專業(yè)英語(yǔ)24-25

1、The Professional EnglishThe Professional English何何 寧寧何 寧LESSON 24 HISTORY OF COAL MININGLESSON 24 HISTORY OF COAL MINING煤煤 炭炭 開(kāi)開(kāi) 采采 史史 教學(xué)內(nèi)容教學(xué)內(nèi)容 recorded the use of coal、Method development of coal mining 教學(xué)目的教學(xué)目的 通過(guò)該部分學(xué)習(xí)，要求學(xué)生熟記outcrop n. (巖層等的)露頭; 露出地面的巖層、shovel n. 鏟，鐵、undercutting n. 底部掏槽，拉底、sidecut

2、ting n. 側(cè)面掏槽，側(cè)面采掘、punching machine 沖床，沖壓機(jī)，沖擊式機(jī)械、chain-type cutter 鏈?zhǔn)浇馗顧C(jī)、longwall mining 長(zhǎng)壁開(kāi)采room-and-pillar(柱子，柱狀物）method 房柱法、scraper n. 鏟運(yùn)機(jī)，耙斗，扒礦機(jī)、shearing（剪切, 切割） machine n. 剪機(jī)，滾筒式采煤機(jī)、self-propelled（推動(dòng)） roof jacks and chocks 自移式液壓頂柱和垛式液壓支架、individual jacks 單體支柱、surface mining 露天開(kāi)采、slip scraper 刮土鏟

3、運(yùn)機(jī)、cart scraper 鏟運(yùn)機(jī)等專業(yè)詞匯，達(dá)到英文與中文相互熟練翻譯的程度；深入理解Method development of coal mining等內(nèi)容，達(dá)到熟練閱讀和正確、通順地翻譯的程度；了解recorded the use of coal等內(nèi)容，達(dá)到比較熟練和比較通順?lè)g的程度。 教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn) Method development of coal mining 課時(shí)安排課時(shí)安排 1.5 授課方法授課方法 講授與討論相結(jié)合何 寧The exact date of mans first use of coal is lost in antiquity. The d

4、iscovery that certain black rock would burn was undoubtedly accidental and probably occurred independently and many times in the world over thousands of years 1. Its quite likely that these independent discoveries were made when primitive man chanced to build camp fires on exposed ledges of a black

5、rock, then was amazed when it caught fire.何 寧人類首次使用煤的準(zhǔn)確日期在古代沒(méi)有記載。發(fā)現(xiàn)某種黑色巖石能夠燃燒毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是偶然的，這種發(fā)現(xiàn)可能是各自發(fā)生的，并且在過(guò)去幾千年中出現(xiàn)多次。很可能，當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)古人碰巧在巖石的暴露部分堆積露營(yíng)火時(shí)，驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)該巖石著火了，于是就造成了這些獨(dú)立的發(fā)現(xiàn)。注：1 over thousands of years在幾千中 over在期間何 寧The Chinese recorded the use of coal 1100 years before the Christian Era and from the Bible we

6、 learn that King Solomon was familiar with coal in what is now Syria 2. In Wales, there is evidence that the Bronze Age people used coal for funeral pyres, and it is known that the Romans used this fuel. There are other ancient references 何 寧中國(guó)人在公元1100年已有使用煤的記載，從圣經(jīng)中，我們獲悉所羅門國(guó)王熟悉現(xiàn)在叫徐利亞的地方的煤。在威爾士，有跡象表明

7、：青銅器時(shí)代的人們已使用煤作為火葬用的柴堆。大家知道羅馬人也使用這種燃料。還有一些其它古老的參考文獻(xiàn)。何 寧So the knowledge that coal would burn, and even some uses of that knowledge, go back thousands of years. However, practical and consistence use of coal seems to date England in the Middle Ages. 因此，認(rèn)識(shí)到煤能夠燃燒，甚至利用這種認(rèn)識(shí)，可以追溯到幾千年前。然而，實(shí)際并一貫使用煤的歷史似乎回溯到中世

8、紀(jì)的英格蘭。何 寧In the Americas, there is evidence here and there of occasional use by the Indians. However, the first recorded discovery of coal, in what is now US, was by French explorers, who reported an outcropoutcrop exposure on the Illinois River in 1679. Following this, other discoveries were made b

