考研英語語法難點精

1、考研英語語法難點精析【語法難點精析之被分隔的定語從句】定語從句一般緊接被它所修飾的先行詞;但有時候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分,使它與先行詞分 隔開來,這種定語從句叫作被分隔的定語從句,在閱讀文章時會經常遇到這種情況,在閱讀是要注意識別 先行詞的修飾對象。 一般說來,定語從句被分割開來大致有以下三種:在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個狀語。如:There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上萬的象太陽般的星星。乍一看, that 引導的定語從句在名詞 sky 的后面, 似乎應該是修飾 sky

2、的。但仔細一想,”不對啊,天空怎么能象太陽呢?“,原來 that 引導的定語從句被 in the sky這個地點狀語分隔開來,修飾中心詞 stars 。在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個定語。如:Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你還記得嗎,十年前的一天下午,我來到你家,找你 借了一條鉆石項鏈? when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace 實際上是修飾 aft

3、ernoon 而不是修飾 years。 ten years ago 實際上是定語后置修飾 afternoon 。先行詞與定語從句被謂語分隔開來。此時,先行詞通常是句子的主語,因定語從句較長,主句謂語較短, 為使句子平衡, 常將定語從句移至謂語之后如:A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天,新(男老師將來較你德語?！菊Z法難點精析之 besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的區(qū)別】(1 besides與 except 前者表示"除.以外,還有.&q

4、uot;后者表示"從整體中除去." 這個大家都知道,就不舉例子了.(2 except 與 except fora .除去的和非除去的是同類事物,用 excepteg :All the essays are well written except Nelson's.Nelson 的文章(除去的和 All the essays(非除去的是同類事物,所以用 except .b .除去的和非除去的不是同類事物,用 except for,并且從語氣上通常表示遺憾.eg :His essay is well written except for a few spelling m

5、istakes.a few spelling mistakes(除去的和 His essay(非除去的是不同類的事物.(3 apart from 具有多重意義:既可表示 besides , 也可以表示 exept 或 exept for , 還可以表示 without 的意思 eg :Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besidesThe orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=exceptHe has done good work,apart fr

6、om a few slight faults.(=except forThere can be no knowledge apart from practice.實踐出真知.(=without (4 excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于 not , without , always 等詞之后eg:Excepting his brother,they are all right.Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame. All of us,without excepting those who know more

7、about the subject,should study.All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest.(5 but 與 except 同義, 但 but 多用在 every , any , no 等和由這些詞構成的復合詞如 everything , anywhere , nobody 等詞以后及 all , none 之后eg :The children go to school everyday but Sunday.They are all gone but me.You can get the bo

8、ok anywhere but here.There is no one but me.Who but George would do such a thing?【語法難點之 too.to 結構表示肯定含義的情況】【 too.to 結構表示肯定含義的情況】我們知道 too.to 結構一般表示否定含義 , 意為 " 太 . 以致于不能 "eg:He is too old to work.但 too.to 在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義 :當 too 前或 to 前有否定詞構成雙重否定時 .eg:English is not too difficult to learn.英語并不太

9、難 學 .He is too wise not to see that.他很聰明 , 不會不懂這一點 .當 too 后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,we ll,early,delicious,eager,anxious 等形容詞或副詞時 .eg:They are too anxious to leave.他們急于離 開 .He is too ready to help others.他總是樂于助人 .與這些詞連用時 ,too 前還常加上 onl

10、y,all,but,just,simply 等副詞 , 意思不變 , 因為這些詞加上 too 后與 very 同義 .eg:I'm only too glad to see you .見到你非常高興 .They are but too pleased to hear the news. 他們聽到這個消息 , 非常高興 .與 cannot 連用時 .eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough to do your homework. 你做作業(yè)越仔細越好 (=無論怎樣仔細也不過分 .當不定式在句中作定語或真正的

11、主語時 .eg:There are too many problems to be solved.有很多問題有待解決 .It is too much to say that he is a fool.【語法難點精析之 every 表示”每隔“的用法】 "every other+單數名詞”意思是“每隔一?！比?every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每 隔一棵樹“ every+基數詞 +復數名詞”或“ every+序數詞 +單數名詞”意思是“每隔?！?較英語數詞少一個 如:every three days=every third day 每隔兩天(或

12、者譯為每三天因此 every two days=every other day 每隔一天(或者譯為每兩天“ every few+復數名詞”意思是“每隔幾?！比?every few days(每隔幾天【語法難點精析之 alive 、 live 、 living 和 lively 的用法】 lively 有“活潑的、快活的、生動的”等意思,可以指人或物,可作定語或標語;但它沒有“活著的” 意思,而其他三個都有。如:Young children are usually lively.小孩子們通常是活潑的。He told a very lively story.他講了一個生動的故事。 alive 、

