《中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》pr8e_ch03ly

1、Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.* of 40Consumer PreferencesBudget ConstraintsConsumer ChoiceRevealed PreferenceMarginal Utility and Consumer ChoiceCost-of-Living IndexesC H A P T E R 3Prepared by:Fernando Quijano, IllustratorConsumer BehaviorCHAPTER OUTLIN

2、E2 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.第三章第三章 消費(fèi)者行為消費(fèi)者行為consumer behavior 3 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.第三章第三章3.1消費(fèi)者偏好3.2預(yù)算約束3.3消費(fèi)者選擇3.4顯示偏好3.5邊際效益與消費(fèi)者選擇3.6生活成本指數(shù)4 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education,

3、 Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.消費(fèi)者行為消費(fèi)者行為理論消費(fèi)者行為理論 描述消費(fèi)者如何在不描述消費(fèi)者如何在不同的商品和服務(wù)之間分配其收入以使幸福最同的商品和服務(wù)之間分配其收入以使幸福最大化。大化。下述三個(gè)獨(dú)立的步驟是理解消費(fèi)者行為的最佳方法:消費(fèi)者偏好預(yù)算約束1. 消費(fèi)者選擇5 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Consumer PreferencesMarket BasketsMARKET BASKETUNITS

4、 OF FOODUNITS OF CLOTHING6 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Some Basic Assumptions about Preferences 有關(guān)偏好的一些基本假設(shè) Completeness: Preferences are assumed to be complete. 完備性:偏好是完備的，Note that these preferences ignore costs. 7 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson E

5、ducation, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Transitivity: Preferences are transitive. 傳遞性:偏好是可傳遞的。More is better than less: Goods are assumed to be desirablei.e., to be good. 越多越好8 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.EAG. Indifference Curves 無(wú)差異曲線

6、無(wú)差異曲線 indifference curve Curve representing all combinations of market baskets that provide a consumer with the same level of satisfaction.9 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.10 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfel

7、d, 8e. Indifference Maps無(wú)差異曲線簇?zé)o差異曲線簇 indifference map Graph containing a set of indifference curves showing the market baskets among which a consumer is indifferent.11 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.INDIFFERENCE CURVES CANNOT INTERSECTFIGURE 12 of 40

8、Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.The Shape of Indifference Curves13 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.The Marginal Rate of Substitution邊際替代率(MRS) 為獲得一個(gè)單位的一種商品，必須放棄的另外一個(gè)商品的數(shù)量CONVEXITY 擬凸性擬凸性 When the MRS diminis

9、hes along an indifference curve, the curve is convex.14 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Perfect Substitutes and Perfect Complements 完全替代品與完全互補(bǔ)品完全替代品與完全互補(bǔ)品完全替代品 當(dāng)一種商品對(duì)另一種商品的邊際替代率是常數(shù)時(shí) ，兩種商品即為 完全替代品。 完全互補(bǔ)品 當(dāng)兩種商品的邊際曲線是直角形狀，他們的MRS為0或1，此時(shí)兩商品為完全互補(bǔ)商品。bad 厭惡品

10、 少一點(diǎn)比多一點(diǎn)好的商品15 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.PERFECT SUBSTITUTES AND PERFECT COMPLEMENTS16 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. UTILITY AND UTILITY FUNCTIONS 效用和效用函數(shù)效用和效用函數(shù) utility Numerical score represe

11、nting the satisfaction that a consumer gets from a given market basket.效用 消費(fèi)者從一個(gè)市場(chǎng)籃子中得到的滿足程度的數(shù)值表示。u (F,C ) =FC17 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. ORDINAL VERSUS CARDINAL UTILITY 序數(shù)效用和基數(shù)效用序數(shù)效用和基數(shù)效用 序數(shù)效用序數(shù)效用 能產(chǎn)生對(duì)市場(chǎng)籃子排序的效用函數(shù)被稱能產(chǎn)生對(duì)市場(chǎng)籃子排序的效用函數(shù)被稱為序數(shù)效用函數(shù)為序數(shù)效

