分詞ing型和ed型在英語中的用法及含義

1、v1.0可編輯可修改111分詞ing型和ed型在英語中的用法及含義現(xiàn)在分詞ing型具有動(dòng)詞的特征以及形容詞或副詞的功能，可以作表語、定語、狀語或在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓補(bǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞ing型具有主動(dòng)意義。而過去分詞ed型說明主語情感心理上的感受，往往具有被動(dòng)的意義。1、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作表語：表示情感心理的及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞具有主動(dòng)意義，表示主語的特征，能引起聽話人情形勢很使人鼓舞。她深受鼓舞。這個(gè)才真誘人。感心理上的反應(yīng)。例如：a. The situation is encouraging.She is greatly encouraged.我沒有欲望進(jìn)這么難b. The food smells in

2、viting.I don ' t feel invited to enter such an ugly building.看的建筑。最常這樣用的分詞有:amazing / amazed, astonishing / astonished , surprising / surprised , encouraging/ encouraged , confusing / confused , disappointing / disappointed , exciting / excited , interesting / interested , puzzling / puzzled , s

3、hocking / shocked , worrying / worried , tiring / tired , satisfying / satisfied2、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作定語1）上述表示情感心理的及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞可以作前置定語，仍然表示它所修飾的名詞的特征，能引起聽話人情感心理上的反應(yīng)。它們與對應(yīng)的過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別同上。He told us the disappointing news.他告訴我們那令人失望的消息。The amusing story set theamusedaudience laughed all the time.令人捧腹的故事令感到好笑的觀眾大笑不止。2

4、）不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作定語表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：boiling water 沸水 developing country 發(fā)展中國家moving train 行駛中的火車3）注意現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別v1.0可編輯可修改一般來說，現(xiàn)在分詞表示所修飾的名詞的動(dòng)作，兩者在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系；而動(dòng)名詞主要說明所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)、用途等。例如：a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping熟睡的男孩a sleeping car = a car which is used for sleeping臥鋪車廂a flying bird = a bird whic

5、h is flying飛鳥a flying school = a school for training pilots飛行學(xué)校4)現(xiàn)在分詞ing型還常構(gòu)成合成詞來作定語，如：fine-looking building 漂亮的房子easy-going man容易相處的人far-reaching effects深遠(yuǎn)的影響earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的變化5)現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作定語往往相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，表示的時(shí)間通常有兩種：a.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)需用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))：Tell the children playing ( = who are playing ) the

6、re not to makeso much noise.Did you see the man talking (= who is talking ) to Mr. Wangb.表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)(變?yōu)閺木鋾r(shí)用一般時(shí)態(tài))：They lived in a room facing (=that faced ) south.The house standing (= that stands ) at the corner of the street was built in 1995.3、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型狀語1)現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作伴隨狀語，作用相當(dāng)于 and連接的并列句。例如：Sally

7、 was lying in bed crying .2)現(xiàn)在分詞可以作時(shí)間狀語，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。例如：Hearing (= When they heard ) the news, they all jumped with joy.Walking (=When he walked ) out of the room, he found the boy still there.如果分詞表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，前面還可以帶有when或while 。例如：Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis .3)現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作原因狀語，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句

8、。例如：222v1.0可編輯可修改Being poor （As we were poor ） , we couldn ' t afford the expensive furniture.Seeing nobody at home , she decided to leave them a note.4）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作條件狀語，作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。例如：Staying = =If you stay ） here for some time, you ' ll find the people here are friendly.5）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作方式狀語，

9、通常在動(dòng)詞stand , go, come, sit等之后。例如：He stood leaning against the wall .他站著靠在墻上。She came running to the station .她跑著來至U車站。6）現(xiàn)在分詞ing型可以作結(jié)果狀語，表示一種順其自然的結(jié)果。例如：The storm left, causing great damage and deaths.4、現(xiàn)在分詞ing型作賓補(bǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)常用于下列情況：1）用于與感覺有關(guān)的及物動(dòng)詞，如 see , notice , watch , observe , hear, listen to , look

10、at, smell , feel , find等。轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞ing型時(shí)表示上賓語的狀態(tài)或正在進(jìn)的動(dòng)作。I saw her coming down the street .Do you smell soothing burning2）用于表示"使役”的動(dòng)詞如keep, get, leave , make, have等，表示主語使賓語一直處于某種狀態(tài)中。例如：The police had a hard time keeping the trafficmoving.Can you get the clock going againWho has left the machine run

11、ning all night4）用于介詞with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示正在發(fā)生或發(fā)生了的動(dòng)作，體現(xiàn)主動(dòng)概念。例如：She fell asleep with the light burning.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.With the boy leading the way, we found he house easily.（小男孩已領(lǐng)過路）333v1.0可編輯可修改動(dòng)詞的-ed形式1、概述動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞，即傳統(tǒng)語法中所說的過去分詞（past participle） ,

