said答案：D。與上一題相同，這也是一個考查賓語從句的題目。從句中的 擇what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。但是，這個題目最容易錯的選項是C。引導(dǎo)的定語從句。但是，what是不引導(dǎo)定語從句的。所以，C根本就是不存在的?！究键c三：that和whether的區(qū)別問題】有時候，它們兩個比較難以區(qū)別，因為，它們都是連接詞，都在從句中不作成分。但是，它們之間最大的區(qū)別在于 意義”。即that在從句中既不作成

26、分，也沒有自己的意義；而whether就不同了。它雖然不在從句中作什么成分，但是它又意義，即 是否”。這就能夠左右從句的意思，使從句所表達(dá)的意思變成一個還沒有確定的因素。如：I dont know whether he can join us or not.Im sure that he can join us.It is none of your bus in ess whether I love her.It is none of your bus in ess that I dont love her.綜上所述，區(qū)分that還是whether，重要一點就是看主句需要從句表達(dá)一個什么意思，

27、是確定的，還是不確定的；是 事實還是疑問。前者選that，后者選whether。如：I have no doubt_ Mr. Joh nson will make it here on time.A. thatB. whetherC. whyD. whe nNo one can be sure_ the board will accept our con diti ons.A. thatB. whetherC. whyD. what【考點四：if和whether的區(qū)別問題】二者在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時都有是否”之意。但并不是永遠(yuǎn)可以互換。一般認(rèn)為，二者可以互換的環(huán)境也只有在賓語從句中。如：D. wha

28、t you saidsay是個及物動詞，缺少賓語。所以，應(yīng)該選因為有些同學(xué)會認(rèn)為all是先行詞，而后面時whatA. what will man look likeB. what man will look likeHe didnt give us explicit reply whether/if he will attend our wedding ceremony.而在介詞的賓語從句中，在主語從句中，在表語從句中，在同位語從句中，在和不定式搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)中等等，習(xí)慣上只能用whether。如：1._ well go camping tomowrrodepends on the weather

29、.（1996）A. If B. Whether C. ThatD. Where2. The question of _ they are old or young is not important.A. which B. whetherC. howD. if3. The question is _ the film is worth seeing.A. ifB. whatC. whetherD. how4. He doesnt know _ to stay or not.A. ifB. whenC. whetherD. how5. The news _ our team has won the

30、 match is unknown.A. whichB. ifC. whetherD. then值得注意的是：有些資料依然強(qiáng)調(diào)if不能與or not搭配的問題。過去有過這樣的規(guī)定，只是在現(xiàn)代英語中，已經(jīng)不再 強(qiáng)調(diào)了而已。現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為ifornot也可以接受?！究键c五：wh-詞和wh-ever的區(qū)別問題】一般認(rèn)為，wh-詞在引導(dǎo)從句時，依然保留了很大部分的疑問詞的本色，所以，它們引導(dǎo)的從句在意思上應(yīng)該表達(dá)的是一個 “問題 ”，如：“誰？什么？何時？何地？為何？怎么？ ”等。而wh-ever已經(jīng)沒有這層色彩， 不再關(guān)心這樣的 “問 題”，而是充滿了讓步的意味，多有 “無論 ”之意。如：The poli

31、ce wanted to know who will benefit most from the old mans death.警方想知道誰將從老人的去世中受益最多。Whoever will benefit from the old mans death will be questioned by the police.能從老人的去世之中受益的所有人都將受到警方的盤問。Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasnt been announced.誰將被派往洪災(zāi)區(qū)去救援還沒有宣布。Whoever will be sen

32、t to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to help the people in need.不管是誰被派往災(zāi)區(qū)救援都會全力以赴地幫助災(zāi)民?！究键c六：no matter wh-和wh-ever的區(qū)別問題】二者都有 無論.之意。在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時確實可以互換，沒有什么區(qū)別。但是，no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)狀語從句，不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。Wh-ever則二者兼收，來去自由。由此包含與被包含的關(guān)系決定，二者同時出現(xiàn)而必 選其一時，答案肯定是wh-ever。如：Whoever breaks the rules will be pu

