高中英語語法講義-直接引語和間接引語

1、直接引語和間接引語引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式:一種是直接引語 (Direct Speech , 即原封不動地引用原話, 把它放在引號內(nèi); 另一種是間接引語 (Indirect Speech , 即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述, 被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容 不放在引號內(nèi)。一、 直接引語變間接引語A . 陳述句的間接引語直接引語是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時,在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,引述 動詞通常是 say, tell等。與此同時,間接引語中的人稱、時態(tài)和其他方面也要相應(yīng)有所變化。 The foreigner said to me, I like Beijing very much.那老外告訴我:我

2、很喜歡北京。 The foreigner told me that he she liked Beijing very much. 那老外告訴我說他(她很喜歡北 京。She said, We are very fond of sports. 她說:我們都喜歡體育運動。 She said that they were very fond of sports. 她說他(她們都喜歡體運動。I'll go over the grammar lesson once again, he said. 他說:我將把語法課再復(fù)習(xí)一遍。 He said he would go over the gramm

3、ar lesson once again. 他說他將要把語法課再復(fù)習(xí)一遍。 (that 可省略B . 疑問句的間接引語1.一般疑問句和反意疑問句一般疑問句改為間接引語時, 要用陳述語序, 并要加連詞 if 或 whether , 其主句動詞常用 ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用問號。My teacher asked me, Do you like American country music 我老師問我:你喜歡美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂 嗎? My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American cou

4、ntry music. 我老師問我是否喜歡美國鄉(xiāng) 村音樂。Y ou haven't been to Beijing, have you asked he. 他問:你沒去過北,是嗎? He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他問我是否去過北京。2.否定的一般疑問句和選擇問句如果直接引語為否定的一般問句或選擇疑問句時,用 whetheror 連接。She said, Don't you know my telephone number 她說:你難道不知道我的電話號碼嗎? She asked me whether I knew he

5、r telephone number or not. 她問我是知道她的電話號碼。 Do you like this one or that one Tom asked. 湯姆問:你是喜歡這個還是那個? Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 湯姆問我是喜歡這個還是那個。3.特殊疑問句間接引語為特殊疑問句時,間接引語前仍然用特殊疑問詞作為連詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句,注意從句 必須用陳述語序,主句謂語動詞常用 ask 。He asked, How do you like it 他問:你覺得怎樣? He asked me how I liked i

6、t. 他問我覺得它怎樣。She asked me, What's the matter with you 她問我:你怎么啦? She asked me what was the matter with me. 她問我我怎么啦。How many books do you have she asked. 她問:你有多少本書? She asked me how many books I had. 她問我有多少本。4. 其它英語中有些疑問句并非提出疑問,而是表示請求、勸告、建議等。這種疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語 時,往往采用其他的形式。 . suggest doingShall we all go t

7、o the film tonight said Michael. 邁克爾說:我們今晚都去看電影,好嗎? Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 邁克爾建議今晚都去看電影。What about having a drink he asked. 他問:喝杯怎么樣?He suggested having a drink. 他建議喝一杯。 . advise sb to doWhy don't you go hiking asked James. 詹姆士問:你為什么不徒步旅行?James advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建

8、議我去徒步旅行。 . offer to doHe said, Would you like me to post the letter 他說:你要我寄信嗎?He offered to post the letter. 他主動提出寄信。 . ask sb to doWill you please bring your reference book here tomorrow she said to me. 她對我說:勞駕你明天把 你的參考書帶來好嗎? She asked me to take my reference book there the next day. 她讓我第二天把我的參考書帶去

9、。 C . 祈使句的間接引語1.直接引語為祈使句時,間接引語往往用復(fù)合賓來表示,其結(jié)構(gòu)為主語 +謂語 +賓語 +賓語補 足語 (動詞不定式 。 引述動詞可根據(jù)口氣選用 tell, ask, order, command, request等詞, 句中 please 去掉。She said to me, Please have a rest. 她對我說:請休息一下。 She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。Don't all answer at once, she said to the pupils. 她對學(xué)生說:大家不要齊聲回答。 She told

10、the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫學(xué)生不要齊聲回答。2.帶有 let 的祈使句(表示請求,建議或命令 ,可用 suggest + -ing形式或 suggest +that從句 來表示其相應(yīng)的意思。Let's go for a walk, said the girl. 那姑娘說,讓我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉桨伞?The girl suggested going for a walk. 這女孩建議去散散步。The teacher said, Let Lily tidy the classroom. 老師說:讓莉莉整理教室。 The teacher sugg

11、ested that Lily should tidy the classroom. 老師建議讓莉莉整理教室。D . 感嘆句的間接引語1.直接引語是感嘆句變?yōu)殚g接引語時,多采用賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu),既可用 what 或 how 引導(dǎo),也 可用 that 引導(dǎo)。What a clever boy you are! my teacher said to him. 老師對他說,你是個聰明的孩子啊! My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老師對他說他是一個多聰明的孩子啊。 My teacher told him that he was a very cle

12、ver boy. 老師說他是一個非常聰明的孩子。He said, How well you look! 他說:你看起來氣色多好啊! He said how well I looked. 他說我看起來是氣色多好啊。 He said that I looked very well. 他說我看起來氣色很好。2.有些感嘆句可以根據(jù)原句的意思,采用適當(dāng)?shù)膭釉~變?yōu)殛愂鼍?不需用間接賓語來轉(zhuǎn)述。 Help! he cried. 他喊到:救命啊! He called for help. 他大聲呼救。What terrible weather it is! he said. 他說:多么糟糕的天氣! He com

