各國(guó)銅牌及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)照表

1、各國(guó)銅牌號(hào)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)照表中國(guó)德國(guó)歐洲國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美國(guó)日本GBDINENISOUNSJISTU2OF-Cu2.0040Cu-OFECW009ACu-OFC10100C1011-SE-Cu2.0070Cu-HCPCW021A-C10300-SE-Cu2.0070Cu-PHCCW020A-C10300-T2E-Cu582.0065Cu-ETPCW004ACu-ETPC11000C1100TP2SF-Cu2.0090Cu-DHPCW024ACu-DHPC12200C1220-SF-Cu2.0090Cu-DHPCW024ACu-DHPC12200C1220-SF-Cu2.0090Cu-DHPCW024ACu-

2、DLPC12200C1220TP1SW-Cu2.0076Cu-DLPCW023ACu-DLPC12000C1201H96CuZ n52.0220CuZ n5CE500LCuZ n5C21000C2100H90CuZn102.0230CuZn10CW501LCuZn10C22000C2200H85CuZn152.0240CuZn15CW502LCuZn15C23000C2300H80CuZn202.0250CuZn20CW503LCuZn20C24000C2400H70CuZn302.0265CuZn30CW505LCuZn30C26000C2600H68CuZn332.0280CuZn33CW

3、506LCuZn35C26800C2680H65CuZn362.0335CuZn36CW507LCuZn35C27000C2700H63CuZn372.0321CuZn37CW508LCuZn37C27200C2720HPb63-3CuZ n36Pb1.52.0331CuZn35Pb1CW600NCuZn35Pb1C34000C3501HPb63-3CuZ n36Pb1.52.0331CuZn35Pb2CW601NCuZn34Pb2C34200-H62CuZn402.0360CuZn40CW509NCuZn40C28000C3712H60CuZ n38Pb1.52.0371CuZn38Pb2C

4、W608NCuZn37Pb2C35000-HPb63-3CuZn36Pb32.0375CuZn36Pb3CW603NCuZn36Pb3C36000C3601HPb59-1CuZn39Pb22.0380CuZn39Pb2CW612NCuZn38Pb2C37700C3771HPb58-2.5CuZn39Pb32.0401CuZn39Pb3CW614NCuZn39Pb3C38500C3603-CuZn40Pb22.0402CuZn40Pb2CW617NCuZn40Pb2C38000C3771-CuZn28Sn12.0470CuZ n28S n1AsCW706RCuZn28Sn1C68800C4430

5、-CuZ n31Si12.0490CuZ n31Si1CW708RCuZ n31Si1C44300-CuZ n20AI22.0460CuZ n20AI2AsCW702RCuZ n20AI2C68700C6870QSn 4-0.3CuS n42.1016CuS n4CW450KCuS n4C51100C5111-CuS n52.1018CuS n5CW451KCuS n5C51000C5102QSn 6.5-0.1CuS n62.1020CuS n6CW452KCuS n6C51900C5191QSn 8-0.3CuS n82.1030CuS n8CW453KCuS n8C52100C5210B

6、Zn 12-24CuNi12Z n242.0730CuNi12Z n24CW403JCuNi12Z n24C75700-BZn 12-26CuNi18Z n272.0742CuNi18Z n27CW410JCuNi18Z n27C77000C7701BZn 18-18CuNi18Z n202.0740CuNi18Z n20CW409JCuNi18Z n20C76400C7521-CuNi10Fe1M n2.0872CuNi10Fe1M nCW352HCuNi10Fe1M nC70600C7060-CuNi30M n1Fe2.8820CuNi30M n1FeCW354HCuNi30M n1FeC

7、71500C7150銅合金牌號(hào)對(duì)照表鉛黃銅牌號(hào)對(duì)照表中國(guó)牌號(hào)日本牌號(hào)德國(guó)牌號(hào)美國(guó)牌號(hào)英國(guó)牌號(hào)HPb59-1C3710CuZn40Pb2C37000CZ120HPb59-3C3561CuZn40Pb3C37710CZ121Pb3HPb60-2C3771CuZn39Pb2C37700CZ120HPb62-2C3713CuZn38Pb2C35300CZ119HPb62-3C3601CuZn36Pb3C36000CZ124HPb63-3C3560CuZn36Pb3C35600CZ124普通黃銅牌號(hào)對(duì)照表中國(guó)牌號(hào)日本牌號(hào)德國(guó)牌號(hào)美國(guó)牌號(hào)英國(guó)牌號(hào)H59C2800CuZn40C28000CZ109H62C2