12、兼有動(dòng)詞和形容詞、副詞的特征與自己的狀語一起構(gòu)成分詞短語，在句子中可以充當(dāng)表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等成分。它只有一般式表示完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，沒有完成式，也沒有主動(dòng)語態(tài)。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)成規(guī)則。The cup is broken.杯子碎了。（有形容詞特征，作表語）Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.大部分應(yīng)邀入會的藝術(shù)家來自非洲。（作定語）He is going to have his hair cut.他打算去理發(fā)。（作賓語補(bǔ)足語）She walked

13、 out of the house, followed by her little daughter.她從屋里出來，后面跟著她的小女兒。（作狀語）2、動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的句法功能（1）作表語過去分詞作表語時(shí)，說明主語所處的狀態(tài)。You shouldn ' t try to stand up if you are badly hurt.如果你嚴(yán)重受傷，就不應(yīng)站起來。He is gone. 他走了。You are mistaken. 你錯(cuò)了。表示情感的動(dòng)詞的 ed形式作表語表示情感的動(dòng)詞的 ed形式常見有 disappointed（ 失望的），astonished（驚訝的），excited（

14、激 動(dòng)的），interested（ 感興趣的），frightened（ 害怕的），moved（感動(dòng)的），pleased （高興的）， puzzled （不解的），satisfied（ 滿足的），surprised（ 驚奇的），touched （感動(dòng)的）,worried（擔(dān)憂的）等。這類此都有“被怎樣了的“意義”表示主語的狀態(tài)，主語一般是人。I was not satisfied with the result.我對那個(gè)結(jié)果感到不滿意。I was deeply moved by the moving story.我被這個(gè)感人的故事感動(dòng)了。I was very surprised at the n

15、ews.我聽至U這個(gè)消息后斗£常吃，原。444（2）作定語動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作定語表示被動(dòng)與完成，其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的中心詞，是它動(dòng)作的承乂省。 作定語的過去分詞如果是單個(gè)詞，一般放在名詞的前面。Japan is a developed country.日本是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國家。He cleared up all the fallen leaves.他清除所有的落葉。Polluted air and water are harmful to people' s health .污染的空氣和水對人們的健康是有害的。 如果是過去分詞短語，要放在名詞的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)含有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語

16、從句。The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies.（=which were ever found）曾經(jīng)在英國發(fā)掘的最大的一批硬幣有大約20萬枚銀便士。The research is so designed that once begun nothing can be done to change it.（=once it is begun ）研究是這樣設(shè)計(jì)的，一旦啟動(dòng)就不能改變。People developed a kind of paper made from the

17、 fibres of plants.人們研制出種用植物纖維制成的紙。The first textbooks written forteaching English as a foreign language came out inthe 16th century.為英語教學(xué)編寫的第一套教科書出臺于16世紀(jì)。表示情感的動(dòng)詞的 ed形式作定語表示情感的動(dòng)詞的 ed形式常見有 disappointed（ 失望的），astonished（驚訝的），excited（激 動(dòng)的），interested（ 感興趣的），frightened（ 害怕的），moved（感動(dòng)的），pleased （高興的）， puz

18、zled （不解的），satisfied（ 滿足的），surprised（ 驚奇的），touched （感動(dòng)的）,worried（擔(dān)憂的）等。這類此都有“被怎樣了的“意義”表示中心詞的狀態(tài)，中心詞一般是人。The excited football fans were singing in loud voices.那些興奮的球迷在高聲唱歌。The frightened child kept trembling all the time.那個(gè)被嚇壞的男孩一直在發(fā)抖。己完全形容詞化動(dòng)詞的ed形式作定語有些動(dòng)詞的ed形式己完全形容詞化，作前置定語時(shí)，其含義與同形的作后置定語的動(dòng)詞的ed形式不完全相同。

19、555I' m going to buy some used books tomorrow.明天我要去買些舊書。 （舊的）The books used are still new now .用過的書現(xiàn)在仍然很新。（用）We ll meet at a given time and place .我們將在一個(gè)固定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)見面。（固定的）The time and place given to us are not decided yet .給我們的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)還沒定下。（給巧用“令（使）人”解的動(dòng)詞分詞式過去分詞作表定，修飾通常是人稱。表示“使人”怎么樣，皆由外因出感情?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表定，主

20、語常是事、物名。表示“令人”怎么樣，說明性質(zhì)或特征。（3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，它前面的賓語就是它的邏輯主語；如果主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句,賓語補(bǔ)足語則變成了主語補(bǔ)足語。動(dòng)詞的-ed形式一般在感覺、感官動(dòng)詞和使役、致使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)意義。感覺、感官動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，這類動(dòng)詞有find , feel , hear, listen to ,look at , notice , observe , see, smell , watch 等。We found the door locked.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)門鎖上了。（賓補(bǔ)）The door was foun

21、d locked.門被發(fā)現(xiàn)鎖上了。（主補(bǔ)）She saw the thief caught by the policeman.她看見那個(gè)小偷被警察抓去了。（賓補(bǔ)）The thief was seed caught by the policeman. 有人看見那個(gè)小偷被警察抓去了。（主補(bǔ)）What should you do if you find a person trapped under a car如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有人被壓在車下，你該怎么辦？使役、致使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，這類動(dòng)詞有catch, get, have, leave ,set , start, keep 等。The spe

