ACCAF4知識點總結(jié)

1、1assert rights against other individualsCriminal law: an aspect of public law to regulate crimesand to punish offendersIssueCivilCriminalWhoClaimant/plaintiffProsecutor/cps/statebrings the原告actionBurden ofClaimant/plaintiffProsecutor/cps/stateproof原告StandardBalanceofBeyondreasonableof proofprobabili

2、tiesdoubtDecisionsLiable/not (judge)Guilty or notAimsCompensatoryPunitive/to punishRemediesdamagesImprisonment/fines糾正1. Case law: made by judge/ statute law成文法:primary legislation(made by theParliament)/secondary只受理民事案件County court只受理刑事案件Crown court民刑通吃Magistratecourt , high court, court ofappeal,

3、supreme court只受理一審County court, magistrates court只受理上訴Court of appeal , supreme court一審上訴通吃High court , crown courtChapter2Chapter21.Doctrine of Precedence(遵循先例制度的一般規(guī)則):somedecisions made by a court are binding and similarChapterl1.民法(civil law)和刑法(criminal law)的劃分Civil law: an form of private law,u

4、sed by individuals tolegislation( in exercise of law-making powers delegated by Parliament).注：Necessity for delegatedlegislation/secondary legislation :more convenient ;can hand over thetask of specifying the law in detail to experts2.在case law中:common law普通法created by judges through theapplication

5、of the principle of judicial precedent. common law drew oncustoms/equity law衡平法:to resolve disputes where damages are nota suitable remedy and to introduce fairness into the legal system.2.不同法院管轄事件的類型2the law established in earlier cases.2.可以創(chuàng)立判例法規(guī)則：Supreme Court/Court of Appeal/High Court;不可 以創(chuàng)立：Cr

6、own, Magistrates, County Courts cannot create precedent.3.Elements of judicial decision（影響法庭判決的因素）:ration decidendi判決理由the reason for the decision/Obiter dicta附帶說明statement made bythe way, not binding, but merely of persuasive authority4.法官又可以因為那些理由拒絕先例（disregarding judicialprecedent）: Overrule取代the

7、 procedure whereby a court higher in thelegal hierarchy sets aside a legal ruling established in a previouscase/Reverse推翻a procedure whereby a court higher in the hierarchyreverses the decision of a lower court in the same case/Distinguishing法官的 自 由裁決a precedent is avoided by a judge demonstrating t

8、hat thematerial facts of two cases are notthe same5.Rules of Statutory Interpretation（法的解釋）:the literal approach :theliteral rulemeans that words in the Act should be given their literal andgrammatical meaning rule :this rule is applied in circumstances where theapplication of the literal rule is li

9、kely to result in an obviously absurdresult.the purposive approach :the judge should ,where necessary ,lookbeyond the words of statute to find out the reason/purpose for itsenactment, and that meaning should be interpreted in the light of thepurposeMischief rule :purposive approach的具體表現(xiàn)形 式/where ast

10、atute is designed to remedy a weakness in the law, the correctinterpretation is the one which achieves it.6.語言處理規(guī)則（法律沒有追溯力a statute does not haveretrospective effect）Chapter3合同法（IMP）1.合同的概念a legally binding agreement enforceable in law2.從要約到承諾是否達(dá)成agreement invitations to treat要約邀請-offer要約-acceptance

11、承諾-agreement3.Termination of an offer:express rejection/counter off反要約/lapse of time/revocation of an off/death/if the off is suject to acondition,it will lapse on failure of that condition4.Privity of Contract合同相對性原則：the common law doctrine that onlythose are party to the contract-have rights or li

12、abilities under thecontract/ have the right to enforce thesubsequent legal cases should be decided on the basis ofrather than what the judge thinks they mean./the golden3contract,contracts cannot give rights or obligations to others反核心條款/breach of an innominate term違反無名條Anticipatory breach預(yù)期違約：未到合同履

13、行時間，當(dāng)事人提前說明無法履行；收到預(yù)期違約通知可立即追究違約責(zé)任，也可等到履行合同時間追究責(zé)任Express and Implied terms:某個條款是否經(jīng)過雙方當(dāng)事人協(xié)商同意(agreed by the parties)Condition , warranties and innominate terms核心，從屬和無名條款：根據(jù)條款重要性2.免責(zé)條款（三觀概念）Lawful excuses for non-performance開脫責(zé)任：performance isimpossible因不可預(yù)見的事情發(fā)生不可履行/嘗試履行被拒絕/the other party make it imp

