動機(jī)可編程控制器(PLC)中英文翻譯張

1、河南科技學(xué)院2009屆本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）相關(guān)中英文資料資料題目：動機(jī)可編程控制器（PLC）學(xué)生姓名： 張振禹所在院系： 機(jī)電學(xué)院所學(xué)專業(yè)： 機(jī)電技術(shù)教育英文資料： Motivation Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process fa

2、cilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days Moody and Morley, 1999. A

3、lthough PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC mark

4、et of Frost and Sullivan 1995, an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers th

5、e PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.  Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in

6、a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating Moody and Morley, 1999, P110: If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.” Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to red

7、uce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.  In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared

8、 to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and softwar

9、e. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than SO0/a of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs Rockwell, 1999. In addition, current PLC base

10、d control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.  1.2 Objective and

11、Significance of the Thesis The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems,

12、 a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging t

13、ime and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer. A systematic approach to desi

14、gning PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations

15、 provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constrain

16、ts such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is

17、 relevant with respect to the following aspects. Customer-Driven Manufacturing In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enab

18、ling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice. Higher Degree of Design Automation

19、 and Software Quality Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the

20、delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999 have been form

21、ed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.  A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide m

22、ethods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.  System Complexity

23、The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains

24、 in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago

25、 to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fr

26、action of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs Simmons et al., 1998.Design Theory Development Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by

27、-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simp

28、lify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance

29、 future development in engineering design. Application in Logical Hardware Design From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years W

30、hitney, 1996. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulat

31、ion. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design. 1.3 Structure of the Thesis Figure 1.1 illustrates the outline of the following thesis. Chapter 2 clarifies the major challenges and

32、research issues, and discourses the relevant background and terminology. It will be argued that a systematic design of PLC software can contribute to higher flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. The important issue of how to deal with complexity in engineering design with respe

33、ct to designing and operating a system will be debated. The research approach applied in this thesis is introduced starting from a discussion of design theory and methodology and what can be learnt from that field. Chapter 3 covers the state-of-the-art of control technology and the current practice

34、in designing and programming PLC software. The influences of electrical and software engineering are revealed as well as the potentially applicable methods from computer science are discussed. Pros and cons are evaluated and will lead to the conclusion that a new methodology is required that suffice

35、s the increasing complexity of PLC software design. Chapter 4 represents the main body of the thesis and captures the essential features of the design methodology. Though design theory is regarded as being in a pre- scientific stage it has advanced in mechanical, software and system engineering with

36、 respect to a number of proposed design models and their evaluation throughout real-world examples. Based on a literature review in Chapter 2 and 3 potential applicable design concepts and approaches are selected and applied to context of PLC software design. Axiomatic design is chosen as underlying

37、 design concept since it provides guidance for the designer without restriction to a particular design context. To advance the design concept to PLC software design, a formal notation based on statechart formalism is introduced. Furthermore, a design process is developed that arranges the activities

38、 needed in a sequential order and shows the related design outcomes. In Chapter 5, a number of case studies are given to demonstrate the applicability of the developed design methodology. The examples are derived from a complex reference system, a flexible assembly system. The achieved insights are

39、evaluated in a concluding paragraph. Chapter 6 presents the developed computerized design tool for PLC software design on a conceptual level. The software is written in Visual Basic by using ActiveX controls to provide modularity and reuse in a web-based collaborative programming environment. Main c

40、omponents of the PLC software are modeling editors for the structural (modular) and the behavioral design, a layout specification interface and a simulation engine that can validate the developed model. Chapter 7 is concluding this thesis. It addresses the achievements with respect to the research o

41、bjectives and questions. A critical evaluation is given alongside with an outlook for future research issues.中文翻譯：動機(jī)可編程控制器(PLC)，計算設(shè)備的發(fā)明人理查德e.莫莉1968年 已被廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè),包括制造系統(tǒng),運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng),化工設(shè)備等,不勝枚舉. 當(dāng)時,臨立會取代hardwiredlogic軟連線邏輯或所謂梯形圖(左) 編程語言和視覺類似hardwired邏輯 并因而減少了配置時間從6個月至6天24,000莫莉,1999. 雖然基于PLC控制已經(jīng)開始進(jìn)入的地方, 基于PLC的控

42、制仍將技術(shù)中的大部分工業(yè)應(yīng)用將堅(jiān)持由于其較高 性能,而且價格低廉,和優(yōu)越的可靠性,在惡劣的環(huán)境中. 此外,根據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究PLC市場的霜凍和蘇利文1995, 增加的年銷售量為15萬PLCs每年提供硬件價值超過 8億美元,已預(yù)言,盡管價格計算硬件正在穩(wěn)步下降. 發(fā)明者的臨立會,理查德e莫莉, 認(rèn)為公平的PLC市場為50億元的產(chǎn)業(yè)在當(dāng)前時間. 雖然PLCs被廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)實(shí)踐, 編程控制器的控制系統(tǒng)仍然非常依賴試錯. alike軟件工程,PLC的軟件設(shè)計,目前正面臨兩難的軟件危機(jī)或以類似的方式. 莫莉強(qiáng)調(diào)自己在這方面最有力的說明穆迪和莫莉,1999年,第 110:如果樓房像軟件項(xiàng)目,一個單一的啄木鳥可