13、live 、 living 都有“活的、有生命的”意思,與 dead 意義相反。但 live 通常只作前置定語, 且一般用于動物; alive 、 living 不僅可作定語(alive 只能置于名詞后; living 一般置于名詞前,也可 置于名詞后,也可以作表語。如:This is a live(=living fish.(=This is a fish alive.這是一條 活魚。(指動物,且作定語時,三者均可用 Who's the greatest man alive(=living man?誰是當今最 偉大的人物?(指人,不能用 live The fish is still

14、alive(=living那條魚還活著。(指動物作表語 時不能用 live 。 living 主要指在某個時候是活著的,而 alive 指本來有死的可能,但仍活著的。而且,作主語補足語或 賓語補足語時,只能用 alive ;作比喻義(如“活像?！?、“活生生的”等解時,要用 living 。 如:The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主語補足語,不用 living 那位敵方軍官被活捉了。 We found the snake alive.(作賓語補足語,不用 living He is the living image of his father.(比 喻義,不

15、用 alive 他活象他父親。只有 living 前加 the 方可表示“活著的人”,作主語時,視作復數。如:The living are more important to us than the dead.活著的人對我們來說比死去的人更重要。 語法難點精析之含義因有無冠詞而迥異的短語】at play 在玩 at the play 在看戲 behind time 遲到 behind the times 落在時代后 by day 在白天 by the day 按日計算 by sea 乘船 by the sea 在海邊 in front of 在 .(外面的 前面in the front of

16、在 .(內部的前面 in charge of 看護 , 負責 in the charge of 由 . 看護 , 由 . 負責in secret 秘密地 (作狀語 in the secret 知道內情 (作表語 in course of 在 . 過程中 (作表語 后置定 語 in the course of 在 . 期間 (作狀語 in red 穿著紅衣服 in the red 負債 , 赤字 of age 成年of an age (歲數 同年 on fire 著火 on the fire 在考慮中 on occasion 不時地 ; 必要時on the occasion 在那時 out of

17、 question 毫無疑問 out of the question 不可能 to death 十分to the death 到最后 five of us 我們中的五人 (部分 the five of us 我們五個人 (全部 a yellow and white cat 一只黃白相間的貓 a yellow and a white cat 一只黃貓和一只白貓in a faimly way 象一家人一樣 in the family way 懷孕 die of cold 凍死 die of a cold 感冒而死 have words with 與 . 爭吵 have a word with 與

18、. 略談 keep house 管理家務 keep the house 守在家 里 take rest 就寢 take a reat 休息一下 take place 發(fā)生 take the place of 代替【語法難點精析之與 -ly 副詞同義的介詞短語】in angry= angrily in despair= despairingly in admiration= admiringlyin common = commonly in fact = acrually in fear = fearfullyin fairness = fairly in fun = funnily in gr

19、ief = grievouslyin joke = jokingly in line = lineally in mercy = mercifullyin public = publicly in silence =silently in spite =spitefullyin sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully in surprise =surprisedlywith a smile =smilingly with satisfaction = satisfactorilywith attention =attentively with care =carefully w

20、ith courage =courageouslywith difficult =difficultly with emphasis = emphaticallywith fascination =fascinatingly with grace =gracefully with joy = joyfullywith pride =proudly with pleasure =pleasantly with warmth =warmlyout of breath =breathlessly【語法難點精析之用 to do還是 of doing作后置定語】不同的名詞 , 對這兩種后置定語的選擇是有

21、區(qū)別的 , 有的只能用 to do,有的只可用 of doing,有的兩種都可 以 . 現分述如下 : will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等 , 一般用不定式作后置定語 . 如 :Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用 of winning瑪麗有獲得一等獎的決心 .He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad

22、with his family.(不用 of winning他已作出了攜家去國外的決定 . hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim 等 , 一般只能用 of doing作后置定語 . 如 :In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.事實上 , 他們沒有希望贏得這場比賽 .(不能說 for them to winHe will run the risk of losing his life

23、to save the child.他將冒生命危險去救那個孩子 . way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等 , 既可用不定式短 語 , 又可用 of doing短語作后置定語 . 如 :Their chance to go(of ging abroad was lost.他們失去了出 國的機會 .He has the right to do (of doing that.他有權那樣做 .【語法難點精析之用 to do還是 of doing作后置定語】不同的名詞 , 對這兩種后置定語的選擇

24、是有區(qū)別的 , 有的只能用 to do,有的只可用 of doing,有的兩種都可 以 . 現分述如下 : will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等 , 一般用不定式作后置定語 . 如 :Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用 of winning瑪麗有獲得一等獎的決心 .He has drawn a conclusion to go abroa

