海牙國際私法會議

1、n履約機制論文：海牙國際私法會議保護兒童權利公約履約機制研究【中文摘要】兒童是一個民族的未來,是一個國家的希望,如何去保護兒童,讓他們健康快樂的成長,讓他們保持著是純潔而美好的心靈,一直是全人類努力為之所奮斗的。由于兒童的心理和身體都沒有發(fā)育完善,所以往往在遇到一些外界傷害的時候他們無法進行很好的自我保護,處于在弱勢的地位,如何去幫助這些渴望得到關心的孩子們,一貫是海牙國際私法會議工作的重點內(nèi)容。海牙會議通過訂立了一系列相關公約,形成了兒童權利保護公約的體系,以此從實踐上加大對于兒童權利保護的標準。海牙兒童權利保護公約的履行情況良好與否密切關系著在實踐中兒童的切身利益是否真正有效的得到了保護,

2、而在歸納總結的根底上對公約履約機制的研究可以更好的促進兒童權利保護公約的實施。海牙兒童權利保護公約履約機制的建立是非常有必要的。海牙兒童權利保護公約的目標促成了其履約機制的建立,而履約機制的建立是影響公約能否良好實施的重要因素。履約機制的建立在很大程度上決定了公約的實施,因為履約機制的建立對于公約的實施起到了監(jiān)督的作用并且指導了公約實施方向。而從另一方面來說,正是由于公約的實施才真正實現(xiàn)了履約機制建立的。海牙兒童權利保護公約所確立的履約機制主要有司法與行政合作機制、審議機制以及實踐報告機制。司法與行政合作機制是當今國際合作機制中比擬新型、有效的模式,現(xiàn)在被越來越廣泛的運用,其包括了中央機關合作

3、模式以及主管機關之間的合作模式等等。而在司法與行政合作機制中,中央機關合作制度是最為重要的模式,中央機關合作制度有模式雙向化以及功能多樣化的特點,各締約國需要根據(jù)實際情況指定相應的中央機關,以便進行國際合作。審議機制是海牙國際私法會議定期召開相關會議,對于兒童權利保護公約在各國的履行情況進行客觀評估,以便及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,尋求切實的解決方案,該機制已成功運用于1980年海牙誘拐公約,1993年海牙跨國收養(yǎng)公約,以及1996年海牙父母責任公約中。實施公約的良好實踐指南是在了解公約在各締約方具體實施狀況的根底上進行的歸納總結,對于成員國今后如何更好的履行公約起到了指向性的作用,1980年海牙誘拐公約良

4、好實踐指南以及1993年海牙跨國收養(yǎng)公約良好實踐指南在具體實施公約的過程中都起到了重要的作用。目前1980年?國際誘拐兒童民事方面的公約?僅對中國香港地區(qū)和中國澳門地區(qū)生效。2000年11月中國簽署了1993年的海牙?跨國收養(yǎng)方面保護兒童及合作公約?,全國人大常委會在2005年4月批準了該公約,2006年1月該收養(yǎng)公約在中國生效,該公約同時適用于中國香港和中國澳門特別行政區(qū)。中國在履約過程中還存在著系列問題,例如涉外收養(yǎng)法律機制不夠完善、兒童最大利益原那么貫徹不夠徹底、履約的配套機制不夠完善等。因此,中國需要從各方面進一步完善海牙兒童權利保護公約的履行機制?！居⑽恼緾hildren are

5、 the future of an nation and the hope for a country. How to protect them to grow up healthily and happily while maintian a pure and beautiful soul is what all mankind has been striven to achieve. Due to the underdeveloped psychological and physical condition of children, they can not protect themsel

6、ves very well in the face of the hurt from the outside world and thus are reduced to a comparatively weak position. How to help those children eager to get care has always been the main focus of the work of Hague Conference on Private International Law. To better the protection of the rights of chil

7、dren in practice, the conference passed and concluded a series of related conventions which finally formed a system. The performance of the conventions is closely related to the real protection of the immediate interests of children, and on the basis of conclusion,a research over the convention impl

8、ementing mechanism can help to prompote the implementation of the protection conventions of the rights of children.It is essential to establish the Hague implementing mechanism of protecting the rights of children. The aim of the protection conventions helps to promote the establishment of the conve

9、ntion implementing mechanism, while at the same time,the system plays an important role in the effective implementation of the conventions. The convention implementing mechanism decides the implementation of the conventions to a large extent, for its establishment has a supervisory role over the imp

10、lementation of conventions and offers direction for the implementation of conventions. On the other hand, it is the implementation of conventions that helps to realize the aim of establishing the convention implementing mechanism.The Hague Convention on the protection of Children is honored by three

11、 systems, judicial and administrative co-operation, review and guide to good practice mechanism. Judicial and administrative co-operation is a new and effective pattern that finds increasingly wide application, including central authories cooperation, competent authorities cooperation and so on.Cent

12、ral authories cooperation, which is interactive and multi-functional, is the most important method in judicial and administrative co-operation. Contracting states choose corresponding central authority according to actual situations for international collaboration. Review mechanism means that the Ha

13、gue Conference on Private International Law hold routine conferences to assess how the Convention on the protection of Children is honored in contracting countries, locate problems and then seek efficient solutions. It has successfully applied to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of Int

14、ernational Child Abduction, the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Childr

15、en. Guide to good practice for convention is a summary based on actual circumstances of contracting states and leads to the extensive inforcement of the convention in the future. Guides to good practice under The 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention and the 1993 Hague Convention on inter-country ad

16、option have proved to play a significant role honoring the conventions.Currently the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction only applies to Hong Kong and Macao. In November 2000, China signed the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in

17、 Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress ratified it in April 2005. It entered into force in January 2006 in Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao. China now still has many problems in honoring the conventions, such as an incomplete inter-country adoption

18、 law system, failure in implementation to the best interests of the child principle, lack of good supporting systems. Therefore, China has much to do to perfect the honoring systems of The Hague Convention on the protection of Children.【關鍵詞】履約機制 司法與行政合作機制 審議機制 實踐報告機制【英文關鍵詞】implementing mechanism judicial and administrative co-operation review mechanism guide to good practice【目錄】海牙國際私法會議保護兒童權利公約履約機制研究 摘要 4-6 Abstract