第二部分第一講名詞和冠詞

1、第二部分語法專項突破第一講名詞和冠詞,學(xué)生用書P245)一、名詞的數(shù)規(guī)則變化大多數(shù)名詞后加­s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)books，horses，beds，pages以­s，­x，­sh，­ch結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)情況下在詞尾加­esglasses，boxes，brushes，watches (例外：stomach的復(fù)數(shù)stomachs)以輔音字母y結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時，需把y變?yōu)閕再加­es；以元音字母y結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時，直接加­scities，countries，factories；boys，toys，monkeys，holid

2、ays以輔音字母o結(jié)尾的名詞加­es；以元音字母o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加­s。以­o結(jié)尾的部分名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有兩種，既可加­s也可加­esheroes，tomatoes，potatoes；radios，photos，pianos，zoos；volcanos/volcanoes，zeros/zeroes以­f或­fe結(jié)尾的名詞常把f或fe變成v，再加­eshalfhalves，knifeknives，leafleaves，wifewives(例外：roofs，chiefs，gulfs，beliefs，proofs)以

3、73;th結(jié)尾的名詞，一般加­smouths，paths不規(guī)則變化常見名詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，toothteeth，mousemice，goosegeese，childchildren，oxoxen以man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是­men和­women。EnglishmanEnglishmen，policemanpolicemen，businessmanbusinessmen(例外：GermanGermans)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞sheep，deer，Chinese，Japanese，means (方式

4、)，works (工廠)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞trousers，glasses(眼鏡)，thanks，clothes，remains (遺留物)，ashes (灰燼)，arms (武器)一些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別的意義woods 森林，sands 沙灘，waters 水域，goods 貨物復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)一般是將中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式，但沒有中心詞則是在最后一個單詞后加­slooker­onlookers­on，passer­bypassers­by，grown­upgrown­ups二、名詞的所有格構(gòu)成用法例詞s所有格主要用于人或其

5、他有生命的名詞后，還用于表示時間、國家、城市、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、度量衡、價值、天體等名詞之后。a boys bag；the workers struggle；somebody elses possession；ten minutes break；the earths satellite；Americas policyof 所有格表示無生命的東西the window of the room表示同位關(guān)系the city of Beijing表示部分與整體的關(guān)系the bottom of the sea；the majority of people表示抽象概念the cost of living后跟含后置定

6、語的名詞或表一類人或物的“the形容詞”形式the name of the boy crying under the tree；the housing problem of the poor雙重所有格(名詞of名詞s 或名詞of名詞性物主代詞)表示部分概念，被雙重所有格修飾的名詞前往往有表示數(shù)量的詞，如a，one，two，some，several，a few，many或指示代詞this，that，these，those等some friends of my brothers；a few books of Mo Yans；this little cat of your sisters；those

7、 words of Marys三、名詞的搭配形式?？级陶Z介詞名詞out of ones reach在某人夠不到的地方beyond recognition 無法辨認(rèn)in great demand 需求量很大in progress 在進(jìn)行中out of question 不成問題；無疑of great value 非常有價值的( very valuable)動詞名詞have/gain access to可以獲得gain/have an advantage over 勝過，優(yōu)于take advantage of 利用，趁之機(jī)pay attention to 注意make the best of 充分

8、利用，妥善處理find fault with 挑的錯keep pace with 與同步put an end to 結(jié)束take notice of 注意到o account 考慮catch sight of 看見have a good reputation 有個好名聲make a difference 有影響；有關(guān)系cause damage to 對造成破壞(2014·高考江蘇卷)Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push­ups too to stay in shape.

9、湯姆總是在早晨慢跑，他通常也做俯臥撐來保持身體健康。(2013·高考江蘇卷)With inspiration from other food cultures，American food culture can take a turn for the better.有了來自于別的食品文化的靈感，美國食品文化可以變得更好。(2013·高考遼寧卷)The accident caused some damage to my car，but its nothing serious.這起事故對我的車造成一些損傷，但不嚴(yán)重。(2013·高考天津卷)If you are in

10、trouble，Mike is always willing to lend a hand.如果你有麻煩了，Mike總是愿意幫你一把。四、不定冠詞的用法用法例句泛指某一類人或物中的任何一個(2014·高考天津卷)Life is like an ocean：Only the strong­willed can reach the other shore.(2013·高考福建卷)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well­being and a dream of harmony，peace a

11、nd development.用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示數(shù)量“一”；在某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前加a，an表示“一份，一陣，一場，一類”等Would you like some coffee?I would like a coffee and two beers.用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一”He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.用在專有名詞前表示“某一個”，相當(dāng)于a certain(2015·安徽合肥質(zhì)檢)Excuse me，would you please

