動(dòng)詞不定式TheInfinitive

1、學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載動(dòng)詞不定式(The Infinitive)動(dòng)詞不定式：(to) + do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。一、不定式的形式：主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式 to do to be done進(jìn)行式 to be doing /完成式 to have done to have been done完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing /否定式： not /never + (to) do二、不定式的句法功能：1 .作主語：eg.)To make a speech here is an honor.To lose heart means failure.動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，常用形式主語it作

2、形式主語，如上兩句可用如下形式：It is an honor to make a speech here.It means failure to lose heart.常用結(jié)構(gòu)：It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.(常見形容詞 ：clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)Eg.)It ' s necess

3、ary for us to have a good knowledge of English.It is foolish of you to make such a mistake.=You are foolish to make such a mistake.2 .作表語：eg.)Her wish is to become a novelist.He appears to have caught a cold.不定式一般緊跟在系動(dòng)詞如be, seem, remain, appear等后面，用來說明主語的內(nèi)容。這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語一般為名詞，如:idea, purpose, hope, plan,

4、 intention, wish, dream, etc.eg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson.有時(shí)句子主語也可以是不定式或名詞性從句。Eg.) To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.如果主語中含有do的任何形式，那么不定式可以省去to.Eg.) The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.比較：A組：Sth.+be +不定式(

5、作表語)-表示主語的具體內(nèi)容Sth.+be +不定式(作表語)-表示時(shí)態(tài)(將來時(shí))Eg.)He is to tidy up the room.His plan is to tidy up the room.B組:動(dòng)名詞和不定式在句中作表語的區(qū)別：1 . 一般情況下，區(qū)別不大，可通用eg.) Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.2 .動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作較抽象、或是習(xí)慣性的 ，而不定式表示某次具體的動(dòng)作.Eg.)My job is typing papers.My job now is to type these papers.3 .作賓語：A.動(dòng)詞+

6、 to不定式學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載常見動(dòng)詞：hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend, desire, etc.eg.） I longed to become an artist.He helped （to） bring up the orphan.B.動(dòng)詞+（間接賓語）+疑問詞+ to不定式常見動(dòng)詞：know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, fi

7、nd out, etc.eg.） I don ' t know what to say to comfort her.The farmer showed us how to milk the cow.C.動(dòng)詞+ it+賓語補(bǔ)足語+（ for sb.）+ to不定式：常見動(dòng)詞：find, consider, think, make, feel, etc.eg.） Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.I think it important for you to recite some English artic

8、les.D.介詞but, except后可接to不定式作賓語。注意句中謂語或非謂語部分含有do,那么不定式可省去toeg.）Seeing the room crowded, I had no choice but to stand in the dark.Seeing the room crowded, I could do nothing but stand in the dark.4 .作賓語補(bǔ)足語：A.動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞詞組+賓語+to不定式常見動(dòng)詞：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade,

9、 cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call on, would like, wait for, etc.eg.）I got them to join us in the discussion.They are waiting for the school bus to come.B.動(dòng)詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式常用動(dòng)詞：feel （感）;hear, listen to（二聽）;make, let, have（三讓）;see, watch, observe, notice, look at（五看）;help （半幫助，可

10、帶to或不帶to）etc.但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to.Eg.） I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.比較:I saw him crossing the road.He was seen the road.I saw him carried downstairs.He was seen downstairs.5 .作定語：（考點(diǎn)集中在動(dòng)詞不定式與被修飾詞的邏輯關(guān)系的判斷上）A.與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：Eg.） I have a meeting to attend.He found a good house to l

11、ive in.（如果不定式是 vi,其后應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~ .）如果不定式修飾 time, place, way,可以省略介詞：eg.）He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.注意如果句子的主語不是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式就用被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示。比較 ：I am going to the post office, for I have a letter to post.I am going to the post office, do you have any letter to be posted?B.

12、與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系：Eg.）He is the right person to do that job.He is the first to get here.注意不定式+介詞修飾名詞也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom或which） +不定式。Eg.） Mary is a nice companion to travel with.Mary is a nice companion with whom to travel.I got a piece of paper to write on.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載I got a piece of paper on which to write.

13、C.說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：Eg.) We have made a plan to finish the work.Jane expressed a wish to earn her own living.6 .作狀語：A.表目的：Eg.) He worked day and night to pay off the debt .She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：To save money, every means has been tried. ( )xTo save money, he has tried e

14、very means. (V)=He has tried every means in order to/so as to save money.=In order to save money, he has tried every means.B.表結(jié)果：Eg.)I visited him only to find him out.Would you be so kind as to tell me the way to the garden Hotel?His behavior is such as to make his friends angry.The patient is stro

15、ng enough to walk about.tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)Eg.)It ' s tockcfar us to see anything.The question is too simple for him to answer.注：對(duì)少數(shù)幾個(gè)表示心情或傾向的形容詞，如：glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied, etc.用于tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)表示肯定意義。eg.)They were too anxious to leave.I am only/but too glad to do you the favor.C

