初三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)詞性講解

1、名詞一、知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)顧名思義,名詞指的是表示事物名稱的詞,分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞。專(zhuān)有名詞包括人名、地名、時(shí)間名、報(bào)刊名、單位團(tuán)地名等專(zhuān)有的名稱,第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě),例如Lily, China, Sunday, The Times, Class One等。普通名詞分為可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,可數(shù)名詞表示一個(gè)的時(shí)候用單數(shù)形式,即原形,如a box. 表示一個(gè)以上用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如two boxes. 不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,表示數(shù)量時(shí)要借助于a piece of, a glass of, a cup of等短語(yǔ),如two pieces of paper.另外,名詞中還涉及到名詞所有格問(wèn)題,名詞所有格表示名詞

2、之間的所有關(guān)系,有兩種表示形式:一種是's所有格,常表示有生命的事物,如Ann's book; 另一種是of所有格,常表示無(wú)生命的事物,如the door of the room.。注意:1.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化:一般情況下在詞尾加s.如map-maps以字母s,x ,ch ,sh等結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如bus-buses,watch-watches以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞,先變y為i,再加es.例詞:country-countries以f/fe 一般變f/fe為v加es,例詞:leaf-leaves,thief-thieves以o結(jié)尾的名詞加s或es.對(duì)于初中階段,以o結(jié)尾的

3、表示有生命的名詞加es,如tomato-tomatoes;以o結(jié)尾的表示無(wú)生命的名詞加s ,如zoo-zoos。2.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化:常見(jiàn)的不規(guī)則變化名詞有man-men,woman-women,child-children,ox-oxengoose-geese,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,penny-pence,m ouse-miceChinese-Chinese等。3.以s結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù),變所有格時(shí)在s后加“' ”,不以s結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù),在詞尾加“'s”.二、常見(jiàn)考法對(duì)于名詞的考察,通常是以單項(xiàng)選擇或詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用形式考查名詞詞義及其用法,以及學(xué)生在具體語(yǔ)

4、言環(huán)境中靈活運(yùn)用名詞的能力。三、誤區(qū)提醒準(zhǔn)確使用名詞所有格,尤其是作定語(yǔ),關(guān)鍵是判斷出所有關(guān)系。準(zhǔn)確使用專(zhuān)有名詞,記住月份,星期,國(guó)名,語(yǔ)言,著名景點(diǎn)的名稱,尤其注意首字母大寫(xiě)。辨別并準(zhǔn)確使用不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞及其復(fù)數(shù)。表示不可數(shù)名詞的量,要注意用哪個(gè)量詞及量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。典型例題1:The doctor saved three _ lives yesterday.A.children'sB. children'C. childD. child's解析:本題考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)及所有格的用法。題中three決定了后面要用復(fù)數(shù)children,而children和lives又構(gòu)成

5、所有關(guān)系“三個(gè)孩子的生命”,并且children不是以s結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù),所以用child的復(fù)數(shù)所有格children's。答案:A典型例題2:-Would you like some drinks,boys ? -Yes ,_, please.A.some orangesB.two boxes of orangesC. some cakesD.two boxes of orange解析:根據(jù)題意“你們想喝點(diǎn)飲料嗎?”,選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該為飲料,故排除C;而在作為桔汁來(lái)講的時(shí)候,是不可數(shù)名詞,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù),故排除A和B;答案:D1.可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞一般可以分成以下兩類(lèi):第一類(lèi):如bike,desk,f

6、actory等,這類(lèi)名詞占可數(shù)名詞的多數(shù)。以bike為例:There are fifty bikes at this shop.這家商店有50輛自行車(chē)。第二類(lèi):如clothes等,本身表示復(fù)數(shù)形式。以clothes為例:She cares for nice clothes.她愛(ài)好穿著。2.不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞的用法特征主要有以下幾種:(1不帶冠詞的單數(shù)形式需用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)作謂語(yǔ)。例如:Knowledge is power.知識(shí)就是力量。(2由much,little等詞修飾。例如:They have saved much money for future use.他們存了很多錢(qián)以備未來(lái)使用。(3與表

