定語從句及五種基本句型

1、定語從句專題一、基本概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。如：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作從句中的一個(gè)成分。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：that, who, whom, whose, which;關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why.二、關(guān)系詞的用法：（一）關(guān)系代詞的用法：1 作主語用

2、who, which和that, 如：He is the man _ lives next door.The train _ has just left is for Shenzhen.2 作賓語用whom, who, which, that, 如：The man _we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book _ I bought last week? 3 作定語用whose, 如：(a) He is the man _ car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting _ import

3、ance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語（如上a句），又能作賓語（如上b句）。whose 的先行詞常用來指人，但有時(shí)也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念，這時(shí)可以與of which 結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotte

4、n. (= whose name)4 作表語只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但時(shí)常省略。如：He is no longer the man _ he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place _ it used to be.（二）關(guān)系副詞的用法：1when 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，它的先行詞通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：I still remember the time _I first became a college student.Do you know the d

5、ate _Li Hua was born?2where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。它的先行詞通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,city, town, country,situation,point等，如：This is the hotel _they are staying.I forget the house _the Smiths lived.注：where有時(shí)也可以省略。如：This is the place (where) we met yesterday.3 why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有reason。如：That is the reaso

6、n _he is leaving so soon.注：why時(shí)常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason (why)he did it.(三) 使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：1 這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：when = on (in, at, during) + which;where = in (at, on) + which;why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day _he arrived.The office _he works is on the third floor.This is

7、 the chief reason _ we did it.2 當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的time, day等和表地點(diǎn)的place, house等時(shí)，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果缺少主語或賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that, 缺少時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，才能用when或where，試比較：Ill never forget the day _I leaved my hometown.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory _radio parts are made

8、.His father works in a factory _makes radio parts.三限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況，對(duì)先行詞起限定作用，與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號(hào)隔開，也不可省略，否則全句意義就不完整。如：This is the book _he refers to.Is there anything _ I can do for you?2非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充說明，沒有限定作用，它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散，因而不是關(guān)鍵性的，如果省略，原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時(shí)要有停頓，在文字中通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。如：This

9、note was left by Tom, _was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of _were electric.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。 3有時(shí)，非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是某一個(gè)詞，而是整個(gè)主句或是主句中的一個(gè)部分，這時(shí)一般采用which或as來引導(dǎo)。如：He passed the exam, _ he hoped he would.注：（1）as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前，而whi

10、ch引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。 They won the basketball game , _ makes them very happy._ is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）從意義上講，which指前面主句的內(nèi)容；而as指代的是作為一般人都知道的常識(shí)性的東西，因此常譯成“就象 那樣”。 5以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常以in which或 that 引導(dǎo)，如：The way _you answered the questions was very wise.四關(guān)系詞的選擇1 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語，只

11、能用who 指人，which指物；關(guān)系代詞做賓語，常用whom（口語中有時(shí)用who）指人，which指物，它們都不能用that代替。2 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，不論是在限制性定語從句中，還是在非限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí)，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介詞后置，則不受這種限制，關(guān)系代詞還可以省去，特別是在口語中。如：Do you know the boy to _she was talking?Do you know the boy _she was talking to?The pencil _he was writing with suddenly broke.3 在限制性定語

12、從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用which或that，二者?？梢曰Q；但在下列情況中，只能用that，不用which：(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等詞時(shí)。如：All _can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much _ was different from ours.(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定詞所

13、修飾時(shí)。如：We heard clearly every word _ he said.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。如：The first thing _should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first _ comes to mind is the West Lake.(4) 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，以及先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)同時(shí)修飾時(shí)，如：Is that the best _you can do?Thats the most expensi

14、ve hotel _weve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one _ I have ever read.(5) 當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修飾時(shí)。如：This is the very book _ I want to find.(6) 當(dāng)先行詞為指人和指物的兩個(gè)并列名詞詞組時(shí)。如：The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances _ they saw at the Childrens Pala

15、ce.She described the people and places_ impressed her most in her compositions.(7) 當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如：Which is the car _killed the boy?4. 在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用who(m)或that，二者?？苫Q。但在下列情況中，用who(m)，而不用that：(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,everybody等詞時(shí)。如：Is

16、there anyone _ can answer this question?He was among the few _ managed to live to 100 years old.(2) 當(dāng)先行詞是he, they, those, people, person等詞時(shí)。如：People _wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those_ are against the idea put up your hands.(4) 兩個(gè)定語從句同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)指人的先行詞，第二個(gè)定語從句常用who(m)來引導(dǎo)，如：She is the onl

17、y girl I know _ can play the guitar.5. 在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，在下列情況中，一般用關(guān)系詞that:(1) 當(dāng)主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如：Who is the man _is reading the newspaper over there?(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。如：He is the greatest man _t has ever lived.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the last等詞所修飾時(shí)。如：She is the only person _unders

18、tands me.6. 當(dāng)先行詞被the same所修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具體事物時(shí)，有時(shí)兩者有一定的區(qū)別。一般說來，表示同一種類多用as，表示同一事物多用that。 如：This is the same instrument _ I used yesterday. 這就是我昨天用過的那臺(tái)儀器。This is the same instrument_ I used yesterday. 這臺(tái)儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺(tái)一樣。7. 當(dāng)先行詞前有such, so, as時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當(dāng)用as。如：A wise man seldom talks about such thing

19、s _ he doesnt understand.He spoke in such easy English _ everybody could understand.It is so easy a book _ every schoolboy can read.高考題練習(xí)：1.(11山東24) Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 2.(10寧夏海南28) She brought with her three frie

