八年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語語法必備學(xué)習(xí)

1、美式論文、報(bào)告寫作技巧編者按：美式教育的特點(diǎn)即是課程內(nèi)容強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生參與及創(chuàng)新運(yùn)用,因此,報(bào)告便成了常見的考核 學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成果的方式,比方實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、學(xué)期報(bào)告、專題報(bào)告、研究報(bào)告及論文(含畢業(yè)論文)等.研究生presentation及seminar的時(shí)機(jī)更是占很大的比重,有些甚至占學(xué)期成績(jī)很大比例.如何 完成報(bào)告、論文同時(shí)得到良好的成績(jī),是本文提供給有志留學(xué)的有心人參考的目的.美國(guó)大學(xué)生由於自小已養(yǎng)成自動(dòng)尋找答案習(xí)慣,在啟發(fā)式的教育環(huán)境下,寫報(bào)告、論文對(duì)他們來 說比較不陌生,雖然專業(yè)知識(shí)上美國(guó)學(xué)生不見得比外籍學(xué)生強(qiáng),但是表達(dá)水平由於自小培養(yǎng),加 上英語水平的優(yōu)勢(shì),常比外籍學(xué)生在報(bào)告、論文方面有較隹的利

2、基.反之中國(guó)學(xué)生比較缺乏報(bào)告 寫作的練習(xí),因此如果在留學(xué)過程中無法適應(yīng)美式教育會(huì)比較辛苦,其實(shí)論文、報(bào)告的寫作要領(lǐng) 其實(shí)不難,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成.通常論文由篇首(Preliminaries),本文(Texts)以及參考資料(References)三局部構(gòu)成；而這三大局部 各自內(nèi)容如下：(一) 篇首：封面(Title)序言(Preface)謝詞(Acknowledge)提要(Summary)目錄(Tables and Appendixes)(二) 本文：弓I言(Introduction)主體,含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、節(jié)(Section)、以及注釋 (Footnotes)(三

3、) 參考資料：參考書目(References or Bibliography) 附錄資料(Appendix).進(jìn)行論文或報(bào)告寫作之前,先要確定想要表達(dá)的主題,主題確定后,將其具體表達(dá),即為題目.題目可以提供研究者：一. 研究的方向二. 研究的范圍三. 資料搜集的范圍四. 預(yù)期研究成果通常在確定題目之彳灸就開始找資料從事研究,建議在找資料之前最好去問教授有哪些參考資料來源可供參考引用.構(gòu)思為確定寫作大綱或Proposal的先前步驟,大綱是論文、報(bào)告的骨干,Proposal是研究的架構(gòu)、流程及范圍的說明書.如何構(gòu)思大綱或Proposal為論文、報(bào)告寫作前的必要準(zhǔn)備工作.好的論文或研究報(bào)告,要基于在

4、完整、詳實(shí)的資料上,而參考資料除了和教授商 借之外,最主要的來源就是圖書館了,一般參考資料來源可分成教科書或手冊(cè)、政府機(jī)構(gòu)的報(bào)告、科技或商業(yè)方面的雜志,及會(huì)議性質(zhì)的資料.此外現(xiàn)代的電腦資料庫也可幫助收集資料,在國(guó)外 可利用學(xué)校的電腦連線資料庫尋找自己需要的資料.當(dāng)一切準(zhǔn)備就緒,即可開始著手寫報(bào)告,一 般報(bào)告還分大報(bào)告如期末、專題等報(bào)告,及小報(bào)告如Seminar式的報(bào)告.就算是小報(bào)告,也至少應(yīng)含一TITLE PAGES :包含主題名稱、作者、日期二 Summary :即主要的結(jié)論三introduction :包括理論背景及內(nèi)容四 Technical Sections:是論文的主體,為最重要的部份