9、y French and British explorers, but the first recorded actual usage was in Virginia in 1702, where a French settler was granted permission to use coal for his forge.何 寧在美州，各處有跡象表明印第安人偶然使用煤。然而，在現(xiàn)在叫美國(guó)的地方，第一次記載了法國(guó)勘探者發(fā)現(xiàn)了煤，他們?cè)?679年公布了位于伊利諾斯河的一煤露頭的方位。緊接著，其它法國(guó)和英國(guó)勘探者也發(fā)現(xiàn)了煤，然而，首次實(shí)際使用煤的記載是1702年在弗吉尼亞，在那里一法國(guó)定居者得

10、到了為其鍛爐使用煤的準(zhǔn)許。何 寧Earliest recorded commercial mining was in 1750, from the James River coalfieldcoalfield near Richmond, VA, a depositdeposit now abandoned. Besides local consumption from this field, shipments were made to Philadelphia New York, and Boston.何 寧最早商業(yè)化開(kāi)采的記載是在1750年來(lái)自James煤田，該煤田在弗吉尼亞州Richm

11、ond附近，現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)廢棄的礦床。該煤田的煤除了當(dāng)?shù)厥褂猛?，還（船）運(yùn)輸?shù)劫M(fèi)城、紐約和波斯頓。何 寧At first, all coal was hewed by hand from the solid bed by use of pick and barpick and bar. It was then shovelshoveled into baskets, boxes, or wheelbarrows and dragged by men, or women, to the outside or to the foot of a shaft. Later, cars were devel

12、oped but still drawn over wood plank by humans. As time went on, iron straps, then rails，were used for the cars while mules ponies or horses did the pulling.何 寧最初，所有的煤是靠人工用鎬和釬桿砍、劈堅(jiān)固的礦床挖掘出來(lái)的。然后，煤被鏟到籃子、盒子和手推車?yán)?，并由人拉到外面或者豎井的底部。隨后，發(fā)展到用四輪馬車，但是，仍然靠人在木板上面拖拉。隨著時(shí)間的推移，鐵板，然后鐵軌，被用于馬車的運(yùn)輸，而由騾、矮種馬或者馬來(lái)拉。何 寧Gradually

13、, black powder was introduced to blast down the coal, but undercuttingundercutting, sidecutting sidecutting, and drilling were still done by hand. During the late 1700s and 1800s, a number of basic developments greatly aided the mining of coal. The first steam engine was invented by James Watt in 17

14、75 in Britain to pump water from coal mines, a very important application that made it possible for mines to go deeper. The first rail transportation was for mining, the first steam locomotive was developed in 1814 by George Stephenson in England for a colliery, and the first electric locomotive was

15、 developed in 1883 in Germany for underground use.何 寧逐漸地，黑火藥被引入，用來(lái)炸落煤，但是，底部掏槽、側(cè)面掏槽和鉆孔仍然靠手工來(lái)完成。在17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)晚期，許多基本的進(jìn)展極大幫助了煤的開(kāi)采。1775年，詹姆士瓦特在英國(guó)發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)蒸汽機(jī)用來(lái)抽煤礦中的水，這是一個(gè)非常重要的應(yīng)用，使得礦井有可能開(kāi)采更深的部分。第一次鐵軌運(yùn)輸是應(yīng)用在煤炭開(kāi)采上；第一臺(tái)蒸氣機(jī)車是由George Stephenson于1814年在英國(guó)發(fā)明的，用于煤礦上；第一臺(tái)電力機(jī)車是于1883年在德國(guó)出現(xiàn)的，用于地下使用。何 寧Mechanization of operati

16、ons at the face started before 1900 with development of punching punching machinemachines and chain-type cutterchain-type cutters for undermining the coal seam before blasting, of coal and rock drills, electric and compressed air locomotives, and even some early experiments with continuous mining ma

17、chines. 何 寧隨著在炸落前對(duì)煤層進(jìn)行底部掏槽的沖壓機(jī)和鏈?zhǔn)角懈顧C(jī)、煤和巖石鉆孔機(jī)，電力和壓氣機(jī)車、甚至早期一些連續(xù)開(kāi)采機(jī)械實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)展，工作面的操作機(jī)械化開(kāi)始于1900年前。何 寧Longwall miningLongwall mining was used here and there in the US until about 1910, particularly in Illinois, but then became noncompetitive with room-and-room-and-pillarpillar methods in thicker seams that b

18、etter lent themselves to mechanization. In the meantime, longwall continued to be dominant in Europe and Asia because of thin coal and depth of cover. 何 寧長(zhǎng)壁開(kāi)采法直到大約1910才在美國(guó)各地使用，尤其是在伊利諾斯州。但是，隨后該方法競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不過(guò)應(yīng)用在較厚煤層上的房柱法，因?yàn)榉恐ǜ欣谧约旱臋C(jī)械化。同時(shí)，由于薄煤層和覆蓋層的厚度，長(zhǎng)壁法繼續(xù)在歐洲和亞洲占統(tǒng)治地位。何 寧During World War, the Germans develop