14、ossible for him to performance/contract isdischarged through frustration情勢變 更/the party have been agreementpermitted non-performanceChapter41.分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Any clause that attempts to exempt , or limit, the liability ofone party for breach of contract or negligence2. Remedies : when a breach occurs, the court

15、 has to decide3 test: correctly incorporated into the contract形式正確/worded clearly to exclude the breach措辭清晰/reasonablewhat the appropriate remedy should be.per statute內(nèi)容合理Chapter51. type of breachRepudiatory breach根本性違約：refusal to perform拒絕履行/failure to perform an entire obligation不履行某項/incapacitati

16、on無力履行/breach of condition違Common lawDamage賠償金,action for theprice, quantum meruitEquitable law衡平法Specific performance實際 履行，injunction禁令，rescission of thecontract撤 銷合同3. Liquidated damage違約金：a genuine pre-estimate of the地強(qiáng)加注意義務(wù)4loss在訂立合同前已經(jīng)商定了， 有利于解糾紛， 如果違約金 過高 （遠(yuǎn)大于loss）判為懲罰性，則不可執(zhí)行4.specific perform

17、ance：the court directs a party tocomplete their contractual obligations以下幾種情況法官不會讓合同繼續(xù)履行：courts cannot supervise法 官無 力 監(jiān) 督 履 行/personal service/minors involvedChapter6 Tort侵權(quán)法A wrongful act against an individual which gives rise to a civilclaim.1.過失侵權(quán)的4個證明環(huán)節(jié)（概念 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 內(nèi)容）Negligence:It arises when one pe

18、rson suffers damage or injurythough the negligent act（or omission to act）of another person.Duty of care注意義務(wù)（三步走原則）1.Reasonable foreseeability合理預(yù)見原則2.Proximity關(guān)聯(lián)性原則2A breach of that duty違反注意義務(wù)1.general rule:The test for establishing breach of duty is an objective one:abreach of duty occurs if the def

19、endant:”.fails todo something which a reasonable man.would do.”2.Special factors to considera.The probability of injuryb.The seriousness of the risk造成傷害的嚴(yán)重性c.Cost and practicability成本可行性d.Common practice證明是行業(yè)誤差范圍內(nèi)e.Skilled persons/professionalsf.Social benefit3The breach of duty caused harm to the c

20、laimant違反義務(wù)是導(dǎo)致?lián)p失的原因1.The but for test2.No break in the chain of causation切斷因果關(guān)系鏈的要素a.A natural event3.Justness and fairness of imposing a duty of care公平合理b.Act of a third party原侵權(quán)人不承擔(dān)責(zé)任5c.Act of the claimantd. The ability to delegate all the work/to provide substitute是否代理The loss ware not too remote

21、主張的賠償合理2.義務(wù)Reasonable foresight只賠償違法者可以合理預(yù)見的部分Common Law Duties2.抗辯事由Contributory negligence共同過失（一般只是減少賠償額，-Employerscommon law duties個別情況全部免除）1)Duty of mutual trust and confidenceVolenti non fit injuria同意不生違法（徹底免除）2)To provide work for workers3)To pay wages/remunerationChapter7勞動法1.身份判別Control test

22、 :The amount of control that one person had over the otherIntegration test不會外包給他人的，不可或缺的Multiple test/Economic reality testa. The regularity and method of payment報酬支付頻率， 支付方式b. The ownership of tools and equipment是否提供工具4)To indemnify employee against expenses and losses5)To provide for the care and

23、safety of the employee6)No duty to provide reference when employees leave-Employeescommon law duties1) To obey reasonable and lawful orders2) To act faithfully/duty of faithful service/duty to accountfor all money and property3) To exercise reasonable skill and care in any activity intheir role as a

24、n employee/reasonable competence to do his jobc. The regularity of hours of work工作時間4） Personal service親自完成交付的責(zé)任67Statutory Duties1)Pay and equality不能低于國家平均2) Time off work3)Trade union officials工會組織罷工可以參加， 還要給工資4)Every woman has a right to maternity leave and someare entitled to maternity pay5)Heal

25、th and safety6)Working time:17week,not exceed 48 hours for each 7 days除非員工書面同意多工作7)Flexible workingChapter81.解雇通知時間的計算1m-2Y: not less than 1 week2y-12y:1 week for each year12y: not less than 12 week勞動者離職要提前一周通知， 合同期滿不續(xù)則每工作一年折2.自動正當(dāng)參加非法集合罷工unofficial industrial action/對國家安全有 威脅自動不正當(dāng)懷孕pregnancy/員工參加工會

