(完整版)初中英語被動語態(tài)

1、一、語態(tài)概述語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式 ,表示句子之中主語和謂語動詞的關(guān)系 .英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài) 主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的發(fā)出者 （或執(zhí)行者） eg：Many people speak Chinese.謂語： speak 的動作是由主語 many people 來執(zhí)行的 .被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者 ,即行為動作的對象 .eg： Chinese is spoken by many people. 主語 English 是動詞 speak 的承受者 .二、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)由助動詞 be及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成 .人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過 be 的變化表現(xiàn)出來的 .（被動語態(tài)

2、的否定式和疑問式均由助動詞或第一個助動詞構(gòu)成 .）各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時： am/is/are 及物動詞的過去分詞I'm asked to take care of myself. Football is played all over the world2. 一般過去時： was/were及物動詞的過去分詞This house was built in 1958. His leg was broken in an accident.3. 一般將來時： will/shall be 及物動詞的過去分詞More factories will be built in our

3、 city.He will be taken to hospital tomorrow.4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時： am/is/are being 及物動詞的過去分詞 .A road is being built around the mountain. Many new houses are being built in this city5. 過去進(jìn)行時： was/were being 及物動詞的過去分詞he meeting was being held when I was there. We were being trained this time last year.6. 現(xiàn)在完成時： ha

4、ve/has been及物動詞的過去分詞His book has been translated into many foreign languages. The prices of many goods have been cut again .7. 過去完成時： had been + 及物動詞的過去分詞A new school had been set up by the end of last year.8. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there.三、被動語態(tài)的基本用

5、法 一般來說 ,在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪?,能用主動語態(tài)的時候就盡量不去用被動語態(tài).只有在下列情況中我們才用被動語態(tài)：1. 不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰 .1）.Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了 .2）.This bridge was founded in 1981. 這座橋竣工于 1981 年 .3）.The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天 ,教室的前窗被打2. 沒不要說出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰 .1）.The time-table has been chan

6、ged .時間表已變動了2）.China was founded in 1949.3. 不愿意說出動作的執(zhí)行者 , 其目的是為了使語言得體、圓滑等.在這種情況下 ,有時常用一些句式 ,如 It is saidthat （據(jù)說 ）,It is reported that （據(jù)報道） ,It is well known that （眾所周知 ）It is supposed that （據(jù) 推測說 , It is believed that 大家相信 ,It is hoped that 大家希望 ,It is thought that 大家認(rèn)為 ,It is suggested that 據(jù)It i

7、s said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據(jù)說她要嫁給一個外國人 .It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （ The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者 ,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者 .1）.The glass was broken by Mike. 玻璃杯是邁克打破的 .2）.his book was written by him. 這本書是他寫的 .3）.Your homewor

8、k must be finished on time. 你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時完成 . 注：使用被動語態(tài)的情況口訣：動作誰做的不知道,誰說出的不必要 .接受動作需強(qiáng)調(diào) ,用被動語態(tài)最為妙 .四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法：1. 把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語.2. 把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu) （be過去分詞 ） （根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù),以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定 be 的形式 ）.3. 把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞 by 之后作賓語 ,將主格改為賓格 .He plant trees in spring.Trees are planted in spring by him.主動

9、語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)口訣：賓語提前主語變,原主變賓 by 后見,時態(tài)人稱 be關(guān)鍵.All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him.被動語態(tài)中 by+ 賓語的省略：被動語態(tài)句式中的 by+ 賓語表示及物動詞所表示動作的執(zhí)行者 ,但是在遇到以下情況時 ,表示動作執(zhí)行者 by+賓語

10、 常常被省略 .動作執(zhí)行者不確定時Paper is made from wood.Many people are killed in traffic accidents every day . 不必表明動作執(zhí)行者時English is also spoken as the second language as well as one of the official languages. Football is played in most school.動作執(zhí)行者為一般大眾時 .Both English and Spanish are spoken in this area.He is mad

11、e the monitor of the class today.五、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題： 談?wù)剮追N特殊的被動結(jié)構(gòu)1. 當(dāng)句子結(jié)構(gòu)為主語 +謂語 +賓語(唯一賓語) 時 ,把賓語提到句首做主語 ,然后把謂語改成被動語態(tài)形式 ,最后把原 主語變?yōu)橘e格至于介詞 by 之后.實際運用中 by 短語常被省略 .We finish our homework in the evening.Our homework is finished in the evening.2. 當(dāng)句子結(jié)構(gòu)為主語 +謂語 +間接賓語 (表示人的 )+直接賓語(表示物的)時 ,一般把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z ,而直接賓 語

