高中英語語法名詞行從句Word版

1、高中英語語法：名詞性從句講義1 一四類名詞從句在英文中，名詞或名詞短語主要充當(dāng)四種成分：主語、賓語、表語和同位語。如果把句子當(dāng)做名詞來用，分別在另一個句子當(dāng)中做主語、表語、賓語（動詞賓語和介詞賓語）和同位語，于是構(gòu)成四種從句。因此我們說名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句必須用陳述句語序,也就是說, (疑問詞)+ 主語 + 謂語 + 其它.簡單句主從復(fù)合句解釋The book is interestingWhat I am reading is interesting主語從句I believe his words.I believe what he said賓語從

2、句English is a useful tool.The book is what I want.表語從句I like the book Gone with the WindThe mother must accept the fact that her baby is deaf.同位語從句陳述句、一般疑問句或特殊疑問句可以充當(dāng)名詞性從句陳述句The Earth is round.That the earth is round is a fact.一般疑問句Does he need my help ?I dont know whether he needs my help.特殊疑問句Wher

3、e did he go?I dont know where he went.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的常用連詞連詞that對應(yīng)于陳述句在句子中不作為成分連詞whether , if對應(yīng)于一般疑問句在句子中不作為成分副詞when, where, why, how代詞 who, whom, what, which, whose對應(yīng)于特殊疑問句狀語：when, where, why, how主語、賓語、表語：what whom, what定語：which, whose，后面接名詞陳述句可以分別充當(dāng)四種句子的成分對于陳述句我們需要在句首加上that，然后把that+陳述句這個結(jié)構(gòu)分別放在另一個句子的四種位置構(gòu)成

4、四種名詞從句一主語從句把that+陳述句這個結(jié)構(gòu)放在主語位置That English is difficultis not my idea.有人認為英語很難，我可不這么認為That the world is round is a fact.That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge.更常見的是用it作為形式主語放在句首，將主語從句放在句末It is obvious that he doesnt understand English.It is a fact that the world is roundIt

5、is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light.It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.It is common knowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder is heard.我們先看見閃電后聽到雷聲這是基本常識。It is shame that you did not pass the test.主語從句的重點句型歸納1 It +be +過去分詞+that

6、從句It is reported thatIt is believed that It is generally thought that 人們普遍認為It should be noted thatIt has been found that It must be pointed out that 必須指出同樣可以這樣用的動詞有：say, expect, know, estimate, forecast等2 It + be + 形容詞+ that-clauseIt is clear thatIt is possible thatIt is likely thatIt is natural th

7、atIt is certain thatIt is strange thatIt is fortunate thatIt is necessary that3 It + be + 名詞短語 + that-clause 例如 a pity /a fact/ a shame/ an honor, a good idea, no wonder aaamon knowledgeIt is a pity thatIt is a fact thatIt is good news that It is a good thing thatIt is no wonder thatIt is a shame th

8、atIt is an honor thatIt is my belief that It is a miracle that二賓語從句1 把that+陳述句這個結(jié)構(gòu)放在賓語位置I think (that) you are right.We know that the world is round.I think that a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing.我認為扎實的語法功底對英文寫作是極為重要的。2 只有賓語從句中that才可以省略，主語、表語、同位語從句中一般都不省略that。3 動詞間接賓語賓語從句

9、。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.4 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等及物動詞后可以接不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。I admire their winning the match. (對)I admire that they won the match. (錯)5 作介詞的賓語Our success depends upon how well

10、we can cooperate with one another.It depends on whether we will go.介詞賓語中如果關(guān)系詞whether, 不可以換成if;I am not interested in what he is doing. He will write a book on how Chinese people learn English.6 that 從句作介詞賓語只用于except that和in that結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：His report is correct except that some details are omitted. Critic

11、ism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.7 作形容詞的賓語例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, please

12、d, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。8. It 可以作為形式賓語It 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。例如： We think it possible that the price will rise. find / make / see / hear / feel / think + it + adj. / n. + that 句型中, it 作形式賓語, that引導(dǎo)真正的賓語從句, 不能省;9 be sure / certain / gla

13、d / afraid / sorry / pleased + that 句型中, that 可以省;Are you certain that youll get there in time? He was disappointed that he failed to get the master degree.10. what is / was the matter /wrong with sb作賓語從句, 不改變語序;Who knows what is the matter / wrong with him?11. 有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時, 第二個和第二個以后的從句必須用that引導(dǎo).S

