小學(xué)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

1、小學(xué)英語(yǔ)根底知識(shí)合集根底知識(shí)1 .字母：26個(gè)字母的大小寫(xiě)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2 .語(yǔ)音：元音的發(fā)音五個(gè)元音字母：AEIOU12個(gè)單元音：前元音：i:門(mén)/e/ ?中元音：?:?后元音：a?u :?雙元音8個(gè)I .合口雙元音5 個(gè)ai ei au ?u可n .集中雙元音3個(gè)i? £ ?u?3 .詞匯：詞匯量,近反義詞4 .句子：大小寫(xiě),標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)一、名詞名詞單復(fù)數(shù),名詞的格式一名詞單復(fù)數(shù)1 .一般情況,直接力口 -s,如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-be

2、ds2 .以 s. x. sh. ch 結(jié)尾,力口 -es, 如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3 .以 “輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾,變 y 為 i, 再力口-es, 如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries4 .以"f或fe"結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v,再加-es,如：knife-knives5 .不 規(guī) 貝U 名 詞 復(fù) 數(shù)： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mou

3、se-micechild-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea二名詞的格1有生命的東西的名詞所有格：a單數(shù)后加s如：Lucy' s rulermy father s shirtb以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加 如：his friends ' bagsc不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加schildren s shoes并列名詞中,如果把 's加在

4、最后一個(gè)名詞后,表不'共有,如：Tom and Mike ' s car湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車要表示所有物不是共有的,應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加'sTom' s and Mike' s cars湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車(2)表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞通常用“of +名詞來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系:如：a picture of the classrooma map of China二、冠詞不定冠詞,定冠詞種類：不定冠詞：a / an元音開(kāi)頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID

5、 card(2)定冠詞：thethe eggthe plane2.用法：定冠詞的用法：(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物：The ruler is on the desk.(2)復(fù)述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.(3)談話雙方都知道的人或物：The boys aren' t at school.(4)在序數(shù)詞前：John' s birthday is February the second.(5)用于固定詞組中： in the morning / afternoon / evening不用冠詞的情況：(1)專有名詞前：

6、 China is a big country.(2)名詞前有定語(yǔ)：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball.(3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人和事：Monkeys can ' t swim.They are teachers.(4)在節(jié)日,日期,月份,季節(jié)前：Today is Christmas Day. It s Sunday.(5) 一 日三餐前： We have breakfast at 6:30.(6)球類 棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)前：They often play football after class.He pl

7、ays chess at home.*但樂(lè)器前要用定冠詞：I play the guitar very well.(7)學(xué)科名稱前： My favorite subject is music.(8)在稱呼或頭銜的名詞前：This is Mr Li.(9)固定詞組中：at noon at night by bus三、代詞形容詞副詞代詞：人稱代詞,物主代詞人稱代詞、物主代詞主格賓格第一人稱人稱單數(shù)I(我)me my(我的)復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)us our(我們的)第二人稱人稱單數(shù)you你you your你的復(fù)數(shù)you你們you your你們的第三人稱人稱單數(shù) he他him his他的she她her h

8、er她的it它it its它的復(fù)數(shù)they他們/她們/它們them their他們的/她們的/它們的形容詞,副詞：比擬級(jí),最高級(jí)一、形容詞的比擬級(jí)1、形容詞比擬級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用：兩個(gè)事物或人的比擬用比擬級(jí),比擬級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than.比擬級(jí)前面可以用more, a little來(lái)修飾表示程度.than后的人稱代詞用主格口語(yǔ)中可用賓格.2 .形容詞加er的規(guī)那么：一般在詞尾加er ;以字母e結(jié)尾,力口 r ;以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母,再加 er ;4以“輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,先把y變i,再加er.3 .不規(guī)那么形容詞比擬級(jí)：good-better, beautifu

9、l-more beautiful二副詞的比擬級(jí)1 .形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形,有形用be;有動(dòng)用副,有副用動(dòng))在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后副詞在句子中最常見(jiàn)的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后2 .副詞比擬級(jí)的變化規(guī)那么根本與形容詞比擬級(jí)相同(不規(guī)那么變化：well-better, far-farther)四、數(shù)詞：基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞(1)1-20one, two , three , four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen , fourteen , fifteen , sixteen, sevent