5、應(yīng)再細(xì)分為幾個(gè)片斷.五Conclusions :即扼要的結(jié)論六 Appendixes :復(fù)雜公式的導(dǎo)引及蹇考資料和電腦程式的報(bào)表可附加在此項(xiàng)美式報(bào)告的撰寫通常要打字,兩行式,行間假設(shè)有未拼完的字要以音節(jié)來連接.寫報(bào)告通常需要用到電腦,如有計(jì)算數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表的需求,也常會(huì)用到程式軟體如PASCAL、LOTUS,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟體如SAS,也是不可或缺的,電腦繪圖在今日已成為工商界及學(xué)術(shù)界的重要工具,文書處理更是 最根本的要求,因此 Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了頗受歡迎的工具.此外在英文 語法、文法上的潤(rùn)飾與修改,如能請(qǐng)老美幫助會(huì)比較好.論文、報(bào)告完成后有時(shí)會(huì)需要

6、做解說 Presentation,用英文來講演對(duì)中國(guó)人來說算是一大挑戰(zhàn), 通常課堂講演時(shí)間為十五分鐘到三十分鐘,假設(shè)是論文口試那么至少一小時(shí).投影機(jī)及麥克風(fēng)的使用 對(duì)講演的效果有很大幫助,正式講演前多預(yù)習(xí)幾次,時(shí)間宜限制適中,上臺(tái)時(shí)忌諱低頭拿著報(bào)告 照念,需留意聽眾的反響,切中主題,預(yù)防太多數(shù)字的導(dǎo)引.八年級(jí)上英語語法1 leave的用法1. “l(fā)eave硼點(diǎn)表示“離開某地.例如：When did you leave Shanghai?你什么時(shí)候離開上海的2. “l(fā)eave for+地點(diǎn)表示“動(dòng)身去某地.例如：Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.下

7、周五,愛麗斯要去倫敦了.3. “l(fā)eave硼點(diǎn)+for+地點(diǎn)表示“離開某地去某地.例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?你為什么蚤離開上海去北京學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載2情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should"應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)函Ishould作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用,常常表示意外、驚奇、不能理解等,有“竟會(huì)的意思,例如：How should I know?我怎么知道Why should you be so late today?爾今天為什么來得這么晚should有時(shí)表示應(yīng)當(dāng)做或發(fā)生的事,例如：We should help each othe我們應(yīng)當(dāng)互相幫助.我們?cè)谑褂脮r(shí)要注意以

8、下幾點(diǎn)：1. 用于表示“應(yīng)該或“不應(yīng)該的概念.此時(shí)常指長(zhǎng)輩教導(dǎo)或責(zé)備晚輩. 例如：You should be here with clean handsi 應(yīng)該把手洗干凈了再來.2. 用于提出意見勸導(dǎo)別人.例如：You should go to the doctor if you feel ill.如果你感覺不舒服,你最好去看 醫(yī)生.3. 用于表示可能性.should的這一用法是測(cè)試中常常出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)之一.例如：We should arrive by supper time .我們?cè)谕盹埱熬湍艿搅?She should be here any moment 她隨時(shí)都可能來.31. what與wh

9、ich都是疑問代詞,都可以指人或事物,但是what僅用來詢問 職業(yè).如：What is your father? 你父親是干什么的該句相當(dāng)于：What does your father do?What is your father's job?Which指代的是特定范圍內(nèi)的某一個(gè)人.如：-Which is Peter? 哪個(gè)是皮特-The boy behind Mary.瑪麗背后的那個(gè)男孩.2. What.?是泛指,所指的事物沒有范圍的限制；而Which.?是特指,所指的事物有范圍的限制.如：What color do you like best?所有顏色你最喜愛什么顏色Which c

10、olor do you like best, blue, green or yellow?有特定的范圍你最喜愛哪一種顏色3. what與 which后都可以接單、復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 .如：Which pictures are from China?哪些圖片來白中國(guó)4頻度副詞的位置1. 常見的頻度副詞有以下這些：always 總是,一直usually 通常often 常常,經(jīng)常sometimes 有時(shí)候never 從不2. 頻度副詞的位置：a. 放在連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面.如：David is often arrives late for school.大衛(wèi)上學(xué)經(jīng)常遲到.b. 放在行為

11、動(dòng)詞前.如：We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我們每天經(jīng)常在7: 10去上學(xué).c. 有些頻度副詞可放在句首或句尾,用來表示強(qiáng)調(diào).如：Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.有時(shí)我步行回家,有時(shí)我騎白行車.3. never放在句首時(shí),主語、謂語動(dòng)詞要倒裝.如：Never have I been there.5every day 與 everyday1. every day作狀語,譯為“每一天.如：We go to school at 7:10 every day.我們每天7: 10去上學(xué).I

