太陽能增溫沼氣池的試驗(yàn)研究外文翻譯

1、外 題 目：文 翻 譯太陽能增溫丘陵地區(qū)沼氣廠實(shí)地考察 太陽能增溫丘陵地區(qū)沼氣廠實(shí)地考察摘要：目前的研究客觀的表明采用塑料材料代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的磚材料作為沼氣廠保溫材料效果更好。在裝有太陽能研究及其對(duì)沼氣生產(chǎn)的影響的小村莊該領(lǐng)域的研究進(jìn)行了一年（2005年10月，2006年9月）。在夏季（4月-6月）溫度達(dá)到最高21-25°C ，達(dá)到最低10-13°C 。在冬季（10月-12月）溫度達(dá)到最高16-21°C ，最低達(dá)到2°C 一下。在研究區(qū)的太陽輻射范圍從250-600W/m2。這項(xiàng)研究涉及控制常規(guī)模型（印度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型，在印度的大部分現(xiàn)行僅適用于砌體結(jié)構(gòu)）和實(shí)驗(yàn)類

2、似容量瓶的溫室塑料桶。能源可持續(xù)發(fā)展在實(shí)驗(yàn)室規(guī)模的沼氣池采用塑料材料超過其它材料的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果給了我們很大的信心，進(jìn)一步開展該試驗(yàn)的研究。在繼續(xù)的研究里，一年時(shí)間使用55天，生產(chǎn)沼氣的目的是用來烹飪和照明。這一年里控制溫度在22.4-26.3°C ，沼氣池所在環(huán)境溫度為17°C 。由此可以得出結(jié)論輔助日光溫室塑料廠的沼氣，可以有效地在丘陵地區(qū)的一些小的調(diào)整，開始采用的溫度分布在沼氣生產(chǎn)中扮演了重要作用。關(guān)鍵詞：太陽能溫室；沼氣廠；溫度1. 介紹沼氣發(fā)電消耗大約四分之一的糞便，但可用熱氣體比直接燃燒的牛糞全部數(shù)額得到的多20左右。這主要是由于利用率高效率（60）的沼氣與效率低下直

3、接燒牛糞餅（11）的原因。幾千年的沼氣發(fā)電廠已建成在發(fā)展中國家。僅在印度，有估計(jì)超過250萬頭牛和糞的三分之一，如果每年從這些生產(chǎn)可用于生產(chǎn)沼氣，可以安裝超過12萬沼氣。除此之外，在現(xiàn)有的設(shè)計(jì)和廠房建設(shè)細(xì)看可以導(dǎo)致沼氣的優(yōu)化理論。沼氣廠的設(shè)計(jì)，可以優(yōu)化為輕度鋼沼氣的成本，而不是僅僅的整體成本。嘗試用不同的材料的基礎(chǔ)上，安裝成本是高度依賴沼氣廠制造。大多數(shù)金屬沼氣池放在地下，沼氣池進(jìn)度對(duì)地面平均氣溫的溫度可以維持溫度較高，但成本，運(yùn)行和維護(hù)，腐蝕問題和傳熱性能使得它不合算。在傳統(tǒng)的水泥設(shè)計(jì)，在添加挖裂縫的形成和擴(kuò)展的安裝時(shí)間被認(rèn)為是主要的缺點(diǎn)。PVC 溫室結(jié)構(gòu)安裝允許從18的地底下太陽能加熱到約

4、37。對(duì)這些研究的效率進(jìn)行研究，然而，由于重視不夠，能量增益和損失機(jī)制的意義有限。在冬季的最佳狀態(tài)，需要一個(gè)封閉的環(huán)境中。這條件是，取得了抗紫外線的透明塑料蓋，一般被稱為冬季溫室。但紫外線穩(wěn)定聚丙烯是不能耐溫度高于50°C ，并因此變得脆弱和其隨時(shí)間變化透明度降低。傳統(tǒng)的沼氣利用太陽能建議增加保溫材料溫度，避免影響沼氣的輸出。據(jù)觀察，從一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的比較研究和太陽能加上輔助溫室沼氣工程，泥漿溫度可從20°C （在傳統(tǒng)的植物）提高到近35，以達(dá)到厭氧發(fā)酵的最佳溫度。在拉瓦爾大學(xué)在冬季寒冷地區(qū)已制定一個(gè)新的溫室設(shè)計(jì)。已發(fā)現(xiàn)減少30-40的要求相比的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的雙層塑料覆蓋溫室加熱。一