14、he said she was pleased at her victory and that she would work harder.12. 否定轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。I dont think (that) the film is interesting.I dont think this dress fits you well. 我認為這件衣服不

15、適合你穿。I dont think I know you.我想我并不認識你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。三表語從句把that+陳述句這個結(jié)構(gòu)放在表語位置My idea is that the child should be sent to school.四同位語從句把that+陳述句這個結(jié)構(gòu)放在同位語位置He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights s

16、hould fall to the ground at the same time.他想證明他的理論兩個不同種類的物體將同時落地。The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.注意同位語從句可能與所修飾的名詞被其他成分分開以使得整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)顯得平衡。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. Word came tha

17、t Hussein had been captured. They spread the lie everywhere that tom was guilty of theft.A saying goes that practice makes perfect.這種結(jié)構(gòu)在閱讀文章當(dāng)中常見，遇到時要認真分析句子才能理解。Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities. 在獄中挨過數(shù)月苦悶的日子后

18、，突然一天噩耗傳來：她敬愛的哥哥在反法西斯運動中被殺害。That 的重要性That English is difficult is not my idea.English is difficult is not my idea如果不加that，就有兩個謂語，意思就混淆不清，二英文中句子的核心意思主要靠謂語表達，一個句子只能表達一個核心只能有一個謂語。He said no word at the meeting was strange.He said that no word at the meeting was strange. 他說會上人們的發(fā)言都很正常沒有什么奇怪的。That he sai

19、d no word at the meeting was strange.他在會上一言不發(fā)，很奇怪一般疑問句可以分別充當(dāng)四種句子的成分一般疑問句要變?yōu)殛愂鼍洳⑶矣脀hether/ if來引導(dǎo)一主語從句Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me.二賓語從句I dont know if/ whether he needs my help.三表語從句My concern is whether he comes or not.四同位語從句They are faced with the problem whether they should con

20、tinue to work.注意： if只用于引導(dǎo)賓語從句，而whether可以引導(dǎo)四種名詞性從句。If 不和or not連用，whether可以。特殊疑問句可以分別充當(dāng)四種句子的成分特殊疑問句變陳述句語序There arouse the question where we could get the loan.I have no idea when he will return.Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.一主語從句September 11,2001 started out as an ordinary day

21、, but what happened that morning will be forever etched in our memories. 911時間將會永遠銘刻在人們記憶中What we need is wholly new kind of police force.我們需要全新的警察機關(guān)What he told you is true.Who will chair the meeting has not yet been decided.Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.How a person master

22、s his fate is more important than what his fate is.注意 Whatever, whoever, whichever 引導(dǎo)的主語從句的區(qū)分。whatever 相當(dāng)于 anything that, 是 what 的強調(diào)形式，表示“無論什么”。例如： Whatever she does is ridiculouswhoever 相當(dāng)于anyone who, 是who 的強調(diào)形式，表示“無論誰；任何的人”。例如： Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a coldwhichever“無

23、論哪個; 無論哪些”, 既指人, 也指物; 可以單獨使用, 可以修飾名詞, 也可以后跟of 短語。例如： Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a hand to others Whichever book you borrow doesnt matter to us二賓語從句The mother will buy whichever books her son wants.You should vote for which candidate you assume best.I have not decided whom I sho

24、uld vote for.They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.Could you tell me where the post office is?We dont know why he did not come yesterday.三表語從句Change is what keeps us fresh and innovative. Change is what keeps us from getting stale. 唯有變化才能使我們思維敏銳，富有創(chuàng)意，唯有變革才能使我們永葆青春。The point is whose book is t

25、he most interesting.Money is what we are badly in need of.Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is mystery. Today is a gift. Thats why it is called the present!The point is when you will become rich.This is where our basic interest lies.My question is where we are going to have our holiday.The problem is h

26、ow we can get the things we need. (how 在表語從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語)The scissors are not what I need. (what 在表語從句中充當(dāng)賓語)That is what I want to tell you. (what在表語從句中充當(dāng)直接賓語)That is why she failed to pass the exam. (why 在表語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語)注意可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等,“That is why.”是常用句型，意為“這就是的原因/因此”，其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在