12、give the iPad 5 to John? Sorry，but I dont think theres a John in our class.用與“a most形容詞名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“非常，很”What do you think about the song Small Apple?Its really a most wonderful song in 2014.有些不可數(shù)名詞如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of.時，前面需用不定冠詞a/an。構(gòu)成：have a (good) knowledge of.精通；have a (clear/go

13、od)understanding of.了解(2015·蘭州一中模擬)Social practice is an opportunity for students to gain a better understanding of how society operates.固定搭配have a good time；have a gift for；have a word with；in a hurry；once in a while；at a loss；for a while；all of a sudden；at a distance；go on a diet；do sb.a favo

14、r；as a result；as a rule(通常)；as a matter of fact；pay a visit to；put an end to；all of a sudden溫馨提醒baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space(太空)，advice，word(消息)，progress，information，news，luck，wealth等，以上不可數(shù)名詞永遠(yuǎn)不能與不定冠詞連用。五、定冠詞的用法用法例句表示“特指”。上文已經(jīng)提到的人或物，再次提到時在其前加the。也可指上文未提到，但談話雙方都知道的人或物(2014·

15、高考江西卷)They chose Tom to be the captain of the team because they knew he was a smart leader.(2015·安徽蚌埠質(zhì)檢)Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?Yes，as you know, the party went on in a pleasant atmosphere.用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞或副詞最高級以及形容詞only，very，same等之前Liu Yang is the first woman who has been into space in China.

16、用于復(fù)數(shù)姓氏之前，表示“全家”或“夫婦”或用于形容詞或分詞前，表示一類人或物As far as I know，the Greens have no children.The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately.用于年代、朝代、時代名詞前或有普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前The tramway fell into disuse in the 1920s.用于表示江河、山脈、海洋、地球等獨一無二的東西以及表示方位的名詞前As is known to us，the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

17、用于表示度量單位的名詞前，如by the hour/day/dozen/yard，但是size/weight這類名詞跟by連用時不加冠詞(2015·河南鄭州高三模擬)He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore，that is，by the kilogram.固定搭配make the most/best of(充分利用)；in the habit of；not in the least(not at all)；in the distance；in the way；on the whol

18、e(總之)；on(the) one hand.；on the other hand；at the moment；go to the cinema/theatre；the other day(幾天之前)；for the time being(暫時)；on the spot；to tell the truth；by the way溫馨提醒英語中，有些短語中有無冠詞意義不同。如：by day在白天；by the day 按天計算；in charge of 負(fù)責(zé)，掌管；in the charge of 由負(fù)責(zé)；out of question 毫無疑問；out of the question 不可能；g

19、o to church 去做禮拜；go to the church 去教堂六、零冠詞的用法用法例句表示泛指的不可數(shù)名詞(物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞)、專有名詞(不含普通名詞)或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前不加冠詞。單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、名詞所有格等限制時，前面也不加冠詞Its a good feeling for people to admire the International Horticultural Exposition 2014 Qingdao that gives them pleasure.季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。但是如果名詞前面有修飾語或特指某一季節(jié)、月份等

20、，要用冠詞The summer of 2014 was a heartache summer because many people died because of the earthquake in Ludian，Yunnan Province.表示獨一無二的頭銜、職務(wù)名詞作表語、同位語或賓語補(bǔ)足語時，一般不加冠詞(2015·陜西西安質(zhì)檢)David，monitor of our class，is always ready to help others.as，though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的表語(單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)置于句首時不加冠詞Child as/though he is，he p

21、lays the violin perfectly.系動詞turn后的作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer/became a writer.固定搭配at noon/dawn/night/midnight；at present；come to light；come to power；in case of；out of work/order/control/date/patience/mind/reach/breath/danger；in use/danger/public；ahead of time；in debt；

22、under repair；side by side；shoulder to shoulder；hand in hand；face to face；by mistake；in place of；on board；on purpose；on second thoughts；at war；every few days；catch fire；for certain,學(xué)生用書P248).用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空1(2014·高考陜西卷)_ village where I was born has grown into _ town.答案：The；a2(2014·高考浙江卷)The paper

23、 is due next month，and I am working seven days _ week，often long into _ night.答案：a；the3(2014·高考重慶卷)I cant tell you _ way to the Wilsons because we dont have _ Wilson here in the village.答案：the；a4It is said that a class of 200 students attended the lecture on _ nature of human beings.答案：the5Raci

24、ng is _ most interesting sport Ive ever known.答案：the6The Spring Festival is _ special holiday for most Chinese when _ whole family will get together.答案：a；the7China launched_ countrys first lunar rover aboard，Change 3，bringing Chinese dream of reaching the moon close.答案：the8Couples in Shanghai are fo