43、以摧毀文明. 尤其是, 實(shí)際問題可編程才能消除軟件錯誤,以減少維修費(fèi)用的老梯子邏輯 節(jié)目. 雖然硬件成本PLCs正在不斷下降, 減少掃描時間梯形圖仍然是一個問題,在業(yè),使低成本PLCs可 用. 在一般情況下,生產(chǎn)力的PLC發(fā)電是落后于其他領(lǐng)域,例如VLSI設(shè)計 那里有效率的計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計工具的作法. 現(xiàn)有的軟件工程方法,不一定適用于PLC的軟件設(shè)計,因?yàn)镻LC的編程需要同時考慮 硬件和軟件. 軟件設(shè)計變得,因此,越來越多的主要成本動因. 在許多工業(yè)設(shè)計項(xiàng)目,用于控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與安裝,預(yù)計進(jìn)行測試和調(diào)試 PLC程序40998,1999. 此外, 當(dāng)前PLC的控制系統(tǒng)是不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計,以支持日益增長

44、的需求彈性和可重構(gòu)制造 系統(tǒng). 另外一個問題,推動需要有一個系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計方法論,是不斷增加的軟件復(fù)雜的大型項(xiàng)目. 1.2目的和意義論文的目的這一論斷,是建立一個有系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計方法 可編程操作自動化系統(tǒng). 設(shè)計方法涉及高層次的描述基于國家轉(zhuǎn)型模式處理自動化控制系統(tǒng)為離散事件系統(tǒng), 分步設(shè)計過程,并訂定設(shè)計規(guī)則提供指導(dǎo)和測量,以建立一個成功的設(shè)計. 有形的結(jié)果,這項(xiàng)研究是為了找到一個方法,以減少不確定性,在管理控制軟件 發(fā)展過程中,即減少編程和調(diào)試的時間,它們的變化,越來越靈活的自動化系統(tǒng) 并使軟件的重用,通過模塊. 其目的是為了克服目前的規(guī)劃策略,是基于經(jīng)驗(yàn)的個人軟件 開發(fā)商.  一個

45、有系統(tǒng)的方法來設(shè)計PLC的軟件可以克服的缺陷,在傳統(tǒng)的方式編程制造控制系統(tǒng), 可以產(chǎn)生廣泛影響的幾個工業(yè)應(yīng)用. 自動化控制系統(tǒng)是模擬的正式語言或,equivalently,由國家機(jī)器. 正式交涉,提供一個高層次的描述系統(tǒng)的行為被控制. 國家機(jī)器可以分析評價,以查明他們是否達(dá)到預(yù)期目標(biāo). 其次, 狀態(tài)機(jī)的描述提供了一種結(jié)構(gòu)性的代表轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)的合理要求和制約因素,如詳細(xì)的安全規(guī)則. 第三, 明確界定的控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計成果,有利于代碼自動生成一個有能力生產(chǎn)控制軟件可執(zhí)行商業(yè) 鮮明的邏輯控制可以減少編程的籌備時間及人力成本. 特別是,論文是有關(guān)對以下幾方面. 客戶導(dǎo)向的制造業(yè),在現(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)是產(chǎn)品和工藝

46、創(chuàng)新, 成為客戶導(dǎo)向的,因而很快地回應(yīng)變化的系統(tǒng)要求. 一個重大的挑戰(zhàn)就是要提供有利的技術(shù),可以在經(jīng)濟(jì)reconfigure自動化控制系統(tǒng),以回應(yīng)變動 需求和新的機(jī)遇. 設(shè)計和操作知識,可以重復(fù)使用的實(shí)時性,因此,給予相當(dāng)大的競爭力,工業(yè)實(shí)踐. 更高程度的自動化設(shè)計和軟件質(zhì)量的研究顯示,編程方法自動化系統(tǒng)尚未 能趕上急速增加,使用電腦資源. 比如,編程PLCs仍依靠傳統(tǒng)的節(jié)目風(fēng)格,梯形邏輯圖. 由于延誤和資源規(guī)劃的一大絆腳石的進(jìn)步制造業(yè). 測試和調(diào)試可能消耗超過50%的統(tǒng)籌分配給PLC程序設(shè)計. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電工60848,1999年; 國際電工委員會61131-3,1993年; IEC61499標(biāo)準(zhǔn),1998年;ISO15745-1, 1999已形成固定和傳播國家-國際藝術(shù)設(shè)計的方法, 但他們通常不能參與推進(jìn)知識有效的計劃和制度設(shè)計. 有系統(tǒng)的方式會增加設(shè)計水平的自動化,通過重用現(xiàn)有軟件組件, 并將提供方法,使大規(guī)模的制度設(shè)計管理. 同樣的,這將提高