12、decide to read English every day.我決定每天讀英語.2. everyday作定語,譯為“日常的.She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.她晚飯后在電視上看日常英語.What's your everyday activity?你的日?；顒?dòng)是什么6什么是助動(dòng)詞1.協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞Auxiliary Verb.被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~Main Verb.助動(dòng)詞白身沒有詞義,不可單獨(dú)使用,例如：學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載He doesn't like English.他示喜歡英裙.do

13、esn't是助動(dòng)詞,無詞義；like是主要?jiǎng)釉~,有詞義2. 助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用,可以用來：a. 表示時(shí)態(tài),例如：He is singing.他在唱歌.He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚.b. 表示語態(tài),例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英國(guó).c. 構(gòu)成疑問句,例如：Do you like college life?你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎 Did you study English before you came here?你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語Id. 與否認(rèn)副詞not合用,構(gòu)成否認(rèn)句,例如：I don't like him.我不喜歡他

14、.e. 增強(qiáng)語氣,例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定來參加晚會(huì). He did know that. 他確實(shí)知道那件事.3. 最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would7forget doing/to d心 remember doing/to do l.forget to do 忘記要去做某事.未做forget doing忘記做過某事. 已做 The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在

15、亮著,它忘記關(guān)了.沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了.已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來.to come動(dòng)作未做典型例題- The light in the office is still on.- Oh , I forgot.A. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C.由the light is still on可知燈亮著,即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生,因 此用f

16、orget to do sth而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了,而白己忘記了這 一事實(shí).此處不符合題意.2.remember to do記得去做某事未做remember doing 記得做過某事已做Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局.Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎8It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1.for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如 easy, ha

17、rd, difficult,interesting, impossible:It's very hard for him to study two languages.對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門夕卜語是彳艮 難的.2.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形 容詞,女口 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, rightIt's very nice of you to help me.你來幫助我,你真是太好了.3.for與of的區(qū)分方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個(gè)句子.如果 道理上通順用of,不通那么用fo

18、r.如：You are nice.通順,所以應(yīng)用 of.He is hard.人是困難的,不通,因此應(yīng)用for.9對(duì)兩個(gè)句子的提問新目標(biāo)英語在命題中有將對(duì)句子劃線提問這一題型取消的趨勢(shì),現(xiàn)在采取 的作法是對(duì)一個(gè)句子進(jìn)行白由提問.例如：句子：The boy in blue has three pens.提問：1.Who has three pens?2. Which boy has three pens?3. What does the boy in blue have?4. How many pens does the boy in blue have?很顯然,學(xué)生多了更多的答復(fù)角度,也表達(dá)了

19、測(cè)試的靈活性.再如：句子： He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.提 I可:1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?2. Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?3. What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?4. With whom does he usuall

20、y go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?5. What time does he usually go to the park with his friends onSunday?6. When does he usually go to the park with his friends?10so such與不定冠詞的使用1. so與不定冠詞a、an連用,結(jié)楊為“ so+形容詞+a/an+名詞.如：He is so funny a boy.Jim has so big a house.2. such與不定冠詞a、an連用,結(jié)構(gòu)為“ such+a/an痣容詞+名詞

21、.如:It is such a nice day.That was such an interesting story.11使用-ing分詞的幾種情況1. 在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中.如：He is watching TV in the room. They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.2. 在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中.如：There is a boy swimming in the river.3. 在 have fun/problems結(jié)構(gòu)中.如：We have fun learning English this term. They had p

22、roblems getting to the top of the mountain.4. 在介詞后面.如：Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball.5. 在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中： enjoy doing sth樂于做某事完成做某事想要做某事停止做某事忘記做過某事繼續(xù)做某事記得做過某事喜歡做某事使某人一直做某事發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做某事看到/聽到/觀看某人做某事試圖做某事需要做某事寧愿做某事介意做某事練習(xí)做某事忙于做某事finish doing sth feel like doing sth stop doing sth forget doi