5、般情況下，雖沒有法則，但最佳工藝條件穩(wěn)定，應(yīng)仔細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)工作溫度。作為一項(xiàng)安全措施，它是一種常見的做法，要么埋在地面上的土壤有利的絕緣性能的帳戶中的沼氣池，或使用溫室覆蓋。它已被證明，利用太陽能（溫室效應(yīng)）期間實(shí)現(xiàn)沼氣生產(chǎn)的最佳溫度降低。在寒冬季節(jié)，在印度北部丘陵地區(qū)的環(huán)境溫度低于10。由于溫度較低，沼氣有利于生產(chǎn)急劇下降，并可能會(huì)停止。由于溫度較低，沼氣有利于生產(chǎn)急劇下降，并可能會(huì)停止。因此，為提高沼氣生產(chǎn)，較高的蒸煮溫度比環(huán)境溫度是必需的。此外，期間所需的沼氣產(chǎn)率，實(shí)現(xiàn)最適宜的溫度應(yīng)降低。沼氣系統(tǒng)的規(guī)模和成本可以降低。綠色房子的概念應(yīng)納入更大容量的生物氣體工廠。2材料和方法在丘陵地區(qū)進(jìn)行實(shí)地考

6、察，它坐落在海拔900-2636以上平面。其緯度和縱向尺寸為130公里（緯度：10°-38°WP11°-49°N ）其經(jīng)度和橫向尺寸為185公里（東經(jīng)：76.0°-77.15°E ）沼氣廠的安裝費(fèi)用由建設(shè)材料，其中許多參數(shù)是一個(gè)重要的影響。編造材料，如錫的導(dǎo)熱性，銅，磚石，水泥混凝土，干土，濕土，塑料，鐵，不銹鋼。實(shí)驗(yàn)的沼氣廠建在地上的塑料水箱分別為高度，直徑和厚度157厘米，135厘米和6毫米。實(shí)驗(yàn)沼氣廠被置于太陽下與印度傳統(tǒng)的水泥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沼氣廠（迪恩- abandhu模型）作對(duì)照。做飯利用沼氣廠產(chǎn)生的氣體（燃燒器）和照明（燈）的目的。

7、一年半連續(xù)研究是從2005年10月-2006年9月，2006年的平均值分別采用皮爾遜積差相關(guān)系數(shù)法統(tǒng)計(jì)表。保留時(shí)間保持在55天。環(huán)境和泥漿溫度記錄每小時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，使用所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)和每天的平均年齡校準(zhǔn)的熱電偶（由上午七時(shí)至下午6時(shí)）。每小時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)太陽輻射（上午七時(shí)至下午6時(shí)），為所有的實(shí)驗(yàn)使用校準(zhǔn)太陽輻射。天然氣產(chǎn)量記錄得每天一個(gè)一公升容量（INSREF 氣體的流量計(jì)，印度）和甲烷氣體的濕式氣體流量計(jì)的研究中使用氣相色譜儀（Aimil Nucon月兩次系列，印度）。物理化學(xué)分析SIS （ELICO 系列-LI610，印度），如pH 值，總固體，添加到進(jìn)水和作廢的污水沼氣的揮發(fā)性固體在一個(gè)月內(nèi)兩次是1

8、992年采用的方法分析。四名成員組成的家庭的沼氣用于做飯和照明的應(yīng)用也被記錄，每月兩次。3. 結(jié)果與討論有人企圖利用沼氣廠作為非腐蝕性等物理和化學(xué)性能關(guān)系的一些選擇的原因可以歸結(jié)為制造塑料材具有良好的絕緣體熱，較輕的重量和更大的耐用性。此外，塑料材料具有強(qiáng)大到足以承受的工作溫度及長時(shí)間暴露在陽光下。塑料沼氣廠是相對(duì)便宜，從這些材料制作，其性能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，要加強(qiáng)。表1. 物理化學(xué)參數(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)和控制沼氣廠（每年） 參數(shù)TS （）初始 最后 初始 最后 初始 最后沼氣的甲烷比例（）平均產(chǎn)氣率（新鮮的輸入每公斤每天） 天然氣產(chǎn)量（固體減少每公斤每天）太陽輻射（W/m2） 漿料溫度（） 地面溫度（） 環(huán)境溫

9、度（） 溫室溫度（）注：值的范圍是“±”表示塑料油箱（實(shí)驗(yàn)）沼氣廠12.1 7.6±0.6 75.4 49.1±6.3 6.6 7.0±0.2 64.1±3.0 39.1±3.6 5.2±0.4 390±45 26.3±1.7 17.6±1.3 17.0±1.3 29.1±1.8（對(duì)照組）沼氣廠9.3±0.4VS(% 61.9±2.7 6.5 7.2±0.4 59.9±4.5 34.6±3.1 3.7±0.7 390