12、用函數(shù)。 基數(shù)效用基數(shù)效用 能描述一個(gè)市場(chǎng)籃子在多大程度上比另一個(gè)更受偏好的的效用函數(shù)。18 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Market baskets associated with the budget line F + 2C = $80 預(yù)算線 購(gòu)買商品F和C的總支出等于收入的情況下，所有的商品F和C的組合。Budget Constraints 預(yù)算約束預(yù)算約束ICPFPCF(3.1)19 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Educat

13、ion, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.(3.2)20 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. The Effects of Changes in Income and Prices 收入和價(jià)格變化的效應(yīng)21 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.價(jià)格變化的效應(yīng)價(jià)格變化的效應(yīng)FIGURE 22 o

14、f 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Consumer Choice 消費(fèi)者選擇消費(fèi)者選擇 效用最大化的菜籃子必須滿足兩個(gè)條件: 它特必須位于預(yù)算線上.1. 他必須能給予消費(fèi)者其最偏好的商品和服務(wù)的組合23 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.24 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microec

15、onomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. marginal benefit 邊際效益 額外一單位商品的消費(fèi)所對(duì)應(yīng)的收益 marginal cost 邊際成本 額外一單位商品的消費(fèi)所對(duì)應(yīng)的成邊際效益邊際效益=邊際成本邊際成本滿足程度最大化的點(diǎn)符合：MRS = PF/PC(3.3)25 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.角落點(diǎn) 在一個(gè)市場(chǎng)籃子中消費(fèi)者的邊際替代率位不等于價(jià)格比的情況。 （LY: equality is allowed, not stri

16、ct)FIGURE Corner Solutions 角落點(diǎn)角落點(diǎn)26 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.如果一位消費(fèi)者選擇兩個(gè)菜籃子中的一個(gè)，那么消費(fèi)者未必偏好那個(gè)被選中的菜籃子。（why? budget）如果一位消費(fèi)者選擇兩個(gè)菜籃子中的一個(gè)，并且被選中的菜籃子比另一個(gè)更貴，那么消費(fèi)者必定偏好那個(gè)被選中的市場(chǎng)籃子。Revealed Preference27 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconom

17、ics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. marginal utility (MU) 邊際效用 對(duì)從消費(fèi)額外一單位的商品中所獲得的額外滿足的度量 diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減 隨著一種商品的消費(fèi)越來(lái)越多，額外的數(shù)量的消費(fèi)所帶來(lái)的效用增加也越來(lái)越小。Marginal Utility and Consumer Choice邊際效用與消費(fèi)者選擇邊際效用與消費(fèi)者選擇28 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.邊際效用與消費(fèi)者選

18、擇3.5(/)MU/MUCFFC 0MU() MU ()FCFCMRS MU /MUFCMRS/PPFCMU/MU/PPFFCCMU/MU/PPFFCC 邊際相等原則邊際相等原則 是花在所有商品上的每一美元所帶來(lái)是花在所有商品上的每一美元所帶來(lái)的邊際效用相等。的邊際效用相等。 LY: max U=U(x1,x2) st p1x1+p2x2=M three ways to explain: math, figure and language29 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld

19、, 8e. ideal cost-of-living index Cost of attaining a given level of utility at current prices relative to the cost of attaining the same utility at base-year prices.理想生活成本指數(shù) 就是以當(dāng)前的價(jià)格達(dá)到一個(gè)給定效用水平所花成本相對(duì)于基期價(jià)格所達(dá)到相同效果所花成本的比值.Cost-of-Living Indexes生活成本指數(shù)生活成本指數(shù) cost-of-living index Ratio of the present cost

20、of a typical bundle of consumer goods and services compared with the cost during a base period.生活成本指數(shù) 指商品和服務(wù)的典型消費(fèi)組合在當(dāng)期的成本與基期的成本之比30 of 40Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.Laspeyres Index Laspeyres price index Amount of money at current year prices that an individual requires to purchase a bundle of goods and services chosen in a base year divided by the cost of purchasing the same bundle at base-year prices.拉氏物價(jià)指數(shù) 以當(dāng)期價(jià)格