8、720CuZn40C27400CZ109H65C2680CuZn35C27000CZ107H68C2600CuZn30C26000CZ106H70C2600CuZn30C26000CZ106H80C2400CuZn20C24000CZ103H85C2300CuZn15C23000CZ102H90C2200CuZn10C22000CZ101H96C2100CuZn5C21000-三、紫銅牌號(hào)對(duì)照表名稱(chēng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)日本牌號(hào)德國(guó)牌號(hào)美國(guó)牌號(hào)英國(guó)零號(hào)無(wú)氧銅TU0C1011-C10100C110一號(hào)無(wú)氧銅TU1C1020OF-CuC10200C103二號(hào)無(wú)氧銅TU2C1020OF-CuC10200C103一

9、號(hào)銅T1C1020OF-CuC10200C103二號(hào)銅T2C1100SE-CuC11000C101三號(hào)銅T3C1221-一號(hào)磷脫氧銅TP1C1201SW-CuC12000-二號(hào)磷脫氧銅TP2C1220SF-CuC12000-常用銅合金牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分-中國(guó)牌號(hào)、鉛黃銅系列牌號(hào)主要成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%CuPbZnFeNiHPb59-157-600.8-1.9余量0.51.01.0HPb59-257.5-59.52.0-2.8余量0.5-1.2HPb59-3:57.5-59.52.0-3.0:余量0.50.51.2 :HPb60-258-611.5-2.5余量0.3-HPb62-260-631.5

10、-2.5余量0.15-HPb62-3P 60-632.5-3.7余量0.35-HPb63-362-652.4-3.0余量0.10.50.75、普通黃銅系列主成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%CuZnPbFeNiH5957-60余量0.50.30.51.0HP6257-60余量0.080.150.50.5H6563.5-68余量0.030.1P 0.50.3H6867-70余量0.030.10.50.3H70:68.5-71.5:余量0.03:0.1r 0.50.31H8079-81余量0.030.10.50.3H8584-86余量0.030.10.50.3H9088-91余量0.03r 0.1r 0.5

11、0.2H9695-97余量0.030.10.50.2三、紫銅系列名稱(chēng)代號(hào)Cu+AgPAgBiSbAsFeNiPbSnSZnO一號(hào)銅T199.950.001 1-0.0010.002:0.0020.0050.0020.0030.0020.005 0 .0050.02二號(hào)銅T299.90-0.0010.0020.0020.005-0.005-0.005-三號(hào)銅T399.70-0.002-0.01-零號(hào) 無(wú)氧銅TU099.990.00030.00250.00010.0004 0.00050.00100.0010 ( 1.00050.00020.00150.00010.0005Se： 0.001;Te

12、：0.001;Cd: 0.0001號(hào)無(wú)氧銅TU199.970.002-0.0010.0020.0020.0040.0020.0030.0020.004 0 .0030.002二號(hào) 無(wú)氧銅TU299.950.002-0.0010.0020.0020.0040.0020.0040.0020.004 0 .003 0.003一號(hào)磷脫氧銅TP199.900.0040.012-二號(hào)磷脫氧銅TP299.90.0150.020-常用銅合金牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分-日本牌號(hào)、鉛黃銅系列牌號(hào)主要成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuPbZnFeSnC360159.0-63.0 1.8-3.7余量0.3Fe+Sn0.51.