25、r _ first time being encouraged to have _ second child as authorities try to reduce the burden of an ageing population.答案：the；a9I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.It is not your fault.With _ rush­hour traffic and _heavy rain，it is no wonder you were late.答案：the；the10_ rescue worker

26、s on the scene told _ Greens that they were going to pull their child out first.答案：The；the11The peace­making spirit of Nelson Mandela，who was elected_president at the age of 76，has won him _ worldwide respect.答案：/；/12Kathleen，_ Mr.Heller is waiting for you outside.Just a second.Im on _ phone.答案

27、：a；the13It is acknowledged that _ shortest distance between persons is _ sincere smile.答案：the；a14_recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the US. would be higher than the number of English speaker by _year 2090.答案：A；the15Being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those to

28、ugh times.答案：a；a16In _ third quarter of 2014，Xiaomis sales market share beat Lenovo for the first time to rank_second largest in China，second only to Samsung.答案：the；the17After _ dogs，the horse has had _ closest relationship with man.答案：/；the18A professor stood before _ class of 20 senior organic bio

29、logy students，about to hand out _ final exam.答案：a；the19Many cities issued a warning of_ air pollution for PM 2.5 readings，which has become _ concern these days.答案：/；a20In the past，Tom stared at _ world map on the wall，wondering if he would ever have _ journey to those distant lands.答案：the；a.用括號內(nèi)所給單詞

30、的正確形式填空1. (2014·高考浙江卷)We most prefer to say yes to the _(request) of someone we know and like.答案：requests2(2014·高考湖北卷) Her _(motive) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.答案：motivation3(2014·高考安徽卷)Why not buy a second­hand car first if you dont h

31、ave enough money for a new one? Thats a good _(suggest)答案：suggestion4Weve been destroying lots of forests every year.What a shame! Well be the _(victim) of our own foolish behavior.答案：victims5How can I take the medicine，sir？Just follow the _(direct) on the bottle.答案：directions6A teachers _(devote) t

32、o education deserves great respect of the whole public because it brings benefits to the development of society.答案：devotion7Why dont you go to medical college and be a doctor?Oh.It calls for a great deal of _(patient) with long training，which I am afraid I dont have.答案：patience8In cold winter，people

33、 prefer to stay at home，and few of us realize the _(valuable) of sunlight to our health.答案：value9After living in Quanzhou for five years，she has developed quite an _(affect)for the city.答案：affection10If a young man wants the_(flexible) to move to a different city in future years，he should keep renti

34、ng instead of buying a house.答案：flexibility11The police are trying to find out the _(identify) of the woman murdered in the bathroom.答案：identity12According to this survey，some TV programmes should take _(responsible) for teenagers negative behavior.答案：responsibility13Its reported that the students w

35、ho are addicted to playing computer games are all driven by _(curious)at first.答案：curiosity14While I admit that English words keep escaping from our memory，constant _(expose) to them not only increases our understanding of them，but likely plants them into our mind.答案：exposure15The little girl has a

36、strong _ (prefer) for sweet food.Whenever and wherever she buys food，she always takes sweet into consideration first of all.答案：preference16An annual study found that 2% of South Koreans aged 1019 needed treatment for excessive online gaming or were at risk of _(addict)答案：addiction17What surprised us

37、 most was that the price of the _(admit)to the Childrens Paradise which was built last year rose to $50 the day before yesterday.答案：admission18Several red and white barriers marked the road at _(interval)of about a mile.答案：intervals19Parents should be good role models for they have a great influence

38、 on childrens character _(form)答案：formation20Compared to the advantages of the Internet，those of the television alone will not be enough to ensure its _(survive)，and in many peoples opinion，the latter will be replaced.答案：survival.語篇填空在空格中填入適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~，或用括號中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。Robots used for housework were tested

39、 out in some 1._(family)Tony，one of the robots，looked like 2._ tall and handsome man with smooth black hair，speaking in a deep voice.Larry was going to be away from home.Also，3._(curious) drove him to have a try on such a new thing.So he hired a robot to accompany his wife Claire.Claire didnt like t

40、he idea at the beginning，but she agreed to it at last.At the first sight of Tony，Claire felt embarrassed.Gradually，Tony began to win the 4._(hostess) trust.He helped Claire realize her dreams by making her home elegant，giving her a new haircut，changing the makeup she wore and giving her 5._(advise)

41、on her 6._(person) dresses.Therefore at the party all her guests who were invited were filled with 7._(admire) when they saw her house was completely changed.After the test，the company was satisfied with 8._(Tony) report and believed it was 9._ success because he had successfully made a woman regain her 10._(confident) and fall in love with him.答案：1.families2.a3.curiosity4.hostess5.advice6personal7.admiration8.Tonys9.a10.confidenc.語法填空閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(不多于3個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。We are what we eat because what we eat every day has 1._ great impact on our health.Therefore，we should make ever