(推薦)OriginoftheEnglishNation

1、(推薦)originoftheenglishnationorigin of the english nationthe native celtstime: 700 bcfrom : eastern and central europe , including present-day france , belgium and southern germanylanguage : welsh and gaelicreligion : druidismcivilization : stonehengestonehenge a circular arrangement of monoliths bui

2、lt by the ancient britons rroman britainrroman britain o oroman britainroman britainman britainman britain roman britain (55bc-410ad)motives for roman invasionmotives for roman invasionroman civilization the dairy julius caesar written in england marked the begining of the written history of england

3、 . the calendar: the solar calender we use today was started by julius caesar. hadrians wall. antonine wall. hadrians wall antonine wall* achivevment in architecture: built baths, temples, amphitheatres and beautiful villas, and fine buildings*achievement in agricuiture: drained marshes, cleared awa

4、y forests, built roads and taught the britons to cultivate their land in a better way the new religion was brought by traders and soldiers, before the first christian emperor, constantine, was proclamed in 306 ad.england became part of the raman empire, but the raman influence upon the britons was l

5、imited and short-lived. slave class and no intermarry.the anglo-saxon conquest(446-871) the romans remained in england until 410 ad. then they left 。 soon afer the romans left, a band of new invaders landed in the southern part of england, in what is now the county of kent(jutes). the jutish king be

6、came the king of kent in 449 ad.soon after, their relative and other germanic tribes came trooping after them. after the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as england, the movement, known in history as the anglo-saxon conquest, was completed. the anglo-saxon mainly occupied the

7、 lowland one and later spread their control over a wider area. the anglo-saxon brought their own teutonic religion（日耳曼宗教） to england. pope gregory i sent st.augustine to england to convert the english to christianity in 597. st. augustine and his followers founded a christian church in canterbury an

8、d he became the first archbishop of canterbury. during the spread of christianity, the roman missionaries(傳教士） held that popes authority was supreme，and the celtic missionaries, opposed to the authority of the pope, held that christian belief did not require a final earthy arbiter（世俗仲裁者）. the anglo-

9、saxons nominated local officials known as sheriffs（州長，郡治安官） to administer laws and maintain peace. the anglo-saxons practiced the open-field farming system. in this system, the arable land around a village was divided into three hedgeless (open) big fields. in addition to the three fields and fallow

10、, there were wastelands, known as commons. this system was the basis of the english agrarian civilization and subsistence farming.it helped to shape the english community life and the anglo-saxon concept of equality before the modern industrial age. the anglo-saxons created the witan(a group of wise

11、men) to advise the king. the witan was the forerunner of the present-day privy council(樞密院）. in the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries a.d. , there came a new wave of invasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of britain. it was an invasion by the vikings and danes from north europ

12、e. the norwegian vikings and danes started their invasion of england before alfred the great.alfred had to fight against them. he built a naval force and later became known as “the father of the british navy.” the good king was compelled to make a treaty with strong danes instead, allowing them to k

13、eep the eastern part of england, which later became known as dane law, the area for the danes. king alfred made a great contribution to education of latin culture、religion and literature.his achievement in literature was notable. his writings and tanslations have been regarded as the beginning of pr

14、ose literature in england. after alfreds death, trouble broke out again and viking invasions renewed. taking advantage of the situation of incapable successors, more danes came and set about taking possession of the entire country. in 1016, the witan chose canute, the danish leader, as king of engla

15、nd. canute, who made england part of a scandinavian empire which included norway as well as denmark, was a wise ruler. after the death of canutes sons, the crown was passed to edward the confessor, the last anglo-saxon king in english history. king edward built westminster abbey in which he was buri

16、ed after his death.the norman conquest (1066)while the vikings were swooping down(俯沖下來）upon england, other northmen from the scandinavia peninsula were ravaging the northern coast of france. they sailed up the seine river and captured the city of paris in 845.they plundered and laid waste(損毀) the co

17、untry in exactly the same way that the vikings and danes did in england. the french king was forced to make a bargain with them.-a large tract of land -the north leader promise to aid him in war and accept the christian religion-settled(influence:laid aside their barbarous way and adopted the french

18、 language and custom)their country took on the name normandy and they themselves came to be called the normans(northman)when edward was on his death-bed, several men laid claim to the english throne. the king of norway the duke of normandy(edwards cousin, williamknown as william the conqueror) harol

19、d godwinson, a brother of edwards wife (the witan chose him as the king of england)william was very angry, he claimed that edward had promised the crown to him.harold knew that william wouldnt give up and would come to measure swords(較量一番)with him, so he was prepared to fight, placing an army on the

20、 southern coast of england to watch for williams coming.william didnt comewhen the harvest time in england came, soldiers were back home to gather in the crops, and the coast was left undefended. william seized the chance and landed his army in southeastern england in september 1066.harold, who has

21、been fighting in the north, hurried back with his exhausted troops.on october 14, 1066, the two armies met near hastings, in southeastern england. the norman cavalry, (騎兵） armed with bows and arrows, defeated the anglo-saxons who fought on foot and with battle-axes.(戰(zhàn)斧) (result)harold was killed and

22、 english soldiers were put to flight(擊潰). the normans were not so strong as to storm london directly. they crossed the thames river and established their camps a few miles from the city, cutting its connection with the hinterland.(內(nèi)陸）finally, london was forced to give in and welcome william. william

23、 was crowned in westminster abbey on christmas day, 1066.influence of the norman conquest norman conquest sped up the development of feudalism in england. the nobles got their land, known as rief. but they were obliged to pay certain dues to the king and to supply a number of armed men according to the