16、.表原因：Eg.)They were very excited to hear the news that their team had won the game.7 .作插入語和同位語：常見插入語 :to tell (you) the truth/to be frank; truth to tell實(shí)不相瞞;to start/begin with; to conclude; to make matter worse; tobe more exact確切地講;to make a long story short長話短說，簡而言之 ;to be fair公平地說，憑心而論 ;to be sure

17、肯定地， 毫無疑問地；eg.)To tell (you) the truth, I don' t like the way he talked.To make matter worse/, the computer broke down.We have made a plan to finish the work.Her wish to be an air hostess has never come true.三、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)：1 .一般式-(to)+動(dòng)原：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后。Eg.)The policeman made t

18、he thief stand in the corner.The play is said to be made into a film soon.2 .進(jìn)行式to be+現(xiàn)分：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。(seem, appear, happen, pretend等動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中)Eg.)The boy pretended to be working hard.=The boy pretended that he was working hard.He seems to be reading in his study.=It seems that he is rea

19、ding in his study.3 .完成式-to have +過分：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前eg.)I regretted to have told a lie.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載I happened to have seen the film.The novel is said to have been translated into several foreign languages.=It is said that the novel has been translated into several foreign languages.比較:I must

20、be off now. I am pleased to have met/meeting you all.( 分手告另1J時(shí) )Pleased to meet you, Mr. Cook.(初次見面時(shí))四、不定式的語態(tài)：主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式A.如不定式的邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式需用被動(dòng)語態(tài)-to be +過分eg.) He dislikes to be praised in public.The only animal to be seen in the desert was the camel.B.主動(dòng)的形式表布被動(dòng)：句中存在不定式的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系：eg.) The mast

21、er gave his dog a few bones to eat.I have a lot of papers to type.(比較:I am free now. Do you have any papers to be typed?)在 形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，如不定式與句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，那么不定式多用主動(dòng)語態(tài).常見形容詞：hard, difficult, easy, fit, cheap, expensive, interesting, etc.Eg.) The water is fit to drink.The couch is comfortable to sit o

22、n.=It is comfortable to sit on the couch.The sentence is easy(explain). =It isThe tea is bitter(taste).在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，傾向于用不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義Eg.) There is always much work to do in the house.下列句子慣用不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài).Eg.) The house is to let/to be let.這房子待出租。He is not to blame. 他不該受責(zé)備。但在be + to不定式以及be likely to結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果主語

23、是不定式所表示的承受者，那么不定式仍須用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Eg.) The collection of poems is to be published within a year.The results of the exams remain to be seen.He is likely to be made monitor of our class.=It is likely that he is made.五、不定式的否定式：not/never + (to )不定式eg.) They hurried along in order not to be late.The boy promised

24、never to play truant again.六、不定式的省略與保留：保留to,省略do動(dòng)詞。I .不定式符號(hào)的省略與保留：1 .在 had better, would rather, would ratherthan ，would sooner - than ，cannot細(xì)包版hy not定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。如：eg.) You ' d better tell her the truth.2 .動(dòng)詞不定式短語作介詞but, except, besides的賓語，且介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do或其它形式時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to通常被省略。Eg.) What do you like t

25、o do besides swim?My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her.3 .兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式短語表示并列關(guān)系時(shí)，后面不定式短語的不定式符號(hào) to通常被省略；如果表示對(duì)比關(guān)系，則不定 式符號(hào)to通常保留。eg.) They didn ' t tell me whether to go on or to stop寸比關(guān)系)She told the child to stay there and wait

26、 till she came back.(并列關(guān)系)4 .在某些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞(如： hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載的不定式中，不定式符號(hào)to總是被省略，一而嘉鬲商配齊吊,一不不行工to通常保留。Eg.) They made that man work all the morning.That man was made to work all the morning.5 .不定式短語作表語，不定式符號(hào)to通常保留，但當(dāng) what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語，或 all, everything

27、等后接定語從句作主語，從句謂語部分含有動(dòng)詞do或do的其他形式時(shí)，作表語的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符號(hào)to。eg.) The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.The only thing I can do is (to) go on y myself.II.不定式符號(hào)后面動(dòng)詞的省略與保留1 .為了避免重復(fù)，在 hope, wish, want, like, love, decide,mean,prefer, have to,be able to, be going to,used to,ought to等動(dòng)詞及習(xí)

28、語后面出現(xiàn)與上文相同的不定式時(shí)，常保留不定式符號(hào)to,而把其它部分省略。Eg.) Ms King lied to us because she had to.2 .當(dāng)不定式在 ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等動(dòng)詞后面充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，常保留不定式符號(hào)to,而把后面的動(dòng)詞省略.eg.) She wants to come , but her parents won' t allow her to.If he doesn ' t want to go there, don ' t force him to.He didn ' t come, though we had invited him to.3 .在特定的上下文中，為了避免重復(fù)，如果不定式為一般式 to be或完成式to have done時(shí)，則不定式符號(hào)to和be或 have常一并