12、不變 ,這樣句子顯得自然些 .如果把直接賓語作為主語 ,那么在間接賓語前應(yīng)加介詞 to或 for.She sent me a novel on my birthday. （ 主動 ） I was sent a novel on my birthday. （ 被動 ）A novel was sent to me on my birthday. （ 被動 ）My brother bought me a watch yesterday. （ 主動 ） I was bought a watch yesterday. （ 被動 ）1).間接賓語前需要加2).間接賓語前需要加A watch was bou

13、ght for me by my brother yesterday.（ 被動 ） for 的動詞 buy ,sing ,catch ,find ,get,drow ,cook ,keep ,make,offer 等 .3).當(dāng)句子結(jié)構(gòu)為主語+謂語 +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語把主動態(tài)變成被動態(tài)時,只需將主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)句子to 的動詞 bring ,give ,pass ,hand ,leave ,show ,write ,take ,teach ,tell ,thow ,lend,send ,return 等 的主語 ,而原句里的賓語補(bǔ)足語現(xiàn)在就變成被動態(tài)句子的主語補(bǔ)足語了They ask

14、ed me to help them. I was asked to help them.Now people can use computers to help them .Computers can be used to help them.We must keep the room clean. The room must be kept clean .We saw them coming over. They were seen coming over.如果復(fù)合賓語是由賓語 +不帶 to 的動詞不定式構(gòu)成 ,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時 ,動詞不定式前的 to 要補(bǔ)出來 .常見的這類動 詞有：一感（

15、 feel） ,二聽（ hear,listen to ）三讓（ let ,make ,have ）四看（ watch ,see ,notice ,observe,+look at ） 但動詞為 let 時 ,to 仍可省略 .The story made us laugh. We were made to laugh by the story.The teacher let the little boy go home. The little boy was let (to) go home .4) .含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動詞的主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)時 , 由情態(tài)動詞 be過去分詞構(gòu)成

16、 ,原來帶 to 的情態(tài)動詞變成被動語態(tài) 后 to 仍要保留 .We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once. It should be done at once.The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there.5）.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)：一般說來 ,只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài) ,但許多不及物動詞 +副詞或介詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞 ,相當(dāng)于及物動詞 ,也可以 有被動語態(tài) ,但變被動語態(tài)后 ,不

17、可把介詞或副詞漏掉 .He turned on the radio just now. The radio was turned on just now .They take good care of the babies. The babies are taken care of.They look after the babies. The babies are looked after .6）. 含有賓語從句的主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)時,有兩種改寫方法：用 it 做被動語態(tài)的形式主語 , 賓語從句保持不變 .將主動句中的賓語從句的主語改為被動語態(tài)的主語,從句的謂語部分變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ?.這時的動詞

18、不定式所用的形式要與原來的賓語從句保持一致 .They say that our teacher is busy these days. It is said that our teacher is busy these days.Our teacher is said to be busy these days.7）. 如果原句賓語有后置定語修飾 ,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時 ,應(yīng)把后置修飾語隨同賓語一同提前 .We clean the windows of our classroom every day. The windows of our classroom are cleaned every d

19、ay.8）. 如果原句主語不是動作的執(zhí)行者 ,而是所使用的物質(zhì)材料 ,變被動語態(tài)時要用介詞 withSmoke filled the room. The room was filled with smoke .9）.by 短語的取舍：當(dāng)主動句中的主語是 people ,one ,we ,they 等泛指性動詞時 ,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后 ,by 短語通常省略 . Eg： we often speak English in our English class. English is often spoken （by us ） in our English class當(dāng)主動句中是 who ,what ,w

20、hich 等做主語 ,變被動語態(tài)后句首的疑問詞在句中的成分由原來的主語變?yōu)榻樵~ by的賓語 ,應(yīng)注意介詞 by 不能丟 .Who wrote the book ? who was the book written by ? 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行時 ,by 短語不能省略 .uncle wang made the kite . The kite was made by uncle wang . 六可與被動語態(tài)連用的介詞在被動語態(tài)的句子中 ,常用介詞 by 引出動作的發(fā)出者 ,實際上同被動語態(tài)連用的介詞除 by 以外還有很多 .1. 表示謂語動詞的動作是為誰或為何目的而發(fā)生的要用介詞for.（be u