25、d with his family.(不用 of winning他已作出了攜家去國外的決定 . hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim 等 , 一般只能用 of doing作后置定語 . 如 :In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.事實上 , 他們沒有希望贏得這場比賽 .(不能說 for them to winHe will run the risk of losing his lif

26、e to save the child.他將冒生命危險去救那個孩子 . way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等 , 既可用不定式短 語 , 又可用 of doing短語作后置定語 . 如 :Their chance to go(of ging abroad was lost.他們失去了出 國的機會 .He has the right to do (of doing that.他有權那樣做 .虛擬語氣的重點是:1.一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結構。2.虛擬語氣的特殊形式,即用來表示要求、建議

27、、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句 和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。3.主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設情況,從而交錯成為復合虛擬語氣。4.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。上述四個要點往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在,尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方 面的知識的題目, 而在閱讀理解里, 我們掌握上述四個重點對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助, 了解哪些觀點是作者假設的、虛擬的,哪些是真實的,這樣對于我們回答關于作者態(tài)度觀點題很有幫助。 下面我們將主要從上述四個方面來重點論述在考試中應該注意的問題。一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型(1由 wish 引起的表示

28、愿望的虛擬語氣A .用 wish 表示對現在的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:過去式(be 動詞用 were 。B .用 wish 表示對將來的愿望時,它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為:would, could, might+ 動詞原 形。C . wish 用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現的愿望時,賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為:had+動詞過去 分詞或 could, would + have +動詞過去分詞。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. -“I let Joe bor

29、row our radio for the afternoon.” -“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he werent so lazy.(2had hoped 引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為 would+動詞原形,表示一種過去未實現的愿望或令人失 望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.(3would (had r

30、ather, would as soon, would sooner和 would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式 表示當時或將來的情況,用過去完成時表示過去的情況,表示希望或婉轉的責備。例如: I d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didn t stay there too long. 我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。(4

31、It s (high, about time that 句型中 that 從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式,即動詞要用過去式。 Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現在是我們該結束講座的時候了。(5 as, 或者 whether or 謂語多用 be 的原形,引導讓步虛擬從句,這種用法通常采用倒裝結構: Church as we use the word refers to all religio

32、us institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.(6由連接詞 in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中,謂語動詞要用虛擬 形式,即 should(might, would+動詞原形,例如: She put a blanket over the baby for fe

33、ar that heshould catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(7 if it were not for與現在事實相反, if it had not been for與過去事實相反,兩個都相當于 but for: If it had not been for his help(=but for his help,we would not have succeeded. (8 虛擬語氣用于 as if(though 引起的方式狀

34、語從句和表語從句中,其動詞形式與 wish 賓語從句的形 式相同。例如:She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內心的微笑,而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明 亮的陽光一樣,常常流露出來。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著,就 好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。 She looks as if she would cry.

35、她看起來好像要哭了。(9其它各種句型 , as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry. 考研英語單詞背誦重點在教授考研英語課程中,本人發(fā)現同學反映問題最多的是 “ 單詞記不住,記不準 ” 的問題。只要 努力認真背過大綱單詞的同學都知道,單詞量不斷增大其實是一件痛苦的事情,因為背了就忘了。等到沖 刺階段,仍然覺得單詞背得越多就會越模糊,就會越分不清楚,

36、看起來似乎都背過,但是都不是很清楚。 所以就樣模模糊糊進了考場, 稀里糊涂出了考場。 其實, 越是長得相似的單詞越要放在一起對比記憶, 相 同意思的詞匯也要放在一起歸納記憶。 把大綱背誦一兩遍只能記住模糊的詞義, 不能清楚明確它們的意思, 因為放在上下文中,大家很可能就會看到 adopt ,理解成 adapt 了,看到 latitude 以為是 altitude , 而這些 都是大綱詞匯大家都背過的。如果這樣失分,或者影響自己的閱讀速度是件很讓人傷心的事情。所以大部 分考生都會竭盡全力把那些長得相似,或者屬于一類的單詞從不同的字母表里找出來以歸納總結,雖然這 個過程要耗費很多時間,但還是不能不做,因為 “ 考研成敗在英語,英語成敗在閱讀, 閱讀成敗在單詞。 ” 只也只能這樣才能把單詞背死背牢。 所以沖刺階段大綱單詞背誦重點就是要解決這些相似易混單詞。 正是 出這個初衷, 為了大家少走彎路, 也為了避免大家浪費沖刺階段的寶貴時間去自己總結, 這里本人列出了 部 大綱單詞的相似易混單詞,供大家對比歸類記憶。adapt vt. 1. 使適應 2. 改編 adept a.(與 at , in 連用 熟練的,精通的 n. 內行 adjustvt. 1. 調整,調 節(jié) 2. 校正 adopt vt. 1. 收養(yǎng) 2. 采用,采納 an