10、een , eighteen , nineteen , twenty(2)21-99先說(shuō)“幾十,再說(shuō)“幾,中間加連字符.23-twenty-three , 34-thirty-four , 45-forty Tive , 56 fifty-six , 67 - sixty-seven , 78 f seventy-eight, 89-eighty-nine , 91- ninety-one(3)101999先說(shuō)“幾百,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù)；586five hundred and eighty-six , 803feight hundred and three(4)l , 000以上

11、,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,第一個(gè)前為thousand.第二個(gè)“廠 前為million ,第三個(gè)"前為billion1, 001 one thousand and one18, 423eighteen thousand , four hundred and twenty-three6, 260, 309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750, 000, 000, 000-seven hundred and fifty billion序數(shù)詞(1) 一般在基數(shù)詞后加thfourffou

12、rth , thirteen fthirteenth (2)不規(guī)那么變化oneffirst, two fsecond, three fthird ,fivef fifth , eightfeighth , nine fninth , twelve twelfth(3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變 y為ie再加thtwentyftwentieth , fortyffortieth , ninetyf ninetieth(4)從二十一后的“幾十幾直至“幾百幾十幾或“幾千幾百幾十幾只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞 變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞.twenty-first , two hundred and forty-fifth基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序

13、數(shù)詞的口訣：基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上 -th.一,二,三,特殊記,詞尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替.ty將y變成i, th前面有個(gè)e.假設(shè)是碰到幾十幾,前用基來(lái)后用序.五、介詞常用介詞：in, on, at, behind 等1.at表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn).在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等.at 1 : 00(dawn , midnight , noon)在一點(diǎn)鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)2.on1)表示具體日期注：(1)關(guān)于"在周末的幾種表示法：at(on) the weekend 在周末-特指at(on) weekends 在周末-泛指over the weekend 在整個(gè)周

14、末during the weekend 在周末期間(2)在圣誕節(jié),應(yīng)說(shuō) at Christmas?而不說(shuō) on Christmas?2)在(剛)的時(shí)候.On reaching the city he called up his parents.一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè) .3.in1)表示"時(shí)段"、"時(shí)期",在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換,前者強(qiáng)調(diào)比照,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù).in(during)1988(December , the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀(jì))六、動(dòng)詞：動(dòng)詞的四種時(shí)態(tài)1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí): 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成1 . b

15、e動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+beam, is, are+其它.如： I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩.2 .行為動(dòng)詞：主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞+其它.如： We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ).當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù) he, she, it時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es".如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗 喜歡漢語(yǔ).動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)那么1 .一般情況下,直接加 -s,如：cook-cooks, milk-milks2 .以 s. x. sh. ch. o 結(jié)尾,力口-es, 如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-wa

16、tches, go-goes3 .以“輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變 y為i,再加-es,如：study-studies2一般過(guò)去時(shí)：動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式詳解動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)那么有：A、規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed ：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加 d：如lived , danced , used 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改 y為i再加ed此類動(dòng)詞較少如study - studied carry -carried worry - worried 注意play、stay不是輔音字母加 y,所以不屬于此類雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母此類動(dòng)詞較少如st

17、oppedB、不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞此類詞并無(wú)規(guī)那么,須熟記小學(xué)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過(guò)去式：sing -sang , eat - ate ,see - saw , have - had , do - did , go - went , take - took , buy - bought , get - got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was ,are were , say said , leave left , swim swam , tell told , draw drew , come came , lose lost , find found , dr

18、ink drank , hurt hurt , feel felt(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)：根本結(jié)構(gòu)： be going to + do; will+ do. be going to = willI am going to go swimming tomorrow( 明天).=I will go swimming tomorrow.(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am,is,are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解動(dòng)詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)那么： 般的直接在后面力上ing ,如 doing , going , working , singing , eating以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要先去 e 再力口 ing ,如 havin

19、g , writing 雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母的 (此類動(dòng)詞極少)有：running , swimming , sitting , getting句法一、陳述句(1)肯定句：是指用肯定的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)陳述的句子.如：I' m a student.She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.There are four fans in our classroom.He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.(2)、否認(rèn)句：含有否認(rèn)詞或表示否認(rèn)意義詞的句子.如：I' m not a student.She is not (isn' t) a doctor.He does not (doesn ' t) work in a hospital.There are not (aren ' t) four fans in our classroom.He will not (won ' t) eat lunch at 12:00.I did not (d