23、ng sth go on doing sth remember doing sth like doing sth keep sb doing sth find sb doing sth see/hear/watch sb doing sth try doing sth need doing sth prefer doing sth mind doing sth practice doing sth be busy doing sth學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載can't help doing sth察不住做某事miss doing sth字昔過做某事12英語中的“單數(shù)1.主語的第三人稱單數(shù)形式,即

24、可用“he, she, it代替的.如：he, she, itmy friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle2. 名詞有單數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞.如：man 單數(shù)-men 復(fù)數(shù)banana 單數(shù)-bananas 復(fù)數(shù)3. 動(dòng)詞有原形,第三人稱單數(shù)形式,-ing分詞,過去式,過去分詞.如：go-goes-going-went-gonework-works-working-worked-workedwatch-watches-watching-watched-watched當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞必須用相應(yīng)的第三人稱單

25、數(shù)形式.如:The boy wants to be a sales assistant.Our English teacher is from the US.Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.12英語中的“單數(shù)1.主語的第三人稱單數(shù)形式,即可用“ he, she, it代替的.如：he, she, itmy friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle2. 名詞有單數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞.如：man 單數(shù)-men 復(fù)數(shù)banana 單數(shù)-bananas 復(fù)數(shù)3. 動(dòng)

26、詞有原形,第三人稱單數(shù)形式,-ing分詞,過去式,過去分詞.如:go-goes-going-went-gonework-works-working-worked-workedwatch-watches-watching-watched-watched當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞必須用相應(yīng)的第三人稱單數(shù)形式.如：The boy wants to be a sales assistant.Our English teacher is from the US.Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.13名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成的幾種形式名詞復(fù)

27、數(shù)的構(gòu)成可分為規(guī)那么變化和不規(guī)那么變化兩種.I名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)那么變化1. 一般在名詞詞尾加-s.如：pear-pearshamburger-hamburgersdesk-deskstree-trees2. 以字母-s, -sh, -ch,-必吉建的名詢,葡尾加-esc如： class-classes watch-watches3. 以字母-o結(jié)尾的某些名詞, potato-potatoes Negro-Negroesdish-dishesbox-boxes詞尾加-es.如：tomato-tomatoeshero-heroes4. 以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的名詞,將-y變?yōu)?i,再加-es.如：fam

28、ily-familiesdictionary-dictionariescity-citiescountry-countries5. 以字母-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞, half-halves thief-thieves self-selves life-lives shelf-shelves 但是： scarf-scarves(fes) serf-serfs chief-chiefs belief-beliefsII名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)那么變化1. 將-oo改為-ee.如： foot-feet2. 將-man改為-men.如： man-men policeman-policemen3. 添加詞尾.如：

29、child-children4. 單復(fù)數(shù)同形.如： sheep-sheep fish-fish將-f或-fe變?yōu)?v,再加-es如: leaf-leaves knife-knives wife-wives wolf-wolvesloaf-loavesroof-roofs gulf-gulfs proof-proofstooth-teethwoman-women postman-postmendeer-deer people-people5. 表示“某國(guó)人的單、復(fù)數(shù)變化.即“中日瑞不變英法變,其它國(guó)把 -s加后面.如：Chinese-Chinese Swiss-SwissEnglishman-E

30、nglishmen American-Americans Canadian-CanadiansJapanese-JapaneseFrenchman-Frenchmen Australian-Australians Korean-Koreans讓打、撞切、割取、得到坐忘記放設(shè)置臨時(shí)受雇照顧嬰兒購(gòu)物絆停止放棄旅游游泳跑步挖、掘開始寧愿方案學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Russian-RussiansIndianIndians6. 其它.如：mouse-mice apple tree-apple treesman teacher-men teachers14)雙寫最后一個(gè)字母的-ing分詞 初中階段常見的有以下這

31、些： 1.let一 lettinghithitting cut cutting ge卜 getting si卜 sitting forget forgetting put 一 putting se" setting babysits babysitting2. shok shopping trip,tripping stoi stopping drop dropping3. travel,travel(l)ing swim swimming runrunning dig digging begirt beginning prefer preferring plan,planning1