10、±45 22.4±1.1 17.3±1.3 17.0±1.3 29.1±1.8PH圖1. 太陽輻射溫度的變化，實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照沼氣（按季節(jié)）在做飯和照明時(shí)，產(chǎn)生沼氣在黃土丘陵區(qū)的比較研究在實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照植物（按季節(jié)）的時(shí)間消耗在表2所示。在這項(xiàng)研究中，做飯沒有在冬季期間，由于可用性低沼氣，并在此期間產(chǎn)生的氣體利用照明應(yīng)用，使沼氣燈照明，也解放了的熱輻射，提高最終用戶的舒適室溫條件下。主要部分產(chǎn)生的沼氣利用，對(duì)在本研究中的植物實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照沼氣做飯照明應(yīng)用。白天和晚上的溫差很大，它會(huì)影響細(xì)菌的生長速率。因此，在性能上減少遇到在現(xiàn)有的常規(guī)設(shè)計(jì)。但是，使用沼

11、氣廠制造的塑料將克服上述所有問題。一旦安裝傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，則所有傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)不能遷往其他任何場(chǎng)合。但是，在目前這個(gè)研究確定塑料沼氣廠可在任何時(shí)候轉(zhuǎn)移到任何方便的地方。表.2實(shí)驗(yàn)和控制沼氣廠（按季節(jié)）用于做飯和照明的時(shí)間消耗季節(jié)冬季（2005年10月至12月）季風(fēng)（2006年1月至3月）夏季（2006年4月至6月）季前風(fēng)（2006年7月至9月）每年的總時(shí)間消耗 消耗的時(shí)間（小時(shí)：分鐘）溫室篷（實(shí)驗(yàn)）沼氣廠 沒有溫室篷（對(duì)照組）沼氣廠 做飯 照明 做飯 照明 - 0:25 1:26 0:25 4:100:28 0:42 0:47 0:33 4:50- 0:15 0:27 0:13 2:050:18 0:28

12、 0:33 0:22 3:054. 結(jié)論由愛思唯爾有限公司主辦2008Z3-D0491原文出處：Department of Bio-Energy,School of Energy,Environment and Natural Resources,Madurai Kamaraj University,Madurai 625 021,Tamil Nadu,India Received 17 April 2007;received in revised form 1 December 2007;accepted 18 March 2008 Available online 14 April 200

13、8Keywords:Solar; Greenhouse; Biogas plant;Temprature1. Intr oductionBiogas generation consumes about one-fourth of the dung, but the available heat of the gas is about 20% more than that obtained by burning the entire amount of dung directly. This is mainly due to the high efficiency (60% of utiliza

14、tion compared to the poor efficiency (11% of burning dung cakes directly.Several thousand biogas plants have been constructed in developing countries.In India alone,there are an estimated over 250 million cattle and if one third of the dung produced annually from these is available for production of

15、 biogas,more than 12 million biogas plants can be installed. In addition to this,a closer look at the existing designs and plant construction can lead to an optimization theory for biogas plants.Biogas plant designs could be optimized for the overall costs rather than merely for the cost of the mild

16、-steel biogas oating drum as those were being done earlier.The fabrication of biogas plant is tried with different materials based on which the cost of installation is highly dependent. Most metal digesters are placed unde rground, where the temperature of the digester progress towards the average t

17、emperature of the ground that could maintain higher temperatures but cost,operation and maintenance,corrosion problem and the heat transfer properties makes it uneconomical. In conventional cement designs, in addition to digging the formation of cracks and the extended installation time are consider

18、ed to be major drawbacks.Installation of PVC greenhouse type structure over a biogas plant allowed solar heating of the substrate from18 to about 37. Considerable efforts have been devoted in this direction, which resulted in the development of several conceptsviz.constructing greenhouse and shallow

19、 solar pond over the dome,use of insulation around the digester. The investi gations carried out for studying the efficiency of these concepts, however,have limited signicance due to inadequ ate attention to the mechanism of energy gain and loss.This condition is achieved in a greenhouse constructed

20、 with UV-resistant transparent plastic cover,generally known as winter greenhouse. But UV-stabilized propyl enelm is not resistant to temperatures higher than50,and it therefore becomes brittle and its transparency decreas es with the time. This was most probably due to the increasing opacity of the

21、 cover and the increasing number of throne areas.The use of solar canopy over the conventional biogas plants was suggested for increasing the slurry temperature and hence the output of biogas.It has been observed from a comparative study of the conventional and the solar assisted greenhouse coupled

22、biogas plant that the temperature of the slurry can be raised from 20to nearly 35,the optimal temperature foranaerobic fermentation.A new design of greenhouse had been developed for colder regions at Laval University during winter season.A reduction has been found in the heating requirements of 3040

23、% compared to a standard,double layered plastic covered greenhouse. In general,there is no rule of thumb,but for optimum process stability, the tempe rature should be carefully regulated within a narrow range of the operating temperature.As a safety measure,it is a common practice either to burry th