13、0HPb62-3C360259.0-63.0 1.8-3.7余量0.5Fe+Sn1.21.2:HPb60-2C360357.0-61.0 1.8-3.7余量0.35Fe+SnW0.61.2HPb60-2C360457.0-61.0 1.8-3.7余量0.5Fe+Sn1.2-HPb59-3C360556.0-60.0 3.5-4.5余量0.5Fe+Sn1.2-HPb59-3C377157.0-61.0 1.0-2.5余量Fe+Sn1.0-:HPb59-1、普通黃銅系列牌號(hào)主成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)Cu1 Zn 1PbFeNiC280059-62余量0.070.1-H59C272062

14、-64余量0.070.07-HP62C270063-67余量0.05r0.05-H65C268064-68余量0.050.05Bi0.002Sb0.005H68C260068.5-71.5余量0.05r0.05-rH70C240078.5-81.5余量0.05上0.05-H80C230084-86余量0.050.05-H85C220089-91余量0.05r0.05-H90C210094-96余量0.050.05-H96三、紫銅系列牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分，%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)Cu+AgPAcBiSbAs Fe NiPbSrSZnOC102C 99.96-T1C110C 99.90-T2C1221 99.75：

15、 0.004-0.04-T3C1011 99.990.0003-0.001 0. )0-0.00180.00010.001TU0Hg:0.0001;Se： 0.001;Te：0.001;Cd: 0.0001C1020 99.96-TU1、TU2C1201 99.90 ().004-0.015 -TP1C122( 99.90 ().015-0.040 -TP2常用銅合金牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分-中國(guó)牌號(hào)、鉛黃銅系列牌號(hào)代號(hào)主要成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuPbZnFeAlNiSnCuZn36Pb3-60-622.5-3.5余量0.30.050.30.20.2HPb62-3CuZn39Pb2CW61

16、2N J 58.5-601.5-2.5余量0.4-0.30.20.2HPb60-2CuZn39Pb3CW614N J 57-592.5-3.5余量0.5r 0.10.50.40.2HPb59-3CuZn40Pb2CW617N J 57-591.5-2.5余量0.40.10.40.30.2HPb59-1、普通黃銅系列牌號(hào)主成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuZnPbFeAlSn| NiCuZn40 2.036059.5-61余量0.30.20.050.20.30.2H59CuZn37 2.032162-64余量0.10.10.030.10.30.1HP62CuZn33 2.028066-68

17、.5余量0.05-0.05-0.11H65CuZn30 2.026569-71余量0.05-0.05-0.1H68 H70CuZn20 2.025078.5-81.5余量0.050.050.020.050.20.1H80CuZn15 2.024084-86余量0.050.050.020.050.20.1H85CuZn10 2.023089-91丁余量0.050.050.02：0.05r0.20.1H90CuZ n5 2.022094-96余量0.050.050.020.050.20.1H96三、紫銅系列牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分，%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌 號(hào)Cu+AgPAgBiSbAsFeNiPbSnSZnOOF-Cu

18、 .004099.95-T1、TU1SE-Cu2.007099.900.003T2SW-Cu2.0076P 99.900.005-0.014TP1SW-Cu2.007699.900.015-0.040TP2常用銅合金牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分-中國(guó)牌號(hào)、鉛黃銅系列牌號(hào)代號(hào)主要成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuPbZnFeAlNiSnCuZn36Pb3-60-622.5-3.5余量0.30.050.30.20.2HPb62-3CuZn39Pb2CW612N J 58.5-601.5-2.5余量0.4-0.30.20.2HPb60-2CuZn39Pb3CW614N J 57-592.5-3.5余量0.5r

19、 0.10.50.40.2HPb59-3CuZn40Pb2CW617N J 57-591.5-2.5余量0.40.10.40.30.2HPb59-1、普通黃銅系列牌號(hào)主成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuZnPbFeAlSn| NiCuZn40 2.036059.5-61余量0.30.20.050.20.30.2H59CuZn37 2.032162-64余量0.10.10.030.10.30.1HP62CuZn33 2.028066-68.5余量0.05-0.05-0.11H65CuZn30 2.026569-71余量0.05-0.05-0.1H68 H70CuZn20 2.025078.

20、5-81.5余量0.050.050.020.050.20.1H80CuZn15 2.024084-86余量0.050.050.020.050.20.1H85CuZn10 2.023089-91丁余量0.050.050.02：0.05r0.20.1H90CuZ n5 2.022094-96余量0.050.050.020.050.20.1H96三、紫銅系列牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分，%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌 號(hào)Cu+AgPAgBiSbAsFeNiPbSnSZnOOF-Cu .004099.95-T1、TU1SE-Cu2.007099.900.003T2SW-Cu2.0076P 99.900.005-0.014TP1SW-C