32、5肯定句變否認(rèn)句及疑問句要變化的一些詞1. some變?yōu)?any.如：There are some birds in the tree.一 There aren't any birds in the tree.但是,假設(shè)在表示請(qǐng)邀請(qǐng)、請(qǐng)求的句子中,some可以不變.如：Would you like some orange juice?與此相關(guān)的一些不定代詞如 something, somebody也要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)變化.2. and變?yōu)閛r.如：I have a knife and a ruler.,I don't have a knife or a ruler.3. a lot o

33、f =lots of度為 many 或 much.如：They have a lot of friends.可數(shù)名詞 They don't have many friends.There is lots of orange in the bottle不可數(shù)名詞 There isn't much orange in the bottle.4. already 變?yōu)?yet.如：I have been there already.I haven't been there yet.16in 與 afterin與after都可以表示時(shí)間,但二者有所區(qū)別.1.in經(jīng)常用于將來時(shí)的

34、句子中,以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表示將來一段時(shí)間.如：He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他會(huì)動(dòng)身去北京.2. after經(jīng)常用于過去時(shí)的句子中,以過去為起點(diǎn),表示過去一段時(shí)間.如:He left for Beijing after a week.一周后他動(dòng)身去了北京.不過,如果after后跟的是具體的時(shí)刻,它也可用于將來時(shí).如：We will finish the work after ten o'clock.十點(diǎn)后我們會(huì)完成工作的.3. 注意區(qū)分以下的in的用法.I'll visit him in a week.一周后我會(huì)去拜訪他.I'

35、;ll visit him twice in a week.一周內(nèi)我會(huì)去拜訪他兩次.17不定冠詞a與an的使用1. a用在以輔音音素開頭的單詞前.如：There is a "b" in the word "book".單詞book中有個(gè)字母bo類似的字母還有: c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, zShe has a small knife.她有一把小刀.2. an用于以元音音素開頭的單詞前.如：There is an "i" in the word "onion".單詞onio

36、n中有個(gè)字母i.類似的字母還有: a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Do you have an umbrella?你有一把雨傘嗎3. 以元音字母開頭的單詞前面不一定都用an;以輔音字母開頭的單詞前面也不一定都用a.如：a useful booka universea one-letter wordan houran unclean umbrellaan honest person18) 如何表達(dá)英語中的“穿、戴 英語中表示“穿、戴的表達(dá)方法有好幾種,常見的有以下這些：1、put on主要表達(dá)“穿的動(dòng)作.如：He put on his coatftf

37、l穿上了他的夕卜套.You'd better put on your shoes 最好穿上你的鞋子.2、 wear主要表示“穿、戴的狀態(tài).如：The old man wears a pair of glassed 人戴著副目艮鏡.The girl is wearing a red skirt那女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙.3、dress可作及物動(dòng)詞,有“給 穿衣的意思,后接“人,而不是“衣 服.如：Please dress the children right now.立即給孩子們穿上衣服.dress也可作不及物動(dòng)詞,表示衣著的習(xí)慣.如：The woman always dresses in

38、 gre娜位婦女總是穿綠色的衣月艮.4、be in表示穿著的狀態(tài).如：John is in white today.勺翰今天穿白色的衣服.The man in black is a football coach.19) a little, a few 與 a bit (of)a little, a few與a bit (of)都有“一些、少量的意義.他們的區(qū)別在哪里 |1. a little意為“一些、少量,后接不可數(shù)名詞.如：There is a little water in the bottle.瓶子里有一點(diǎn)水.還可以接形容詞.如：He is a little shy.他有些害羞.2.

39、a few意為“一些、少數(shù),后接復(fù)數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞.如：There are a few people in the room.房間里有一些人.3. a bit意為.一點(diǎn)兒,后接形容詞.加：It's a bit cold.有點(diǎn)冷.a bit of后接不可數(shù)名詞.如：He has a bit of money. 他有點(diǎn) JL 錢.4. a little表肯定意義,little表否認(rèn)意義；a few表肯定意義,few表否認(rèn) 意義.如：There is a little soda in the glass.杯子里有一點(diǎn)兒汽水.There is little soda in the glass.杯子