22、aker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself heard.刃 B個(gè)演講人提高了嗓門，但人們還是聽不見。She had her foot injured in the fall.她跌倒了，腳受了傷?！癶ave/get sth.+-ed分詞作賓補(bǔ)”的不同含義666“have/get sth.+-ed 分詞作賓補(bǔ)”歸納起來有 3種不同含義：a.表示讓/叫別人(為自己)做某事。Mrs Brown was much disappointedto see the washing machine she had had repaired

23、wentwrong.布朗太太看到她請人修的洗衣機(jī)壞了非常失望。He's going to have his hair cut.他要去理發(fā)。She had her house repaired. 她(請人)修理了 房屋。They are going to get their telephone put in.他們打算請人安裝電話。b.表示“使完成某事”，可以是別人完成，也可以是自己參與完成。We must have / get the work finished by 10 o'clock.我們在 10 點(diǎn)鐘之前得把工作做兀。In that year he had a hundr

24、ed yuan saved.那一年他積蓄了 100 元。c.表示“遭遇某事”，常指不幸之事。She had her house damaged in the storm.她的房屋在暴風(fēng)雨中毀壞了。Charles was sentenced to death and would have his head cut off the next day.查爾斯被判處死刑，次日將被砍頭。(4)作狀語動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語時(shí)，用來進(jìn)一步說明謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語通常應(yīng)與句子的主語一致，即句子的主語就是動(dòng)詞的 -ed形式這一動(dòng)作的承受者。在意義上可表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、讓步等，這時(shí)它相

25、當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。它的位置比較靈活，可以 置于句首、句中或句尾，有時(shí)用逗號分開，有時(shí)也不用。一般用作時(shí)間、原因、條件狀語時(shí)， 這些短語通常位于句子的句首；當(dāng)用作方式、結(jié)果、伴隨狀語時(shí)，通常位于句末。作時(shí)間狀語作時(shí)間狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于 when或while引導(dǎo)的從句。Shot in the leg(=When he was shot in the leg), he continued to fire back with hisgun.當(dāng)他的腿被擊中了后，他仍繼續(xù)還擊。Heated, (=When it is heated ) the metal expands.金屬受熱要膨脹。作原因狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于as,

26、 since, because 引導(dǎo)的從句。這類狀語多方在前半部。777v1.0可編輯可修改Well designed and built(=Because it was well designed and built), the building lasted long.因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)和施工都好，這座建筑撐的時(shí)間長。Greatly frightened, the man ran into the room back of the workshop.刃 B人大吃驚，跑到車間后面的屋子里去了。Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of

27、 him.他陷入了沉思, 險(xiǎn)些撞到他前面汽車上。作方式伴隨狀語時(shí)不能用狀語從句替換，但可以改成并列句。He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.(=He hurried to the hall and wasfollowed by two guards. )他快步走進(jìn)大廳，身后跟著兩個(gè)衛(wèi)兵。He turned away disappointed. (=He was disappointed and turned away.)他非常失望地走了。Dr Watson and I will spend the night, locked in you

28、r room.我和華生醫(yī)生將要鎖在你的屋里過夜。作條件狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于if, unless 引導(dǎo)的從句。Given another chance(=If I am given another chance), I will do it much better.如果再給我一次機(jī)會，我會干得更好。Compared with Mr. Smith, he is young. 和史密斯相比，他很年輕。United we stand ; divided we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)就是勝利，分裂必然失敗。作讓步狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于though, even if等引導(dǎo)的從句。這類狀語多放在前半部。Born a free man

29、 (Though he was born a free man ) , he was now in chains. 他生來是 個(gè)自由人，現(xiàn)在卻戴上了鐐銬。Wounded (Though he was wounded ) , the brave solider continue to fight.雖然受傷，那個(gè)勇敢的戰(zhàn)士仍然繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。Left alone, the boy will get into trouble.放任不管，這個(gè)男孩會惹麻煩。動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語時(shí)，前面有時(shí)可以用一個(gè)連詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或出于表達(dá)需要。常用的如果被允許，他會把家里的食物連詞有： when, while, after

30、, before, if, though, whether, unless, as if等。If followed, he would eat all the food in the house. 889v1.0可編輯可修改全吃了。Even if invited, I won't go to his party.即使被邀請，我也不去參加他的聚會。When asked why he did it, he said nothing.當(dāng)問到他為什么做這件事時(shí)，他什么也沒說。Once seen, it can never be forgotten .旦看見它，就不會忘t己它。（5）動(dòng)詞的-ed形式構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 名詞（代詞）+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用來表示行為方式或伴隨狀況，有時(shí)用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。這時(shí) -ed分 詞與前面的名詞通格或代詞主格是被動(dòng)的邏輯主謂關(guān)系。The question settled, the meeting was over.問題解決后，會議結(jié)束了。He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.他滿臉是汗跑了進(jìn)來。His work finished, he prepared to