21、sed for sth /doing sth 被用于 被用于做）This new bike was bought for you .Stamps are used for sending letters .2. 表示動作發(fā)出者所使用的工具或強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)時應(yīng)用介詞withThe trees were cut down with a knife .The bottle is filled with orange .3. 表示被作為 （發(fā)生）應(yīng)用介詞 as （be used as 被作為 使用） English is used as a first language in Canada.4. 在 be

22、well-known 后應(yīng)用介詞 to,表示被 所熟知The Great Wall is well-known to everyone in the world .5. 在 be made 后可用多個介詞表示不同的意義be made in 表示在某地制造 This Tv set is made in shanghai .be made of 和 be made from 都可以表示由 制成的 ,但 be made of 強(qiáng)調(diào)從制成品上可以看出原材料 , be made from 則表示從制成品上看不出原材料 .This table is made of wood .This kind of p

23、aper is made from wood.be made by 由 （人）制造的 The cake is made by my mother .be made into 表示被制成 . make into 把制成 （主動形式） Glass is often made into glasses .玻璃常被制成玻璃杯 .be made after 表示仿照 .制成This machine is made after theirs . 這臺機(jī)器是仿照他們的機(jī)器制成的.be made up of 表示由 .組成Our class is made up of fifty students .七、不可

24、用于被動語態(tài)的情況1. 當(dāng)謂語動詞是表示靜態(tài)的及物動詞（短語）時（eg：have ,cost ,hold ,know ,fit ,belong to ）不可用于被動語態(tài) .How long did the meeting last ?2. 當(dāng)謂語動詞是 look ,become ,get ,turn 等連系動詞 ,其后的成分多為形容詞或名詞詞組作表語時.He looks fine .3. 賓語是反身代詞 ,相互代詞或與主語對應(yīng)的物主代詞修飾的名詞詞組時.They taught themselves English .We should learn each other .4. 賓語是動詞不定式

25、（短語）或動名詞時.The students hope to visit the Great wall .He has finished reading the book .5. 賓語和動詞在意義上為不可分割的固定搭配時.He caught a bad cold last week.You shouldn 't make faces in class .6. 賓語是表示數(shù)量 ,長度,大小 ,處所或方位的詞時 .They reached shanghai early in the next morning .He left Beijing by bus yesterday .7. 當(dāng)賓語

26、是同源賓語時 .Today all of us live a happy life .8. 賓語是行為者（人體）的某一部分或人體的器官時.He could hardly believe his eyes .Mr Hu shook his head and said nothing .9. 當(dāng)賓語是某一組織機(jī)構(gòu)或機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體名稱時.The man joined the army in1957.八、主動形式被動含義在英語中 ,主動意義用主動語態(tài)表示 ,被動意義用被動語態(tài)表示 .但在以下幾種情況下 ,被動意義卻用主動語態(tài)來表 示：（一）少數(shù)動詞 ,既可作及物動詞 ,也可作不及物動詞 .當(dāng)它們作不及物動詞

27、且用來表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能時,可用一般時態(tài)的主動形式表示被動意義,其主語大多為事物 .常見的有： sell（銷售好 ）read（好讀 ）,write（好寫 ）,wash（耐洗 ）,wear（耐穿 ）,last,tear,lock ,count ,open ,teach ,drive ,take 等、1）. The tickets cost too much and sold badly. 這些票太貴了 ,銷路不好 .2）. Can you lend Hie your pen?Your pen writes better 你能把你的鋼筆借給我嗎 ?你的鋼筆更好寫 .3）.The pen wri

28、tes well. 這筆好寫 .4）.The door won 't open. 門開不下來 .5）.The clothes wash easily. 這衣服很好洗 .6）. The door won't open. 這門打不開 .注意：這類動詞的主動形式表示被動意義有三個明顯特征1）. 與 not,hardly 等否定意義的詞連用 .2）. 常與副詞 well,easily,badly ,poorly ,nicely ,fast ,smoothly , 等連用表示效果或程度 .3）句中的主語是謂語動詞的承受者.（二）某些表示感覺 ,狀態(tài) ,特征的系動詞 eg： feel, l