40、里幾乎沒有汽水了.I have a few Chinese friends.我有一些中國(guó)朋友.Few people like him.幾乎沒有人喜歡他.5. a little = a bit of,后接不可數(shù)名詞；a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of,后接形容詞,意為“有點(diǎn)兒.20關(guān)于like的用法like可以作動(dòng)詞,也可以作介詞.1、 like作動(dòng)詞,表示一般性的“愛好、喜歡,有泛指的含義.如：Do you like the color禰喜愛這種顏色嗎like后可接不定式like to do st",也可接動(dòng)詞的-ing分詞like d

41、oing stD , 有時(shí)意思不盡相同.如：She likes eating apples. 喜愛吃蘋果.習(xí)慣She likes to eat an applt喜愛吃一粒蘋果.平常不喜歡吃like與would連用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客氣的請(qǐng)求.如：Would you like a cup of tea 您愿意喝杯茶嗎“喜歡某人做某事可以用結(jié)構(gòu)“ like sb to do sth/doing sth.如：They all like me to sing/singing English songs 們都喜歡我唱英文歌.2、like作介詞,可譯成“像.如：She is friendly to

42、us like a mothe她對(duì)我們友好,就像母親一樣.It looks like an orange它看起來像個(gè)桔子.3、區(qū)分以下句子：A. What does he look like?B. What is he like?A句譯為“他長(zhǎng)相如何 指一個(gè)人的外貌特征；而 B句譯為“他人怎 么樣 指人的性格特點(diǎn).C. The boy like Peter is over there.D. A boy like Peter can't do it.A句指外貌相似,而D句指性格相似.21stop to do sth與 stop doing sth1. stop to do sth意為“停

43、下來去做某事.如：The students stop to listen to their teacher.學(xué)生們停下來去聽他們老師講話.2. stop doing sth意為“停止做某事.如：The students stopped talking.學(xué)生們停止了 談話.與它們相反的句式是：go on to do sth "繼續(xù)做某事與剛剛一事不同和goon doing sth "繼續(xù)做某事與剛剛同一件事.如：He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.他完成了作業(yè),接著繼續(xù)去念英語.They went on

44、playing games.他們繼續(xù)玩游戲.22tell, speak, say 與 talk1. tell意為“告訴、講述,指某人把某一件事、一條信息傳送給別人或講述一件事.如：He tells me that he wants to be a teacher.他告訴我說他想成為一位教師.Father always tells interesting stories to us.爸爸總是給我們講有趣的故事.tell sb sth意為“告知某人某事.如：He told me something about his past.他告訴我一些他的往事.tell sb to do sth意為“告訴某人

45、去做某事.如：David told his son to do the homework.大衛(wèi)要他的兒子去做作業(yè).2. speak意為“說話、講話,后面主要接語言.如：He can speak English and a little Chinese.他能講英語和一點(diǎn)漢語.speak to意為“和.講話、談話.如：Can I speak to Mr Zhang?我能和張先生講話嗎speak of意為“提到、說起.如：The book speaks of my hometown.那本書提到我的家鄉(xiāng).3. talk意為“談話、講話,如果只有一方對(duì)另一方說話時(shí),一般用talk to;如果雙方或多方父

46、談,多用witho如：Please talk to him right now.請(qǐng)立即同他談話.He is talking with his friend.他在和朋友交談.talk about意為“談?wù)?如：They are talking about the movie.他們?cè)谡務(wù)撃遣侩娪?have a talk with意為“與交談.如：Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交談嗎4. say意為“說.如:Can you say it in English once more?你能用英語再說遍嗎say to意為“對(duì) 說.如：He said to his stud

47、ents that they would have a test.他對(duì)他的學(xué)生說他們將有一個(gè)測(cè)試.It is said that.意為“據(jù)說.如：It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time.據(jù)說他能呆在水里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間.23Excuse me!與 I'm sorry!1. Excuse me!意為“打攪了！對(duì)不起！,一般是為了與陌生人搭話,或者 要打斷對(duì)方所說做的事.如：Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood?請(qǐng)問,附近有旅館嗎Excuse me, cou

48、ld I say something?打攪一下,我能說一些嗎2. I'm sorry!意為“對(duì)不起！,表示抱歉.如：I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again.對(duì)不起,張先生.我不會(huì)這么做了.24表示時(shí)間的in、on與atin, on與at都可以和表示時(shí)間的詞組連用.1. in表示時(shí)間的一段或較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間.如：in the morning 在上午in May, 2004 在 2004 年五月in a week 在一周之內(nèi)后It's Sunday, I can finish it in two days.現(xiàn)在是星期天,我能在兩天