21、u2.007699.900.015-0.040TP2常用銅合金牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分-中國(guó)牌號(hào)、鉛黃銅系列牌號(hào)主要成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuPbZnFeSnC3530060-631.5-2.5余量0.15-HPb62-2C3600060-632.5-3.7余量0.35-HPb62-3C3770058-61 :1.5-2.5 :余量0.30 :-HPb60-2C3850055-602.0-3.8余量0.35-HPb59-3、普通黃銅系列牌號(hào)主成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuZnPbFeNiC2800059-63余量0.30.07-H59C2740061-64余量0.100.05-HP

22、62C2700063-68.5:余量0.10 :0.07-H65:C2600068.5-71.5余量0.070.05-H68 H70C2400078.5-81.5余量0.050.05-H80C2300084-86:余量0.050.05-H85:C2200089-91余量0.05 0.05-H90C2100094-96余量0.030.05-H96三、紫銅系列牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分，%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)Cu+AJ PAgBiSbAsFeNiPbSnSZnO01020( 99.950.0010T101100( 99.90T2C1010099.990.00030.00250.001 0.00040.0005 0.00

23、10 0.00100.0005 0.00050.00150.00010.0005TU0Tg： 0.0001,Se： 0。0003,Te：0.0002,Mn 0.00005,Cd 0.0001C10200 99.950.001TU1TU2,C12000 99.90 0.004-0.012-TP1C12200 99.90 0.015-0.040-TP2 常用銅合金牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分-中國(guó)牌號(hào)、鉛黃銅系列牌號(hào)主要成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuPbZnFeSnCZ12058-601.5-2.5余量-0.3HPb59-1、HPb60-2CZ121Pb3 56.5-58.52.5-3.5余量0.3-0

24、.7HPb59-3CZ11961-641.0-2.5余量-0.3HPb62-2CZ12460-632.5-3.7余量0.3-0.5（除鐵外）HPb62-3HPb63-3、普通黃銅系列牌號(hào)主成分雜質(zhì)成分%雜質(zhì)總和%對(duì)應(yīng)中國(guó)牌號(hào)CuZnPbFeNiCZ10959-62余量0.1-0.3（除Pb夕卜）H59、HP62CZ10764-67余量0.10.1-0.4H65CZ10668.5-71.5余量0.050.05-0.3H68 H70CZ10379-81余量0.050.1-0.4H80CZ10284-86余量0.050.1-r 0.4H85CZ10189-91余量0.050.1-0.4H90三、紫銅

25、系列牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分，%對(duì)應(yīng)中 國(guó)牌號(hào)Cu+AgP|AgBiSbAs1 FeNiPbSn I SZnOC10399.95 -0.001-0.005-雜質(zhì)總合0.03（除OAg外）T1、TU1C10199.90 -0.001-0.005-雜質(zhì)總合0.03（除OAg外）T2C11099.9910.0010 -雜質(zhì)總合0.0050TU0英國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化學(xué)成分對(duì)照表標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)：BSG017-1981牌號(hào)化學(xué)成分（質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)）（%不大于（注明余量及范圍者除外）CuPbFeZn其它元素雜質(zhì)總和CZ10189.0-91.00.050.1余量一0.4CZ10284.0-86.00.05余量一0.4CZ10379.0-81.0

26、0.050.1余量一0.4CZ10479.0-81.00.05一余量一0.6CZ10570.0-73.00.075一余量As0.02-0.060.3CZ10668.5-71.50.050.05余量一0.3CZ10764.0-67.00.10.1余量0.4CZ10862.0-650.30.2余量一0.5（除Pb外）CZ10959.0-62.00.1一余量Sb0.02（如需要）0.3（除Pb外）CZ11076.0-78.00.040.06余量Al1.80-2.30As0.02-0.050.3CZ11170.0-73.00.0750.06余量As0.02-0.06Sn 1.0-1.50.3CZ112

27、61.0-63.5一一余量Sn 1.0-1.40.75CZ11357.5-60.5一一余量Sn0.6-1.250.75CZ11456.5-58.50.5-1.50.3-1.0余量Sn0.2-0.8、Al1.5、Mn0.5-2.00.5（不包括Al）CZ11556.5-58.50.5-1.50.3-1.0余量Sn0.2-0.8、Al0.1、Mn0.5-2.00.5CZ11664.0-68.0一0.25-1.2余量Al4.0-5.0、Mn0.3-2.00.5CZ11863.0-66.00.75-1.5 J一余量一0.3CZ11961.0-64.01.0-2.5一余量一0.3CZ12058.0-60