27、句中作表語，該句型通常用于針對前面已經(jīng)說明過的原因進行總結(jié)，That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮，這就是現(xiàn)在這個老太婆出現(xiàn)在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne對老婦人顯得蒼老憔悴深感詫異，說話人對她講述了其中的原因之后，用這一句來進行概括)。下面是兩個與“That is why.”形式相似的結(jié)構(gòu)，它們與“That is why.”結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系要能夠辨析清楚：(1)“That is why.”與“That is the reason why.”同義，只不過從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上講， “That is the rea

28、son why.”中why引導(dǎo)的是個定語從句，將其中的the reason去掉則與“That is why.”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. (2)“That is because.”句型中從屬連詞because引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在此作表語，這也是個常用句型，意為“這就是為什么/因為”。“That is because.”與“That is why.”之間的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果，例如：He did not see the film la

29、st night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. (第一句話說明結(jié)果，第二句話說明原因)He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. (第一句話說明原因，第二句話說明結(jié)果)四同位語從句I have no idea who he is.The question who should go abroad on this business tour requires consideration.I h

30、ave no idea when he will return.There arouse the question where we could get the loan.同位語從句常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, discovery, information, word, message, thought, suggestion, answer, belief, promise, conclusion, order, suggestion, problem, question, report, belief, decision, doubt, opinion

31、, theory等抽象名詞的后面，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。We are surprised at the fact that the children did it on their ownThey expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany againThe news that his heath is failing made us sad. I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. The question who should do the work req

32、uires consideration.There is no doubt that he will come here again.He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.同位語從句和定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)相似，通常位于某一名詞或代詞后面，兩者存在的區(qū)別：同位語從句對名詞性成分加以補充說明，是該名詞性成分具體內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn)(相當(dāng)于名詞的作用)。 that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中引導(dǎo)詞that不在該同位語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，但不能被省略，同位語從句還可以用whether、 how等連詞引導(dǎo)(定語從句則不能)。1) Th

33、e news that they had won the battle soon spread over the whole country. ( 同位語從句)2) The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing. (定語從句)定語從句對先行詞加以限制或修飾、說明先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征(相當(dāng)于形容詞的作用)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞均在該定語從句中充當(dāng)特定的句子成分(that在其引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或者表語，充當(dāng)定語從句中賓語的that經(jīng)?？杀皇÷?。 We cant solve the problem how we can

34、travel faster than light.(how引導(dǎo)的從句表示其前面的名詞the problem的具體內(nèi)容，屬于同位語從句) I cant remember the problem that they have. (引導(dǎo)詞that就是that引導(dǎo)的從句中have的賓語， the problem的具體內(nèi)容也沒有得到說明，故本句中that引導(dǎo)的從句是修飾problem的定語從句) I wont believe the fact that he lied to his mother. (that引導(dǎo)同位語從句對fact的具體內(nèi)容進行說明， that在其中不充當(dāng)具體的句子成分) I wont

35、 believe the fact (that) he told me. (that引導(dǎo)定語從句對fact進行限定， that在該從句中充當(dāng)賓語) The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(that引導(dǎo)同位語從句對news的具體內(nèi)容進行說明， that在其中不充當(dāng)具體的句子成分) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(句中的第一個that引導(dǎo)定語從句限定先行詞news，第二個that引導(dǎo)表語從句) We have no idea at all wh

36、ere he has gone.(where引導(dǎo)同位語從句說明idea的具體內(nèi)容) Thats the place where he was born.(where引導(dǎo)定語從句限定先行詞place)同位語從句The suggestion (that) he raised at the meeting is very good.（that引導(dǎo)定語從句, 作賓語, 可以省略）The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good.（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句）I had no idea that yo

37、u were here.（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句, 不能省略）Have you got the idea (that) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?（that引導(dǎo)定語從句, 作賓語, 可以省略）名詞性從句考點透視名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。其用法復(fù)雜,考查面廣、量大,是同學(xué)們頗感棘手的語法項目,也是歷年來高考的重點之一?，F(xiàn)在讓我們走近名詞性從句,剖析其考查熱點,探索其命題規(guī)律。一、考查名詞性從句的語序不管主句的語氣如何,名詞性從句總是使用陳述語序。No one can be sure _ in a mi

38、llion years.A. what man will look likeB. what will man look likeC. man will look like whatD. what look will man like二、考查it作形式主語的用法英語中為了使句子保持平衡,常用先行詞it代替主語從句,而把主語從句放到句子的后面。_ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. ThisC. That D. It三、考查關(guān)聯(lián)詞的正確選用這是近幾年高考的重中之重。解決這