7、示單位的量詞如a piece of等連用。例如:Go and fetch me a piece of chalk.給我去拿一支粉筆。要十分注意的是:不可數(shù)名詞不能與不定冠詞或數(shù)詞直接用在一起。如不能說(shuō)a good news, an advice, a hard work等。不可數(shù)名詞可以與量詞使用構(gòu)成不同的詞組:如:a piece of paper 一張紙a drop of water 一滴水a(chǎn) 1oaf of bread 一條面包a bag of money 一袋錢(qián)a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶a pair of shoes 一雙鞋名詞雙重所有格的形式在初中的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,會(huì)涉及很

8、多很細(xì)小的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。很多同學(xué)會(huì)因?yàn)槭韬龆３７稿e(cuò)誤,需要提醒的一點(diǎn)是這些細(xì)小的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)往往就是中考的考點(diǎn),所以,同學(xué)們需要重視。下面,整理了初三英語(yǔ)名詞知識(shí)點(diǎn):名詞雙重所有格的形式,供大家參考。1.雙重所有格是由非生物的所有格(即of+名詞與生物的所有格(如mother's, Tom's等共同構(gòu)成的。2.雙重所有格的形式可為名詞+of+名詞的所有格,其中of后面的生物的所有格之后的名詞被省略;也可為名詞+of+所有代名詞。Tom, Mike, and Mary were classmates of Stephen's.湯姆,邁克和瑪麗是史迪文的同學(xué)。在生物的所有格Ste

9、phen's之后,省略了名詞classmates, 生物的所有格所代表的同學(xué)的數(shù)量超過(guò)此文提到過(guò)的三人。Mr. Green and Mr. Brown are neighbors of mine.格林先生和布朗先生是我的鄰居。of之后的所有代名詞=所有形容詞my+名詞neighbors,它所代表的鄰居的數(shù)量超過(guò)此文提到過(guò)的兩人。3.雙重所有格多由a, an, this, that, these, those, any, some, each, every, many, more, most, either, neither, no, much, another, several, en

10、ough, such, one, two等冠詞、指示形容詞、不定形容詞、數(shù)量詞或疑問(wèn)形容詞which+名詞+of+名詞的所有格或所有代名詞構(gòu)成。He is a teacher of my sister's.他是我妹妹的一位老師。A friend of hers has gone to London.她的一位朋友去了倫敦。This tool of his is useful.他的這個(gè)工具很有用。It's no business of yours.這不關(guān)你的事。That great idea of David's brought us a lot of trouble.戴維

11、的那個(gè)好主意給我們帶來(lái)了很多麻煩。Which novel of Dicken's are you reading?你在讀狄更斯的哪一本小說(shuō)?4.如果雙重所有格中of前面的名詞是portrait, picture, printing, statue, photograph等時(shí),是指有關(guān)的人所收藏的肖像或照片等,而不是他本人的肖像或照片。This is a portrait of Mr. White's.這是懷特先生的一幅畫(huà)像。本句指懷特先生所收藏的一幅畫(huà)像。This is a portrait of Mr. White.這是懷特先生的一幅畫(huà)像。本句指畫(huà)中畫(huà)的是懷特先生。可說(shuō)仆加o

12、f加主但也有特例門(mén)的鑰匙the key to the door問(wèn)題的答案the answer to the question公園的出口the entrance to the park數(shù)詞一、知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種;(一基數(shù)詞在英語(yǔ)中表示數(shù)目的詞稱為基數(shù)詞。1.基數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成(11-20:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(221-99 先說(shuō)“幾十”,再說(shuō)“幾

13、”,中間加連字符。23twenty-three,34thirty-four,(3101999先說(shuō)“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);586five hundred and eighty-six,803eight hundred and three(4l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,”,第一個(gè)“,”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“,”前為million,第三個(gè)“,”前為billion,然后一節(jié)一節(jié)地表示。9,785nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five6,260,309six million two hundred and

14、sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000seven hundred and fifty, billion2.基數(shù)詞的用法(1表示數(shù)量Eg.一How many books would you like?一I would like two.(2表示號(hào)碼eg.My phone number is 6887789.(3表示時(shí)間eg.I watch CCTV News at seven oclock every evening.(4表示“十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)可以表示人的歲數(shù)或年代。eg. He is in his early thirties.