19、ed the longwall scraper scraper for continuous loading onto a chain conveyor at the face. This was followed by various types of shearing machinesshearing machines developed in several countries. However, the most important development was in hydraulic, self-propelled roof jacks and chockself-propell

20、ed roof jacks and chocks that greatly reduced the manpower formerly required to set and reset individual jacks and to build cribs by hand.何 寧在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，德國(guó)人發(fā)明了長(zhǎng)壁鏟運(yùn)機(jī)用于在工作面連續(xù)裝載到一鏈?zhǔn)捷斔蜋C(jī)上。緊接著，在一些國(guó)家里，出現(xiàn)了不同類型的滾筒式切割機(jī)。然而，最重要的進(jìn)展是自移式液壓頂柱和垛式液壓支架，它們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬峡s減了人力，因?yàn)橐郧靶枰咳斯ぐ仓煤椭匦掳仓脝误w支柱以及修建木垛。何 寧With these developments

21、, US coal companies again became interested in the longwall system. Numerous modifications and a general “beefing-up” were found necessary for US conditions but, after some failures and misapplication, longwall mining has become practical in this country, providing mining conditions are right, as at

22、tested by the gradually increasing number of units.何 寧由于這些進(jìn)展，美國(guó)煤炭公司重新對(duì)長(zhǎng)壁系統(tǒng)感興趣了。盡管，美國(guó)的開(kāi)采條件需要進(jìn)行大量的改變和總體上的“加強(qiáng)”，但是經(jīng)過(guò)一些失敗和誤用，長(zhǎng)壁開(kāi)采法在美國(guó)已變得實(shí)用起來(lái)，這是以開(kāi)采條件適宜為條件。這一點(diǎn)通過(guò)逐漸增長(zhǎng)的單位里得到證實(shí)。何 寧Surface miningSurface mining was the earliest method of extracting coal. It consisted of recovering coal exposed in stream beds an

23、d visible outcrops with zero to a few feet of loose dirt cover. Under deeper cover and under rock the cheapest method-in fact the only means of recovery at first-was by underground mining, so surface developments were insignificant until about 1910, although, here and there, slip and cart scrapers s

24、lip and cart scrapers drawn by mules were used to a very small extent.何 寧露天開(kāi)采是最早的采煤方法。它包括曝露在河床中的重新覆蓋煤層和可見(jiàn)化露頭，露頭上面覆蓋有從零到幾英尺不等的泥土層。在較深層和巖石下，最廉價(jià)的方法是地下開(kāi)采，起先，這實(shí)際上是唯一的回收方法。因此，露天開(kāi)采的進(jìn)展直到1910年左右才變得有意義起來(lái)，盡管當(dāng)時(shí)各地很少使用騾子拉的刮土鏟運(yùn)機(jī)和鏟運(yùn)車。何 寧New Word and ExpressionsNew Word and Expressionsoutcrop n. (巖層等的)露頭; 露出地面的巖層部分習(xí)

25、慣用語(yǔ)：decomposed outcrop【采礦】風(fēng)化分解露頭 hidden outcrop 掩蔽露頭coalfield n. 煤田，產(chǎn)煤區(qū) coal 煤+field 田deposit vt. vi. 存放，沉積；n. 礦床，沉積，儲(chǔ)藏量，存積pick and bar 鎬和釬桿shovel n. 鏟，鐵；vt. 鏟，用鏟子掘起，推，涌流undercutting n. 底部掏槽，拉底sidecutting n. 側(cè)面掏槽，側(cè)面采掘何 寧punching machine 沖床，沖壓機(jī)，沖擊式機(jī)械chain-type cutter 鏈?zhǔn)浇馗顧C(jī)longwall mining 長(zhǎng)壁開(kāi)采room-and

26、-pillar（柱子，柱狀物）method 房柱法scraper n. 鏟運(yùn)機(jī)，耙斗，扒礦機(jī)shearing（剪切, 切割） machine n. 剪機(jī)，滾筒式采煤機(jī)self-propelled（推動(dòng)） roof jacks and chocks 自移式液壓頂柱和垛式液壓支架individual jacks 單體支柱surface mining 露天開(kāi)采slip scraper 刮土鏟運(yùn)機(jī)cart scraper 鏟運(yùn)機(jī)何 寧ACCIDENT PREVENTION PRINCIPLESACCIDENT PREVENTION PRINCIPLES 教學(xué)內(nèi)容教學(xué)內(nèi)容 Introduction、De