24、e digesters in the ground on account of the advantageous insulating properties of the soil,or to use a greenhouse covering. Due to the lower temperature, biogas production decreases drastically and may stop.Thus,for enhancing biogas production,a higher digester temperature than ambient temperature i

25、s required.Also,for a required production rate of biogas,the period to achieve the optimum temperature should be reduced. The size and cost of the biogas system can be reduced. The green house concept should be integrated for larger capacity biogas plant.2.Materials and methods3.Results and discussi

26、onAn attempt was made earlier by utilizing plastic materials for the fabrication of biogas plant,the reasons for the selection can be attributed to some of their physical and chemicalproperties such as noncorrosivity, good insulator for heat,light in weight and greater durability.In addition, plasti

27、c material is strong enough to withstand operating tempe ratures and prolonged exposure to sunlight,refabricable and attractive.The plastic biogas plant is relatively cheaper to fabricate from these materials and also its performance has been found to be enhanced.Table 1Physico-chemical parameters f

28、or experimental and control biogas plant(annual basisParametersTS(% InitialTS(% FinalVS(% InitialVS(% FinalpH InitialpH FinalMethane fraction of biogas (%Slurry temperature (Ground temperature (Ambient temperature (Greenhouse chamber temperature(Note:The range of values is indicated by ±” Plast

29、ic tank(experimental 12.1 7.6±0.6 74.5 49.1±6.3 6.6 7.0±0.2 64.1±3.0 26.3±1.7 17.6±1.3 17.0±1.3 29.1±1.8 Deenabandhu (control biogas plant 12.1 9.3±0.4 74.5 61.9±2.7 6.5 7.2±0.4 59.9±4.5 22.4±1.1 17.3±1.3 1.3 17.0±29.1±1

30、.8The values of yearly average methane fraction of gas for the experimental and control biogas plants in plain region was 64.1 and 59.9%,respectively. The average methane fraction of gas in experimental biogas plant was 61.4,61.8,67.3 and 65.9% during winter,post-monsoon, summer and pre-monsoon seas

31、ons and the corresp onding methane fraction value in the control biogas plant was 56.8,55.8,64.0 and 63.1%.It is observed that methane fraction of gas recorded in experimental biogas plant was 6.5% higher than the control biogas plant.The these bacteria.plants (seasonal basisThe time consumption for

32、 cooking and lighting from generated biogas (seasonal basis in experimental and con- trol biogas plants under the comparative study in hilly region is shown in Table2. During this study, the cooking was not done in winter period due to low availability of biogas and the gas generated during this per

33、iod was utilized for lighting application so that the illumination from the biogas lamp also liberated heat radiation to raise the room temperature conditions for comfort of endusers. The major portion of the biogas yielded was utilized for lighting application against cooking both in experimental a

34、nd control biogas plants in the present study. The temperature reversal during day and night variationsdiffers far from the ambient conditions;it affects the bacterial growth rate.Thus, reduction in the performance is encountered in the existing conventional designs. But,use of plastic in biogas pla

35、nt fabrication will overcome all the above problems. All the conventional designs once installed can not be relocated on any other occasions.But,the plastic biogas plant identi ed in this present study can be shifted to any convenient place at any time (can be placed outdoors in summer season and in

36、doors during winter season. The sand and sediment depositions in the conventional Indian太陽能增溫丘陵地區(qū)沼氣廠實(shí)地考察 standard design if not removed at regular intervals will bring down the retention time and ultimately the drop in its performance.More over,the gas yield recorded in experimental biogas plant was

37、 11.5% higher than the control biogas plant. Table 2Time consumption for cooking and lighting from experimental and control biogas plant (seasonal basis Time consumption(hrs:min Seasons Plastic tank with greenhouse canopy (experimentalbiogas plant Cooking 0:25 1:26 0:25 4:10 Lighting 0:28 0:42 0:47

38、0:33 4:50 Deenabandhu without greenhouse canopy (controlbiogas plant Cooking 0:15 0:27 0:13 2:05 Lighting 0:18 0:28 0:33 0:22 3:05 Winter(OctoberDecember,2005 Post-monsoon(JanuaryMarch,2006 Summer(AprilJune,2006 Pre-monsoon(JulySeptember,2006 Total time consumption per year 4.Conclusions In the pres

39、ent study, the testing of plastic as an alternate building material for biogas plant in hilly regions with solar greenhouse proves to be effective than other conventional masonry model being adopted in most part of India.The yearly average slurry temperatures recorded during the study period was 26.

40、3and 22.4in experimental and control biogas plants against the ambient of 17.It is evident that the rise in slurry temperature recorded in plastic and conventional control biogas plants was35.3 and 24.0% higher than the ambient condition respectively.Gas production in the winter season recorded was lower than other months.The major portion of the biogas produced was utilized for lighting application against cooking both in experimental and c