28、.01.5-2.5 :一余量一0.3CZ121Pb；56.5-58.52.5-3.50.3余量一0.7CZ121Pb，56.8-58.53.5-4.50.3余量一0.7CZ12256.5-58.51.5-2.50.3余量一0.7CZ12359.0-62.00.3-0.8一余量一0.3CZ12460.0-63.02.5-3.70.3余量一0.5（除Fe外）CZ12595.0-98.00.020.05余量一0.25CZ12669.0-71.00.070.06余量As0.02-0.060.3CZ12858.5-61.01.5-2.50.2余量一0.5CZ12958.5-61.00.8-1.5 10.

29、2余量一0.5CZ13055.5-57.52.5-3.5一余量Al0.50.7 （不包括Al）CZ13161.0-63.01.5-2.50.2余量一0.5CZ13260.0-63.01.7-2.80.235.0-37.0Sn 0.2、As0.08-0.150.5CZ13359.0-620.20.1余量Sn0.5-1.00.4CZ13459.0-62.01.3-2.2 :0.1余量Sn0.5-1.00.2CZ13557.0-60.00.80.5余量Sn0.3、A11.0-2.0Ni0.2、Mn 1.5-3.5Si0.3-1.30.5（不包括SnPb Fe、Ni）CZ13656.0-59.03一余

30、量Mn 0.5-1.50.7（不包括Pb）CZ13758.5-1.00.3-0.80.2余量0.5歐標(biāo)材質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（EN12164）化學(xué)成份成份牌號(hào)Cu銅Al鋁Fe鐵Ni鎳Pb鉛Sn錫Zn鋅其他密度(g/cm3)CuZ n21Si3P (CW724R)760.09其余CuZ n40 (CW509L)60.50.2其余CuZ n42 (CW510L)580.2其余CuZ n38As (CW511L)62.5.5-3.5v0.2其余0.28.5CuZn 38Pb4 (CW609N)57-59v0.05v0.3v0.3 3 .5-3.5v0.3其余0.28.4CuZ n40Pb2 (CW617N)57-

31、59v0.05v0.3v0.3 1 .6-2.5v0.3其余0.28.4CuZn 37Pb2 (CW606N)61-62v0.05v0.2v0.3 1 .6-2.5v0.2其余0.28.4CuZn 38Pb2 (CW608N)60-61v0.05v0.2:v0.3 1.6-2.5v0.2其余0.28.4CuZ n39Pb2 (CW612N)59-60v0.05v0.3v0.3 1 .6-2.5v0.3其余0.28.4CuZn 35Pb1 (CW600N62.5-64v0.05v0.1v0.3 ( ).9-1.6v0.1其余v0.18.5CuZn 35Pb2 (CW601N62-63.5v0.0

32、5v0.1:v0.3 1.6-2.5v0.1其余v0.1 r 8.5CuZ n38Pb1 (CW607N)60-61v0.05v0.2v0.3 ( ).8-1.8v0.2其余v0.28.4CuZ n39Pb0.5(CW610卜 妙60.5v0.05v0.2v0.3 ( ).2-0.8v0.2其余v0.28.4CuZ n39Pb1 (CW611N)59-60v0.05v0.2:v0.3 ().8-1.6v0.2其余v0.2 r 8.4CuZ n36Pb2As(CW602N) 61-63v0.05v0.1v0.3 1 .7-2.8v0.1其余v0.28.4注：CuZn36Pb2As(CW602N)