29、ook, sound, smell, taste 等系動詞 ,用主動形式表達(dá)被動意義 ,主 語是物 .1. The cloth feels soft. 這布料摸起來很軟 .2. His cake tastes good. 他的蛋糕味道很好 .3. Good medicine tastes bitter. 良藥苦口 （三）動詞 need, want, require 等表示需要或應(yīng)該的意義時 , 后用動詞 ing 的主動式或動詞不定式被動形式表示變 動意義 .1）.The floor needs sweeping. 地板須拖一下 .2）.The old bike needs repairing

30、（or: to be repaired）. 那輛舊自行車需要修理 .3）.Your hair needs cutting 你的頭發(fā)需要理了 .4）.The wall requires painting 這墻壁需要粉刷了 .（四）主語 +be worth doing 句式中 ving 形式表達(dá)被動含義This book is well worth reading.The film is well worth seeing （五）不定式以主動形式表達(dá)被動意義的情況主要有以下兩種：1）. 不定式作定語與被修飾的詞形成動賓關(guān)系時,不定式用主動形式表被動意義 .I have something impo

31、rtant to tell you. 我有重要事情要告訴你 .Is there anything else to say? 還有別的什么事情要說嗎？2）. 在主語 + 系動詞 + adj. + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)中 ,不定式作為主語的補(bǔ)足語對主語作補(bǔ)充說明,與主語之間形成動賓關(guān)系時 ,其主動形式表示被動含義 .（形容詞通常為 easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, nice, heavy 等）The place is easy to find in the map.I find the problem difficult to solve.The book is dif

32、ficult to understand.The water in the river is unfit to drink. 這條河里的水不宜飲用 .His speech isn't easy to understand.他的演說不易理解3）.在 too to do sth 和 enough to do 句型中 ,如果主語是物而不是人 ,則不定式部分是用主動形式表達(dá)的被動含 義.The table is too heavy （for me）to carry .The dress is good enough to wear at the party .（六）表示發(fā)生、 進(jìn)行的不及物動詞

33、和短語 ,如： happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主動形式表示被動意義 .How do the newspapers come out? 這些報紙是如何引出來的呢？（七）介詞 in, on, under 等 +名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用,含被動之義 ,其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞 .1.under + 名詞結(jié)構(gòu) ,表示某事在進(jìn)行中 .常見的有： under contr

34、ol（受控制） , under treatmen（t 在治療中） , under repair （在修理中） , under discussion（在討論中） , under construction （在施工中） .The building is under construction（ is being constructed）.2.beyond+名詞結(jié)構(gòu) ,出乎勝過、范圍、限度 .常見的有： beyond belief （ 令人難以置信 ）, beyond one's reach （鞭長莫及） ,beyond one's control（無法控制） ,beyond our

35、hope 我們的成功始料不及 .The rumour is beyond belief （ =can't be believed ）3. above+ 名詞結(jié)構(gòu) , 表示 （品質(zhì)、行為、能力等 ） 超過、高于 .His honest character is above all praise =His honest character cannot be praised enough4. for+ 名詞結(jié)構(gòu) ,表示 適于、 為著 .如： for sale（出售 ）, for rent （出租）等 .That house is for sale. （= That house is to

36、be sold）.5. in+名詞結(jié)構(gòu) ,表示在過程中或范圍內(nèi)常見的有： in print （在印刷中） ,in sight（ 在視野范圍內(nèi) ）,等.The book is not yet in print （=is not yet printed）6.on+名詞結(jié)構(gòu) , 表示在從事 中.常見的有： on sale（出售）,on show （展出） , on trial（受審） . Eg:Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7.out of+ 名詞結(jié)構(gòu) 表示 超出 之外 ,常見的有： out o

37、f control （控制不了 ）,out of sight （超出視線之外） ,out of one 's reach（夠不著 ）, out of fashion（ 不流行 ）等.The plane was out of control （can 't be controlled） .8.within+ 名詞結(jié)構(gòu) ,在內(nèi)、不超過 .He took two days off within the teacher's permission（八）非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義 在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動形式表被動意義 .1.在 need,want,require, bear 等詞的后面 ,動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義 , 其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式 . The house needs repai