49、后完成.星期二Rome was not built in a day.羅馬不是在一天內(nèi)建起來的.2. on主要指在具體的一天.如：on Sunday 在星期天on May Day 在“五一節(jié)on a hot afternoon 在一個(gè)炎熱的下午學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004.他于2004年4月26日到達(dá)北京.3. at表示時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)或比較短的時(shí)間.如：at 8:00在八點(diǎn)at noon 在中午I always get up at 6:00 every morning.我總是每天早晨六點(diǎn)起床.It's always warm

50、at this time of year.每年的這個(gè)時(shí)候總是暖和的.25) Other及其用法Other 及其相近的詞(組),如 others, the other, the others, another, any other 等,一直是中學(xué)生朋友們比較困擾的問題,平常的測(cè)試、作業(yè)中經(jīng)常出錯(cuò).下面是它們的一些用法：1、other指其余的人或物,所有格是 other's,復(fù)數(shù)形式是 others, the other指“兩個(gè)人或物中的另一個(gè),其復(fù)數(shù)形式是the others, others相當(dāng)于“other + 名詞,所以不能充當(dāng)定語,修飾名詞.others指整體中去掉一局部后剩余的部

51、 分,但不是全部的,即 some.others (一些.其余的人.).the others強(qiáng)調(diào)整體中除去一局部后剩余的全部,即 some.the others.2、another泛指三個(gè)以上的不定數(shù)目中的 “另外一個(gè).由an和other合并構(gòu)成,所以不能和冠詞連用.another修飾單數(shù)名詞,比方：another pencil.3、any other指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物,后面要用名詞的單 數(shù)形式.26) look 短語常見的look短語有以下這些：1.look at 朝看Please look at the map of China.請(qǐng)看中國(guó)地圖.(look at=have a

52、look at)2.look for 尋找The old man is looking for his dog.老人在尋找他的狗.3.look like看起來像Nancy looks like her mother.南?？雌饋硐袼赣H.4.look the same 看上去一樣Li Ping and Li Jing look the same.李萍和李晶看上去一樣.5.look up 查找Please look up the word in the dictionary.請(qǐng)?jiān)谠~典中查找這個(gè)單詞.6.look over仔細(xì)檢查The doctor looked over Mary careful

53、ly.醫(yī)生仔細(xì)檢查了瑪麗.7.look after照顧,照看You must look after your old father.你必須照顧你的老父親.8.look around到處尋找、查看We looked around, but we found nothing strange.我們四處查看,但是我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)奇怪的東西.27) too, also與 either1. too用于肯定句和疑問句,一般放在句尾,其前常加逗號(hào). 如：We are in the same school, too.我們也在相同的學(xué)校.Do you play soccer every day, too?你也每天踢足

54、球嗎2. also用于肯定句和疑問句,一般位于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前、be動(dòng)詞后.如：Sandra is also a Korean student.Sandra也是一個(gè)韓國(guó)學(xué)生.3. either用于否認(rèn)句,一般放在句末.如：They don't know the answer, either.她們也不知道答案.4. as well a她有“也的意思.如：We have great mushroom pizza as well as soda.He is a happy boy as well.28) hard 與 hardly1. hard既可作形容詞,也可作副詞.如：It's a h

55、ard(adj.) question. (=difficult)這是一個(gè)難的問題.The boy studies very hard(adv.).那男孩學(xué)習(xí)非常努力.句子結(jié)構(gòu)：It's hard for sb to do sth做某事對(duì)某人來說是難的.如:It's hard for him to finish the work.完成那項(xiàng)工作對(duì)他來說很難.注意區(qū)分：hard work困難的工作學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載2.hardly是頻度副詞,表示否認(rèn)的意息.=almost no.通常用在形容詞、 副詞和動(dòng)詞之前.如：I can hardly see it.我?guī)缀蹩床坏剿?29sometime,sometimes,some timW some times1. sometime是時(shí)間副詞,指不確定的將來或過去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間某時(shí)候或任何時(shí)候,不指一段時(shí)間.如：We&