考研英語閱讀理解解題技巧之推理題

1、考研英語閱讀理解解題技巧之推理題SANY 標準化小組 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#2018考研英語：閱讀理解解題技巧之推理題【摘要】推理引申題主要測試考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力，要求大家領(lǐng)悟 所讀材料中句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并且根據(jù)材料提供的已知信息進行分析、歸 納和推理。判斷推理能力對深刻理解一篇文章十分重要，特別是理解作者字里 行間的言外之意、作者的觀點、寫作意圖和態(tài)度。命題專家在命制此類試題時通常要求大家對文章或段落進行深層推理和理 解.，不可能把試題的答案非常直接地暴露于選項中。因此大家應(yīng)該注意把它與 事實細節(jié)題區(qū)別開來，推理引申題必須以事實為依據(jù)，但是

2、得出的結(jié)果乂絕對 不是事實本身，即不能“就事論事”。推理引申題對一些基礎(chǔ)比較薄弱的同學(xué)而言是一個難點，大家似乎對文章 讀懂了(可稱之為“自我感覺良好”)，然而在解題時卻始終不知如何下手， 試題也做得不好。這是因為沒有領(lǐng)會命題專家設(shè)置推理引申試題的用意的緣 故。事實上推理引申題考查的不僅是考生對字面意義的理解.，更要求大家透過 文章的字里行間去推測作者未明說而乂意欲表達的含義。解此類題，大家應(yīng)該 根據(jù)文中的材料進行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申。接下來就為大家詳細講解推理 題的解題技巧。廣義的推理引申題涵蓋的范圍極其廣泛。它既可以就總體信息也可以就具 體或特定信息提問。總體提問通常包括文章主旨題、作者觀

3、點態(tài)度題，局部提 問通常指段落主旨題、猜測詞義/句意題。但是為了突出這四種出現(xiàn)頻率很高且 帶有典型性的題型，我們下面談到的推理引申題是排除以上情況的狹義概念。1、命題模式狹義的推理引申題題干中常有infer, imply, suggest, deduce, conclude等詞出現(xiàn)，常見的命題模式有：(1) It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that.(2) We can infer (assume, deduce) that .(3) Which of the following ca

4、n (not) be inferred from the passage?(4) It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that .(5) By. the author implies (suggests, indicates )that .(6) The passage implies in the passage that .(7) The author suggests(indicates)in the passage

5、that .(8) It can be concluded from the passage that .(9) From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that. we can draw the conclusion that .(10) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?引申推理題按照解題思路主要可以分為暗指題、推理題和結(jié)論題。暗指題的特點是要求讀者體味“

6、言外之意”，信息只能從字里行間獲得。 對于這類試題，考生首先要分清是明述還是暗指，即言內(nèi)還是言外;其次，要盡 最大可能與命題者達成“共識”，因為命題人事先確定的答案不允許考生的認 識有任何偏差;最后，要對文章中的有關(guān)事實和觀點進行分析和研究，按照事實 發(fā)展的邏輯次序，總結(jié)出合情合理的結(jié)論。Example 16 TJ TJ TJ u h A B c D T rL rL rL rLIf experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journ

7、als indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. (1999 年 Passage 5) author implies that the results of scientific research . may not be as profitable as they are expected can be measured in dollars and cents rely on conf

8、ormity to a standard pattern are mostly underestimated by management原句是個假設(shè)條件句，指出“假如科學(xué)實驗像科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報告顯 示的那樣完全按事先的計劃去規(guī)劃和實施，那么，對管理層來說，期待研究能 夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的”。此處正話反說，作者的言外之 意是，科學(xué)實驗總有不可預(yù)測的現(xiàn)象，產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果也難以預(yù)測，因此不能肯定 有效益。A選項可能不像預(yù)料的那樣有利可圖”才是作者真正想要表達的含 義。Example 2Why mention the elementary schools? Because thank

9、s to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.

10、As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, ,With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. (1996 年 Passage 4 )It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .A benefited a lot

11、 from their mathematical knowledgeB_ shed light on disciplined school managementCJ was brought about by privileged home trainingD_ owed a lot to the technological development這里笫二段的首句指出：敏銳的外國觀察家將美國人的適應(yīng)能力和創(chuàng)新能 力與這個教育優(yōu)勢聯(lián)系在一起。this往回復(fù)指前述的最后內(nèi)容，也就是前一段 末句談到的“技工們有文化并且熟知算術(shù)、兒何學(xué)、三角學(xué)”，從而可知這種 教育優(yōu)勢就是熟練掌握數(shù)學(xué)。因而作者暗指的意

12、思是A選項它們很大程度上 得益于數(shù)學(xué)”。推理題與暗指題雖然有許多相似之處，但是其思路與方法更側(cè)重于推理， 主要測試考生的思維判斷能力，即由已知的事實為依據(jù)去獲得未知的信息?？?生解題時首先要把握推理范圍一一大至段落或全文，小至詞語或句；其次要嚴 格遵循邏輯規(guī)律，保持正確的思維過程和嚴密的邏輯；再次可以利用相關(guān)部分 提供的事實、背景知識和常識去推理。干擾項的特點：根據(jù)文章中某些事實亦可以推導(dǎo)，然而乂答非所問。(1)推斷文章內(nèi)容的含義和引申意思 ExampleExamples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are sc

13、anty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher pric

14、es for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan一but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. (2001 年 Passage 4)From

15、 Paragraph 4 we can infer that .A the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers B WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs C the costs of the globalization process are enormousD the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition命題者設(shè)置的難點是第二句中定語從句的理解。原文談到“目前難以預(yù) 料，

16、數(shù)家石油公司的合并是否會再次對競爭造成威脅。100年前美國的標準石 油聯(lián)合公司(Standard Oil Trust)被解散，就是因為當(dāng)時人們擔(dān)心它會對競 爭構(gòu)成威脅”，由此引申推理可知D項標準石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對競爭形成 過威脅”。此外，考生還需要注意，might have threatened是虛擬語氣，表 示對過去的推測。(2)運川數(shù)字進行推理ExampleEmerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population

17、 growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development-and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as America s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation* s head counting.Altogether, the Us

18、 population rose in the 1970s by million people-numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since Wo

19、rld War II, and the pattern still prevails. (1998 年 Passage 4)Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s .A enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in historyLB. witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC underwent an unparalleled per

20、iod of population growthD brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II這是一道涉及數(shù)字的題目，從標志詞1970s可以定位為文章第三段，本段 指出：“20世紀70年代，美國人口總共增長了 2 320萬一一從數(shù)字上看，這 是有紀錄以來10年期人口增長的第三高峰。即使如此，人口總數(shù)也只增加 了，除了大蕭條時期，這是美國年度記錄最低的增長率?！币虼?，A選項和 C選項與文意不符。接著文章笫四段談到人口普查顯示出“第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以 來，美國人不斷移居西部和南部，現(xiàn)在這種趨勢依然存在。因此可以

21、得出B 選項是正確答案，而D選項與該段內(nèi)容正好相反。(3)用類比的例子，要求考生進行推理演繹Example1There are two basic ways to see growth： one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the stude

22、nt whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rat