39、一問題可以從以下幾點入手:1.依據(jù)缺什么補什么的原則確定正確的連詞認真分析句子成分,看從句中缺什么成分,再根據(jù)語境和語義,選用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。如果從句中缺少主語,指人用who,指物則用what或which;如缺賓語,指人用whom,指物用what;如缺時間狀語用when;地點狀語用where;原因狀語用why;方式狀語用how;定語用what或which;如果從句中什么成分都不缺,用that。例如:I dont know who will be our English teacher next term.(缺主語,指人用who)I know what should be done and what

40、 shouldnt be done.(缺主語,指物用what)Im sure that he will come tomorrow.(什么成分都不缺,用that)Where he will go is still unknown.(缺地點狀語,用where)I dont know which / what topic I should choose.(缺定語,用what或which)-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.-Is that _ you had a few days off? A. why B. whenC. what D. w

41、here2.注意幾組易混連詞的使用1) what與that這是高考測試的一對熱點連詞,同學(xué)們一定要將其掌握。that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時僅起連接作用,不作句子任何成分,除在賓語從句中外一般不可省略;what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,除起連接作用外,還在句子中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語和定語等句子成分。_ he said is true.A. What B. ThatC. Which D. Whether2) whether與ifwhether與if在引導(dǎo)動詞的賓語從句時,兩者一般可以互換,但在引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句以及作介詞賓語的賓語從句或后面直接跟or not時,只能用whether。_ well

42、 go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where3) wh-+ever與wh-wh-+ever引起的名詞性從句不含疑問意義,相當(dāng)于名詞/代詞后加一個定語從句;而wh-如what, which, who, whom, when, where等除與前一種從句有相同的含義之外,還都有疑問意義。 Eat _ cake you like and leave the others for _ comes in late.A. any; who B. every; whoeverC. whichever

43、; whoever D. either; whoever _ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever Its a matter of _ would take the position.A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別同位語從句和定語從句都跟在名詞后,極易為某些同學(xué)混淆。同位語從句是用來對前面的名詞解釋說明的,而定語從句是用來對先行詞加以限制的;引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that在從句中

44、不作任何成分,而引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that則在定語從句中擔(dān)任主語或賓語。 Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. which B. what C. whatever D. that Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A. while B. that C. when D. as【Exercises】：1. These photogr

45、aphs will show you _. A. what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like (89) 2.Can you make sure _ the gold ring? A. where Alice had put B.where did Alice put C. where Alice has put D.where has Alice put (90) 3. No one ca

46、n be sure _ in a million years. A. what man will look like B.what will man look like C. man will look like what D.what look will man like (91) 4.-We havent heard from Jane a long time. -What do you suppose _ to her? A. was happening B. has happened C. to happen D. having happened (91) 5.Go and get y

47、our coat. Its _you left it. A. there B. where C. there where D. where there (92) 6._ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That (92) 7._ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. A.What B.That C.That fact D.The matter (93) 8.-Do you re

48、member _ he came? -Yes, I do . He came by car. A.how B.when C.that D.it (94) 9._ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A.What , what B.What , that C.That , that D.That , what (95) 10. After the war, a new school building was put up _there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when

49、 (97) 11.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is (97) 12. Dr,Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, I cant remember _. A.where B.there C.which D.that (98) 13.Why do you want a new job_youve got su

50、ch a good one already? A.that B.where C.which D.when (98) 14. I,m going to the post office. youre there. can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If (99) 15. youve got a chance. you might as well make full use of it. A. Now that B. After C. Although D. AS soon as (99) 16I drove to Zh

51、uhai for the air show last week. Is that you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. what D. where (99) 17. You should make it a rule to leave thingsyou can find them again A. when B.where C.then D.there (99) 18. Well have to finish the job. A. long it takes however B. it takes howewer long C. long ho

52、wever it takes D. however long it takes (99) 19. _she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer studnets showed interest in her lesson. A.What , why B.That , what C.What , because D.Why , that (2000) 20. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _. A.who is he B.who he is C.who is it D.who it is (2

53、000) KEYS: 1-5 BCABB 6-10CAAAB 11-15 DCDBA 16-20 ABDAD 【Exercises Two】：1. Do you see _I mean?A. that B./ C. how D. what2. Tell me_ is on your mind.A. that B. what C. which D. why3. We must stick to _ we have agreed on.A. what B. that C. / D. how4. Let me see _.A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the r