27、finition of accident、principles for accident prevention、what is needed to put principles to work 教學(xué)目的教學(xué)目的 通過(guò)該部分學(xué)習(xí)，要求學(xué)生熟記brakeman n. 制動(dòng)司機(jī)，司閘員、coupler n. 連接器、happening n. 偶發(fā)事件、supervisor n. 監(jiān)督人，管理人員、audit n.; v. 檢查，審查，決算、in an unsafe manner 以不安全的方法等專業(yè)詞匯，達(dá)到英文與中文相互熟練翻譯的程度；深入理解principles for accident pre

28、vention、what is needed to put principles to work等內(nèi)容，達(dá)到熟練閱讀和正確、通順地翻譯的程度；了解Introduction、Definition of accident等內(nèi)容，達(dá)到比較熟練和比較通順?lè)g的程度。 教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn) what is needed to put principles to work 課時(shí)安排課時(shí)安排 1.5 授課方法授課方法 講授與討論相結(jié)合LESSON 25LESSON 25何 寧Coal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, i

29、n recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.在歷史上，煤礦開(kāi)采一直是危險(xiǎn)的行業(yè)。但是，在近幾年中，人們?cè)跍p少煤礦傷亡事故方面取得了巨大的進(jìn)步。何 寧Accident prevention fundamentals are no different for coal mining than for any other type of work. The fundamentals apply to all industries. Cons

30、truction workers may be struck by falling tools and materials, and miners may be struck by falling slateslate and coal. Sailors may be trapped by shipboard fires, and miners may be trapped by mine fires. Railroad brakemenbrakemen may lose hands and fingers positioning couplercouplers, and miners may

31、 lose hands and fingers positioning couplers. Many other examples could be cited, but the point is that accidents that happen in coal mines are basically similar to accidents that happen in other industries 1. Thus, the basic principles for preventing accidents apply in coal mining as they do in any

32、 other type of work.何 寧煤礦開(kāi)采的事故預(yù)防基本原則和其他行業(yè)沒(méi)有什么不同。基本原則適用于所有行業(yè)。建筑工人可能被墜落的工具和材料擊中，而礦工也可能被落下的板巖和煤擊中。海員可能陷入船上火災(zāi)的困境之中，而礦工也可能陷入煤礦火災(zāi)的困境之中。鐵路司閘員可能在安置車鉤時(shí)失去手指和整個(gè)手，而礦工也可能在安置礦車車鉤時(shí)失去手指和整個(gè)手。還可以舉出其他許多的例子，但其基本點(diǎn)是煤礦說(shuō)發(fā)生的事故和其他行業(yè)說(shuō)發(fā)生的事故基本相類似。因此，適用于煤礦開(kāi)采的事故預(yù)防基本原則也適用于其他任何行業(yè)。何 寧A personal accident is defined as an unexpected h

33、appeninghappening that interrupts the normal work activity of an employee and usually, although not necessarily, results in an injury. An equipment accident is an unexpected happening that results in damage to equipment and under certain circumstances results in injury to employees.何 寧人身事故是指意外的事件中斷了

34、職工的工作活動(dòng)并且通常（盡管不一定）造成傷害。設(shè)備事故是指意外的事件對(duì)設(shè)備造成了損害，并且在一些情況下對(duì)職工造成了傷害。何 寧The supervisorsupervisor should understand why men act in an unsafe mannerin an unsafe manner and how unsafe conditions are produced, so he will be able to recognize and correct both situations before they lead to an accident . He can le

35、arn this in many ways but one major method is from thorough accident investigation. 何 寧管理人員應(yīng)該懂得勞工為什么以不安全的方法操作和不安全條件是如何產(chǎn)生的，因此管理人員在這兩種情況引起事故前應(yīng)能夠認(rèn)識(shí)它們并糾正之。管理人員可以通過(guò)許多方法來(lái)做到這一點(diǎn)，但一個(gè)主要的方法是對(duì)事故進(jìn)行徹底的調(diào)查。何 寧Accidents are complex. Usually there are several causes, both person and environmental, that operate in seq

36、uence or combination to result in an accident.事故具有復(fù)雜性。通常存在幾個(gè)原因（人自身的和外界的）順次或者聯(lián)合作用導(dǎo)致事故的發(fā)生。何 寧To prevent an accident from happening, the causes of accident must be determined and eliminated . Accidents are caused ! They dont just happen？為了避免事故的發(fā)生，事故的原因必須弄清且對(duì)事故隱患必須預(yù)言予以排除。事故是有原因的，它們不是僅僅發(fā)生。何 寧The basic pr