15、他有三十來(lái)歲(3134歲:This took place in the 1930s.這事發(fā)生在二十世紀(jì)三十年代;(5表具體數(shù)字時(shí),hundred,thousand,million用單數(shù)。eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.(6表不確定的數(shù)字時(shí),數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。若帶名詞,再加of ,hundreds of(數(shù)百,成百上千的,thousands of(數(shù)干,成千上萬(wàn)的,millions of(數(shù)百萬(wàn)eg。Hundreds of old people died of cold last winter.(二序數(shù)詞在英語(yǔ)中表示順序、次序的詞稱為序數(shù)

16、詞。1.序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成(1一般在基數(shù)詞后加th, eg.fourfourth,thirteenthirteenth,多位數(shù)把個(gè)位變序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞的規(guī)則(口訣:基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上th;一、二、三特殊記,結(jié)尾t、d、d。八減t,九減e,f要把ve替。ty把y改為i,記得th前有個(gè)e。2.序數(shù)詞的用法(1.the+序數(shù)詞,表示“第幾”John lives on the fifteenth floor(2.aan+序數(shù)詞,表達(dá)"再一,又一"eg.We'll have to do it a second time.(3年月日的表達(dá)年用基數(shù)詞表示,日用序數(shù)詞表示(

17、4分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞。分子大于1,分母加-s。(5序數(shù)詞也可以用作副詞,When did you first see him?(6基數(shù)詞也能表示順序,如書(shū)刊的頁(yè)的數(shù)目,住所、房間、教室、電話號(hào)碼等等。Page Eight, Room 304,Class Seven,(7.倍數(shù)表示法主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。(8在世紀(jì):in the twenty-first century二、常見(jiàn)考法對(duì)于數(shù)詞的考查,通常是以單項(xiàng)選擇、詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用或聽(tīng)力形式考查學(xué)生在具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中靈

18、活運(yùn)用數(shù)詞的能力。三、誤區(qū)提醒1.在具體語(yǔ)境中正確使用序數(shù)詞,并能正確書(shū)寫(xiě)序數(shù)詞。2.在聽(tīng)力中聽(tīng)辨數(shù)字和號(hào)碼,要速記且準(zhǔn)確。3. hundreds of,thousands of,millions of表示約數(shù)時(shí)的用法。典型例題1:In _,Mr.Li began to learn English.A.his 1990B. the 1990s C the 1990 D a 1990解析:從題意中可判斷出要表達(dá)時(shí)間,如果是1990年,那么直接就是in 1990就可以了,C和D排除掉,人是不可能有1990歲的,排除A,B表達(dá)的是“十八世紀(jì)九十年代”。答案:B典型例題2: September is

19、_(九 month of the year.解析:這是一道填空題,考查序數(shù)詞的拼寫(xiě)。序數(shù)詞前加the, 故用the ninth.介詞、連詞【名師點(diǎn)睛】1. 介詞的功能介詞是一種虛詞,用來(lái)表示名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞語(yǔ)句中其它詞的關(guān)系,不能單獨(dú)使用。介詞可與名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)可在句中作定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:The boy over there is Johns brother. (定語(yǔ)The girl will be back in two hours. (狀語(yǔ)Our English teacher is from Australia. (表語(yǔ)Help

20、yourself to some fish. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)2. 常用介詞的用法辨析(1表時(shí)間的介詞1at, in on表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at。例如:at six oclock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個(gè)世紀(jì),某年,某月,某個(gè)季節(jié)以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上時(shí),用in。例如:in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上時(shí),用on。例如:on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday

21、morning等。2since, after由since和after 引導(dǎo)的詞組都可表示從過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始的時(shí)段,但since詞組表示的時(shí)段一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻,因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。而after詞組所表示的時(shí)段純系過(guò)去,因而要與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。例如:I havent heard from him since last summer.After five days the boy came back.3in, afterin與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),表示“過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。After與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),后面只能跟表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。After與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí),后面才能跟