33、nished. （主語從句）Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rules, he/she will be punished. （狀語從句）Dont believe whatever he tells you. （賓語從句）Dont believe him, whatever/ no matter what he tells you. （狀語從句）【考點七：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣問題】 先看賓語從句的虛擬語氣。一般說來，如果從句作的是表示說話人某種觀點、態(tài)度或要求等語氣的動詞的賓語時，從句中要求用should+動詞原形的虛擬語氣 （should經(jīng)常可以省略）。這

34、些動詞常見的有：desire, dema nd, require, request, order, propose,comma nd, advise, suggest等。如：例：He insisted that she（should）spend more time studying.He demanded that we（should）be on time.The boss required that all waiters (should) keep standing all day long.The publish ing house suggested that I (should) t

35、ype my book out.有兩個特例是suggest和insist。它們倆后面的賓語從句是否用虛擬語氣還要看具體語境來定。如：The doctor suggested that I had a cold。（這個suggest的意思是 解釋，說明”。后面不用虛擬語氣）The big smiles on her face suggested that she had passed the test.（這個suggest的意思是 表明。后面不用虛擬語氣）The doctor suggested that I （should） stay in bed for a few day.（這個sugge

36、st的意思是 建議”。后面用虛擬語氣）The young man in sisted that he was well eno ugh to serve in the army.（這個in sist堅持的是一個事實不是一種觀點。 后面 不用虛擬語氣）That you ng man in sisted that he should be sent to the fro nt.（這個in sist堅持的是一種觀點， 即 他應(yīng)該被派往前線 ”。后 面用虛擬語氣）以上是賓語從句中的虛擬語氣現(xiàn)象。如果是其他三種名詞性從句，只要和上述動詞有關(guān)，也享受同樣的待遇。如：The headquarterssugg

37、estion is that we （should） wait for another few days表語從句）His order that all the soldiers （should） swim across the river was refused.（同位語從句）It is strongly recommended that you （should） take a taxi.（主語從句）另外，在下面這幾個特殊的句型中，后面的主語從句也用虛擬語氣。a. It is important/ necessary/ natural/ a wonder/ essential（必要的）/sug

38、gested that should do 女口：It is important that you（should）be on time.It is n ecessary that you （should） exercise regularly.b. I wish thatdid：I wish I were a bird.I wish one day I could live on the moon.c. Id rather that如dId rather you did it yourself.Id rather I hadnt lent you that bicycle yesterday.

39、【考點八：賓語從句的反意疑問句的問題】眾所周知，反意疑問句是由句子的謂語和主語的代詞形式共同構(gòu)成。如：He is ignorant, isnt he?He isnt strong,he?但是，如果前面的句子中含有賓語從句，怎么辦？答案是一定針對主句的主語、謂語。如：You know he is ignorant, dont you?I told you he isnt strong, didnt I?有一種例外，當(dāng)主句的主語是I,且謂語動詞是表示觀點的動詞如thi nk, believe, suppose, expect, am afraid等時，就只能針對從句反問了。因為沒有人會對自己的觀點

40、嗎上進(jìn)行反詰。如：I think he is ignorant, is nt he?I believe he isnt strong, is he?【考點九：it在名詞性從句中的作用問題】代詞it的用法有很多。但近幾年的高考關(guān)注的卻比較集中，即it作為普通回指代詞的用法和在名詞性從句中作形式賓語和形式主語的用法。如：作形式主語：It worried me a bit that he didnt phone.It occurred to me that she might have forgotte n the date.It doesnttmrawhen you arrive- just come when you can.It wasn t clear to anyone why he didn t come.It was surprising how many unhappy marriages there are.作形式賓語：I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English.I think