37、inciples of accident prevention are establishing the potential and actual causes of accidents, and eliminating the causes.事故防治的基本原則是確定事故的潛在和實(shí)際原因，并且消除隱患。何 寧The first principle emphasizes that causes exist before accidents happen. Properly trained supervisors can recognize potential accident causes an

38、d eliminate them before accidents happen. In the event an accident has occurred, they are able to determine the actual causes and eliminate them before they cause additional accidents.何 寧第一個(gè)原則強(qiáng)調(diào)事故發(fā)生前存在有隱患。經(jīng)過(guò)適當(dāng)訓(xùn)練的管理人員能夠識(shí)別出事故的潛在隱患，并且在事故發(fā)生前消除它們。事故已經(jīng)發(fā)生時(shí)，他們能夠確定發(fā)生的實(shí)際原因并且在它們引起另外的事故前消除它們。何 寧Having determine

39、d the principles for accident prevention, what is needed to put them to work ?在確定了事故防治的原則之后，實(shí)施這些原則需要做些什么呢？何 寧First, the potential and actual causes of First, the potential and actual causes of accidents must be established.accidents must be established.首先，必須確定事故的潛在和實(shí)際原因。何 寧Potential causes are the u

40、nsafe conditions and unsafe practices that have not yet caused on an accident. To detect and determine potential unsafe conditions, a mine safety program should include planned safety inspections, which are explained under Accident Prevention Tools.何 寧潛在的原因是還沒(méi)有引起事故的不安全條件和不安全行為。要察覺(jué)和確定不安全條件，礦井安全綱要應(yīng)包括計(jì)

41、劃好的安全檢查，這由事故防治手段說(shuō)明。何 寧There could be a tendency for coal mine operators to consider the requirements of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1997 the basis for an adequate inspection program 6. These regulations, however, are directed principally toward specific types of unsafe conditions and t

42、he physical environment. They should therefore not be the only items in an inspection program for unsafe conditions, but should supplement the operators own inspection program .何 寧有一種傾向是煤礦操作人員把1977年聯(lián)邦礦井安全保健條例看作是制定詳細(xì)檢查計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)。然而，這些規(guī)章主要是關(guān)于特定類型的不安全條件和自然環(huán)境。因此條例不應(yīng)是不安全檢查內(nèi)容中唯一的條款，而應(yīng)增補(bǔ)操作人員自身的檢查內(nèi)容。何 寧To detect

43、 and correct unsafe practices that have not yet caused an accident, supervision should make regular, planed job procedure observations of a specific employee performing a specific job. This planned safety observation is also explained under Accident Prevention Tools.何 寧要發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正還沒(méi)引起事故的不安全行為，管理人員應(yīng)對(duì)執(zhí)行特定工

44、作的特定人員建立定期的，計(jì)劃好的工作程序觀察資料。計(jì)劃好的安全觀察資料也由事故防治手段說(shuō)明。何 寧Actual conditions or actions which have contributed to an accident can be determined with the aid of another safety tool, the accident investigation report. 對(duì)事故起作用的實(shí)際條件或行為，可以在另外一個(gè)安全手段事故調(diào)查報(bào)告幫助下得以確定。何 寧The second principle of accident prevention is The

45、second principle of accident prevention is to eliminate the causes of accidents.to eliminate the causes of accidents.第二個(gè)事故防治原則是消除事故隱患。何 寧Where the supervisor has the authority he should eliminate any unsafe condition and any causes of the unsafe conditions. If he lacks this authority he should repor

46、t the unsafe conditions and their causes to his supervisor together with recommendations for correction.何 寧 當(dāng)管理者擁有權(quán)力時(shí)，他應(yīng)當(dāng)消除任何不安全的條件和這些不安全條件產(chǎn)生的原因。如果他沒(méi)有這個(gè)權(quán)力時(shí)，他應(yīng)當(dāng)向其管理者匯報(bào)這些不安全條件和不安全條件的原因以及糾正它們的建議。 何 寧Unsafe practices are just as important as unsafe conditions. Unsafe practices stem from many sources, all of which must be eliminated if accidents are to be prevented.不安全行為和不安全條件一樣重要。不安全行由許多原因引起，要防治事故必須消除這些原因。何 寧One major cause of unsafe practices is lack of knowledge or skill. Fortunately, it can be eliminated by job safety instruction before a man starts on a new job, by follow-up