20、nds, none of _I had ever met before. A. them B. who C. whom D. these 3.(09天津5) A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever 4.(11上海34) Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he wrote his famous piano music are both museums now . A. whe

21、re B. when C. there D. which 5.(12江西26) The house I grew up _ has been taken down . A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which 6.(11遼寧23) Theyve won their last three matches, _I find a bit surprising A. that B. when C. what D. which 7. (10福建24) Its helpful to put children in a situation_ they can see the

22、mselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. where 8. (12浙江14) I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A. which B. where C. how D. why 9. (09重慶34) Life is like a long race _we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why B. what C. that D. where 10. (

23、09湖南26) I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. A. which B. of which C. that D. whose 11. (09全國(guó)17) My friend showed me round the town, _was very kind of him. A. which B. that C. where D. it 12. (09北京26) What do you thin

24、k of teacher ,Bob？ I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting . A. where B. which C. when D. that 13.(09湖北29) Her sister has become a lawyer，_she wanted to be. A. who B. that C. what D. which 14.(08重慶32) Mark was a student at this university from 199

25、9 to 2003,_he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union. A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time 15.(09廣東35) Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _people were eaten by the tiger. A. t

26、hat B. by which C. which D. in which 16.(05天津13) Last month，part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，from _effects the people are still suffering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what 17.(09浙江2) Jim passed the driving test,_surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. it 18. (11湖南2

27、7) Franks dream was to have his own shop _he could produce the workings of his own hands. A. that B. where C. when D. How19. (09遼寧12)The only fact has worried many scientists _the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years Awhat Bwhich Cthat DThough20. (11安徽4)A computer is so useful a machine_w

28、e can use everywhere. A. that B. which C. as D. What英語五種基本句型：一、第1種句型：S+V（主語+不及物動(dòng)詞）1、Birds fly. 鳥飛。主語謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)2、He runs in the park. 他在公園里跑。主語謂語地點(diǎn)狀語(不及物動(dòng)詞) 此句型是“主語+不及物動(dòng)詞”構(gòu)成句子的主體部分。因?yàn)槭遣患拔飫?dòng)詞，后面當(dāng)然不能帶賓語了，但是可以有狀語來修飾。例如上面例句中的in the park就是地點(diǎn)狀語。3、Class begins.（begin在句中是不及物動(dòng)詞）上課了。 只能當(dāng)不及物動(dòng)詞的詞：sleep 睡覺walk 步行sw

29、im 游泳happen（take place）發(fā)生go去come來work 工作laugh 笑stay呆在 arrive 到達(dá)二、第2種句型：S+V+O（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語）My father read the book. 我父親讀過那本書. 主語謂語(及物動(dòng)詞) 賓語注意：有些不及物動(dòng)詞后面加上介詞就可把它看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，后面就可以加賓語了。如：4、You must listen to me. 你必須聽我的。（Listen是不及物動(dòng)詞。但加上to之后，listen to可以看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。） 可以帶賓語的動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，可以充當(dāng)賓語的有名詞和名詞的相當(dāng)語（如代詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞及賓語從

30、句）。如：5、She likes English. 她喜歡英語。（名詞作賓語）6、I knowhim very well. 我非常了解他。（代詞作賓語）7、They want to go. 他們想走。（不定式作賓語）8、He stoppedwriting. 他停下筆。（動(dòng)名詞作賓語）9、The teacher advised that we learn English well. 老師建議我們學(xué)好英語。(賓語從句)三、第3種句型：S+V+P （主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語）10、He became a scientist. 他成為一個(gè)科學(xué)家了。 主語謂語(系動(dòng)詞) 表語 be動(dòng)詞和become是英語中常

31、見的系動(dòng)詞，后面必須接表語，才能用來說明主語，表示“是”，“變成”等意思。表語通常是名詞或形容詞等。11、They are honest. 他們是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。12、He became a scientist. 他成為了一個(gè)科學(xué)家。13、His face goes red. 他的臉變紅了。14、It grew dark. 天變黑了。注意：在英語中，除了be動(dòng)詞和become屬于系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞在表示狀態(tài)存在或表示狀態(tài)變化時(shí)也可以作系動(dòng)詞。這些詞有：keep保持，look看起來，feel覺得，smell 聞起來，sound 聽起來，taste 嘗起來，grow/get/go/turn 變得r

32、emain 仍然是四、第4種句型：S+V+IO+DO （主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語）15、He gave Tom a present. 他給了湯姆一件禮物。主 謂(及物) 賓(間接) 賓(直接)16、Give it to me. 把它給我。謂(及物) 賓(直接) 賓(間接)1）、及物動(dòng)詞作謂語時(shí)，后面要跟賓語，賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象（參見第2種句型）。但有些動(dòng)詞，除了直接賓語外，還要求一個(gè)間接賓語，這個(gè)間接賓語通常是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或物，也可以說是間接賓語表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰做的，或是為誰做的，所以只能是名詞或賓格代詞擔(dān)當(dāng)。17、We sent them a telegram. 我們給他們打了個(gè)電報(bào)。主謂賓(間接) 賓(直接)【說明】常跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞“七給”(give, hand，lend, pass, show, send, write)和“一帶”(bring)8個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，在直接賓語前置時(shí)，必須在后面加上to。即：“vt.+sth.+to+sb.”。buy，draw，make三個(gè)動(dòng)詞，在直接賓語前置時(shí)，則必須在后面加for，構(gòu)成“vt.+sth.+for+sb.”句型。關(guān)于是否接to 或者接for ，一般都是語言習(xí)慣用法的問題，英文中習(xí)慣怎么用，就應(yīng)