22、表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。例如:He will be back in two months.He will arrive after four oclock.He returned after a month.(2表示地點(diǎn)的介詞1at, in, onat一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi);on往往表示“在某個(gè)物體的表面”。例如:He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.They arrived at a small village before dark.There is a big hole in the wall.The teacher put up a pic

23、ture on the wall.2over, above, onover, on和above都可表示“在上面”,但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反義詞是under。above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反義詞是below。On指兩個(gè)物體表面接觸,一個(gè)在另一的上面。例如:There is a bridge over the river.We flew above the clouds.They put some flowers on the teachers desk.3across, throughacross和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊

24、”,但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān),表示動(dòng)作在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行。Throgh的含義與in有關(guān),表示動(dòng)作是在三維空間進(jìn)行。例如:The dog ran across the grass.The boy swam across the river.They walked through the forest.I pushed through the crowds.4 in front of, in the front ofin front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某個(gè)范圍以外;in the front of 表示“在的前部”,在某個(gè)范圍以內(nèi)。例如:There are som

25、e tall trees in front of the building.The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.3. 介詞的固定搭配介詞往往同其他詞類(lèi)形成了固定搭配關(guān)系。記住這種固定搭配關(guān)系,才能正確使用介詞。(1介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spendon, 等。(2介詞與名詞的搭配on time, in tim

26、e, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on ones way to, in trouble, at brea kfast, at the end of, in the end等。(3介詞與形容詞的搭配be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。4. 連詞的功能用來(lái)連接詞,短語(yǔ),從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是一種虛詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)使用。連詞可分為兩類(lèi):并列連詞和從屬連詞。5. 并列連詞并列連詞用來(lái)連接具有并列關(guān)系的

27、詞,短語(yǔ)或句子。常見(jiàn)的并列連詞有:(1表并列關(guān)系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。(2表選擇關(guān)系的or, eitheror等。(3表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, while等。(4表因果關(guān)系的for, so等。6. 從屬連詞從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。常見(jiàn)的從屬連詞有:(1引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的if, unless等。(3引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的because, as, since等。(4引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的so th

28、at, in order that等。(5引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的though, although, even if等。(6引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。(7引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的than, asas等。(8引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that, if , whether等。7. 常用連詞的用法辨析(1while, when, as這三個(gè)連詞都可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,但用法有所不同。1 當(dāng)某事正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候,又發(fā)生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表示“背景”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:As/When/While I was walking down the st

29、reet I noticed a police car.2 當(dāng)兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的時(shí)候,最常用的是while。例如:While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.3 當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都表示發(fā)展變化的情況時(shí),最常用的是as。例如:As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.4 當(dāng)兩個(gè)短動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),或表示“一邊一邊”時(shí),最常用as。例如:Just as he caught the fly, he gave a lou

30、d cry.She looked behind from time to time as she went5 當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),通常用when。例如:When he finished his work, he took a short rest.6 當(dāng)從句是瞬間動(dòng)作,主句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作時(shí),通常用when。例如:When John arrived I was cooking lunch.(2as, because, since , for這四個(gè)詞都可表原因,但用法有區(qū)別。1 如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。因此,because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。例如:I sta

31、yed at home because it rained.-Why arent you going?-Because I dont want to.2 如果原因已被人們所知,或不如句子的其它部分重要,就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點(diǎn)。As和since 引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開(kāi)頭。例如:As he wasnt ready, we left without him.Since I have no money, I cant buy any food.3 for 用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明一種理由，因此，for 引導(dǎo)的從句幾乎可以放在括號(hào)里。For 引導(dǎo)的句子不放在句子的開(kāi)頭。 例如： I

32、decided to stop and have lunch-for I was feeling quite hungry. （3）if, whether if 和 whether 都可作“是否”講，在引導(dǎo)賓與從句是一般可互換。例如： I wonder whether (if you still study in that school. I dont know whether (if he likes that film. 在下列情況下，只能用 whether,不能用 if： 1 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如： Whether he will come to the party is unknown. 2 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如： The question is whether I