13、plained about the terrible weather. 他抱怨這糟糕的天氣。Happy Christmas! he said. 他說:圣誕快樂!He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我圣誕快樂。二、 間接引語中的詞語變化直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時,間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)、人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、時間 和地點狀語以及主謂語詞序往往要作相應(yīng)的變化。A . 時態(tài)的變化1.時態(tài)的變化 現(xiàn)在時間推移到過去時間直接引語中的時態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時 現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 間接引語中的時態(tài) 一般過去時 過去完成時 過去進(jìn)行時 過去完成進(jìn)行時The old

14、 man said, I have lived in this street since 1960.The old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人說他自從 196年起就住在那 條街上了。He said, Is it raining He asked if it was raining. 他問是不是正在下雨。 過去時間推移到過去的過去直接引語中的時態(tài) 一般過去時 過去完成時 過去進(jìn)行時 間接引語中的時態(tài) 過去完成時過去完成時(不變 過去完成進(jìn)行時或不變She said to me, I wrote a lette

15、r to my parents three days ago.She told me that she had written a letter to her parents three days before.她告訴我她三天前已給她母親寫了一封信。What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday he asked He asked me what I was doing at seven p.m. the day before. 他問我前一天晚上七點在干什 么。 將來時間推移到過去將來時間直接引語中的時態(tài) 一般將來時Is/am/are going to

16、do Is/am/are to do 間接引語中的時態(tài) 過去將來時Was/were going to do Was/were to doHe said, We shall get ready by eight o'clock.He said that they could get ready by eight o'clock. 他說他們將在 8點前準(zhǔn)備好。We are to meet at the school gate, she said to me. She told me that they were to meet at the school gate. 她告訴我他們約

17、定在校門口見面。 間接引語中保持原來時態(tài)不變在下列情況下,間接引語中的謂語動詞時態(tài)可以保持不變。a. 主句為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,間接引語的時態(tài)保持不變。He thinks, She will be back in a month. He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她將在一個月后回來。He says, I have accepted her invitation.He says he has accepted her invitation. 他說他已接受了她的邀請。 間接引語中的謂語動詞時態(tài)對比。Sarah said to me, I have tw

18、o brothers. 莎莎對我說:“ 我有兩個弟弟。 ”Sarah told me that she has two brothers. 莎莎告訴我說她有兩個弟弟。 (說話才認(rèn)為這情況是真 實的Sarah told me that she had two brothers. 莎拉告訴我說她有兩個弟弟。 (說話者對此沒有什么把 握b. 間接引語表示的是現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動作、科學(xué)真理、客觀事實、格言等。The geography teacher said to the students, The earth moves round the sun. The geography teacher told

19、 the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老師告訴學(xué)生地球 圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。He said, Every dog has his day. He said that every dog has his day. 他說是人皆有出頭日。c. 間接引語中動詞表示的動作說話時仍在進(jìn)行或狀態(tài)仍然存在,時態(tài)可保持不變。He said, The window is broken. He said that the window is broken.他說玻璃窗碎了。Just now Brown said, My son is ill today. Brow

20、n told me just now that his son is ill today. 布朗剛才告訴我說,他兒子今天病了。 d. 間接引語中有明確的過去時間狀語,仍可用一般過去時,不必改為過去完成時。The girl said, I was born in 1978. The girl said that she was born in 1978.那女孩說她生于 1978年。She said, My teacher was busy yesterday. She said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她說她老師昨天很忙。2.情態(tài)動詞的變化情態(tài)動

21、詞在間接引語中都可以改為過去式, must 表示必、推測、禁止等意思時,可不變;表 示必須時可不變,也可用 had to 或 would have to。The senior said, All men must die. The senior said that all men must die. 那老者說人總是要死的。She said, I must go to see the doctor tomorrow afternoon. She said she must/would have to go to see the doctor the next afternoon. 她說第二天下午

22、她一 定得去看醫(yī)生。He said to me, We used to go there every year. He told me that they used to come here every year. 他對我說他們過去每年都來這里。 (used to在間接引語中不變B . 代詞的變化1.人稱代詞的變化 當(dāng)主句的主語是第一人稱時,引語中的人稱代詞不變。I said, You did quite well in the exam yesterday. I said that you had done quite well in the exam the day before.我說你那

23、天考得不錯。 直接引語中主語是第一人稱時,在改為間接引語時,其人稱與主句中的主語的人稱一致。 He said to Tom, I'll do my best to catch up with others. He told Tom that he would do his best to catch up with others. 他告訴湯姆他將盡他所能趕 上其他人。 直接引語中主語是第二人稱時,在改為間接引語時,其人稱和主句的賓語相一致。He said to her, Where did you put the glasses He asked her where she had p

24、ut the glasses. 他問她,她把杯子放哪兒了。提示:如果主句中無賓語,應(yīng)根據(jù)語境或想象,自添適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語;如果直接引語中有呼語,則將其 改為間接引語的賓語。Mother asked, Where have you been Mother asked me where I had been. 母親問我去哪兒了。Why are you late again, John the teacher asked. The teacher asked John why he was late again. 老師問約翰為什么他又遲到。 直接引語中主語是第三人稱時,在改為間接引語時不發(fā)生變化。He s

25、aid to Tom, She can help them. He told Tom that she could help them. 他告訴湯姆她能夠幫助他們。2.物主代詞的變化Y ou should not overlook your fault, Mum said to me. Mum told me that I should not overlook my fault. 媽媽對我說我不應(yīng)該忽略我的缺點。 The two boys said, We have lost our dog. The two boys said they had lost their dog. 這兩個男孩說他們的狗丟了。3指示代詞的變化 直接引語中的指示代詞 間接引語中的指示代詞 this that these those She said, This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. She said that that was the house in which Lu Xun had once lived. 她說那是魯迅曾經(jīng)住過的房