33、 As 砷含量：0.02-0.05 ; Mn 含量 0.1CtZEFL鴕爍魏， 睡1百概）ISDnUI5h二（U理融TOIL-an5811.2CY51C”01360,5趣：CSSOELCW430“ 09505；Sc血曲:血FWTEB0W3C：銅合金管棒型材常見(jiàn)缺陷分析1、過(guò)熱、過(guò)燒：定義：金屬在加熱或加工過(guò)程， 由于溫度高、 時(shí)間長(zhǎng)島之組織及晶粒出大現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)為過(guò)熱， 嚴(yán)重過(guò)熱時(shí)晶間決不低熔點(diǎn)組元熔化 或晶界弱化現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)為過(guò)燒。產(chǎn)生原因：a、加熱溫度高、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)或局部長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于高溫源處；b、熱擠壓終了溫度過(guò)高或者在高溫區(qū)停留時(shí)間長(zhǎng)；c、 合金中存在低熔點(diǎn)組元或低熔點(diǎn)雜質(zhì)較多。2、裂紋或開(kāi)裂：定義：管棒

34、型材表面出現(xiàn)連續(xù)或間斷不規(guī)則裂紋，輕微的稱(chēng)為裂紋，嚴(yán)重的稱(chēng)為開(kāi)裂。產(chǎn)生原因：a、鑄造錠中存在裂紋、夾雜、縮孔、疏松、冷隔或其他有害雜質(zhì)或結(jié)晶組織、化學(xué)成分嚴(yán)重不均勻；b、鑄錠中存在較大應(yīng)力或加工工藝不當(dāng)產(chǎn)生較大應(yīng)力；c、 擠壓速度過(guò)快，加工率過(guò)大；d、熱處理工藝不當(dāng)，加工或熱處理處于材料的脆性溫度區(qū)。3、縮尾：定義：縮尾是擠制品尾部的一種特殊缺陷。在擠壓末期，由于金屬紊流，鑄錠表面的氧化皮，潤(rùn)滑劑等污物往往流入其中，而 導(dǎo)致金屬之間的分層。產(chǎn)生原因：a、擠壓尾部金屬流動(dòng)紊亂；b、鑄錠表面、次表面有缺陷，擠壓筒有潤(rùn)滑劑等污染物。4、鼓泡定義：經(jīng)擠制、拉制、退貨后的產(chǎn)品表面沿著加工方向拉長(zhǎng)的條狀鼓

35、起，解剖開(kāi)后為一空腔，這種鼓起稱(chēng)為鼓泡。鼓泡多呈長(zhǎng) 條形，表面光滑，剖開(kāi)內(nèi)部有金屬光澤，個(gè)別伴生氧化物或其他夾雜。產(chǎn)生原因：a、鑄錠中有氣孔、縮孔、夾雜等缺陷，經(jīng)擠壓、拉伸、冷軋后沿加工方向形成分層；b、擠壓筒潤(rùn)滑劑過(guò)量；c、 擠制品縮尾未切除干凈，經(jīng)進(jìn)一步拉伸后形成分層。5、脫鋅定義：含鋅銅合金管棒型線材退火或酸洗后，表面出現(xiàn)灰白或泛紅色斑現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)為脫鋅。輕微出現(xiàn)上述色斑，嚴(yán)重脫鋅發(fā)生顯微 組織變化。產(chǎn)生原因：a、退火溫度過(guò)高，火焰直接噴到制品表面，使標(biāo)賣(mài)弄鋅熔化、揮發(fā)或氧化；b、擠壓溫度太高；c、 酸洗時(shí)，酸液濃度過(guò)高，酸洗時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)引起表面脫鋅；d、在環(huán)境介質(zhì)作用下，發(fā)生化學(xué)或電化學(xué)反應(yīng)形成脫鋅。6、麻面（俗稱(chēng)麻點(diǎn)、沙眼）定義：管棒型線材表面出現(xiàn)微小的點(diǎn)狀凹陷不平的粗糙面稱(chēng)為麻面。麻面呈局部、周期性或成片分布，個(gè)別的稱(chēng)為麻點(diǎn)，嚴(yán)重 的稱(chēng)為麻坑。產(chǎn)生原因：a、退火溫度高、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致粒粗大，含鋅銅合金退火時(shí)嚴(yán)重脫鋅；b、過(guò)酸洗；c、 加工率過(guò)小、表面不光滑；d、加工設(shè)備或工具表面不光滑，粘異物，接觸材料后形成。7、表面環(huán)狀痕定義： 管棒型線材表面或內(nèi)壁出現(xiàn)周期性環(huán)狀凸起成為表面環(huán)狀痕，俗稱(chēng)竹節(jié)。 表面環(huán)狀痕產(chǎn)生于拉伸、扒皮和