26、活動/收購并購時的解雇dismissal ontransfer of an undertaking/工作存在安全問題/最低工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/作息時間/員工在周天拒絕工作3.用人單位解雇不當(dāng)Chapter9代理法1.代理關(guān)系建立方式Express agreement between the agent and principal達(dá)成委托代理協(xié)議合同，口頭書面皆可Implied agreement默認(rèn) 沒有代理協(xié)議但默認(rèn)存在關(guān)系Ratification追任 代理人先履行合同，事后委托人建立合同 關(guān)系Without consent of principal沒有征得委托人同意就建立關(guān)系necessity/Es

27、toppel合一個月工資82.代理權(quán)限（3）new partner is admitted into the partnership/death orExpress authority明示代理權(quán)限bankruptcy of partner/happening of any event whichmakes company cancarry on/on application by a partnerImplied authority默認(rèn)代理權(quán)限the Court may decree a dissolution of the partnershipApparent/ostensible aut

28、hority看起來有代理權(quán)限，實際上并沒有4. Sole trade宏觀特征:is not a separate legal entity, theperson and business are viewed as the same legal entityChapter10合伙企業(yè)法5. Authority合伙人的代理權(quán)限：express authority明示代理權(quán)1.合伙企業(yè)(概念):the relationships that subsists betweenpersons carrying on a business in common with a view toprofit. s

29、tandard partnership is not s separate legal entityand its partners have full personal liability for the debts ofpartnership.2. Termination/dissolution合伙企業(yè)解散的債務(wù)處理:payingoff external debts/repaying to the partners any loans oradvances/repayingthepartnercapitalcontribution/anything left over is then re

30、paid to the partnersin the profit sharing ratio .3. Termination/dissolution合伙企業(yè)解散的條件：expiry of afixed period stipulated in the partnershipagreement/completion of the express purpose for which限from partnership agreement/implied authority默示代理 權(quán)限/apparent authority表面代理權(quán)限已經(jīng)退伙但其他人不知道6.A partnerliability

31、usually extends to the period for whichwere actually a partner of a firm.合伙人只對擔(dān)任合伙人期間合伙企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的債務(wù)有清償責(zé)任7.Limited Partnership(LP)特征:the partnershipmust beregister with the Company Registry/one or more of the partners mustbear full,unlimitedliability/partnerswithlimited liability may not take part in mana

32、gementandcannot usually bind the business in contract/limited partner cannotwithdraw their capital8.Limited Liability Partnership(LLP)特征:must be registeredthe partnership was formed/partner gives notice to leave/awith the the Registrar of Companies, with formation9documents signed by at least two me

33、mbers/has a legal司管理人員10personality separate/ the name of partnership must end withLLP/partners are known as members, of which there must be at leasttwo/LLPs must file annual returns and accounts/all members are agentsof LLP/all members liability is limited/a designated member isresponsible for admi

34、nistration and filing/LLP is not subject tocorporation taxChapter121.設(shè)立pre-incorporation contacts誰來履行？Promoters發(fā) 起人2.交什么文件Memorandum of association公司章程（89年）Application for registration注冊申請書A statement of capital and initial shareholdings關(guān)于公司資本壞人原始持有股份的狀況說明4Statement of compliance遵從聲明5A statement of

35、companys proposed officers擬任命誰為公6A copy of any proposed articles of association自擬公司章程（06年）不是必須提交，沒交使用默認(rèn)模版3. 2個證書的功能Certificate of incorporation注冊許可證Private company只需要注冊許可證，是形式審查Trading certificate營業(yè)許可證Public company需要兩個證， 申領(lǐng)到注冊許可證后一年內(nèi)要申領(lǐng)到營業(yè)許可證，否則強(qiáng)制清算，是實質(zhì)審查a.Allotted share capital is at least妬0,000（允

36、許股東分批繳納）b.At least one quarter of the nominal value of the allottedshare capital has been paid up（minimum12,500）首次不低于票面的1/4，為確保一開始不會有資金困難c.Details of promotersexpenses設(shè)立費用具體怎么產(chǎn)生d.A statement of compliance in respect of payment ofnominal values and share premium4.章程修改的程序和內(nèi)容a.Directorspowers and respo

37、nsibilityb.Decisions making by directors-ContentsChapter1311c.Appointment of directorsd.Organization and conduct of general meetingse.Issue and transference of sharesf.Payment of dividendsg.Exercise of members rights-Alteringa.Passing a special resolution通過股東會的特別決定，3/4以上同意批準(zhǔn)b.Providing the alteratio

38、n has been madebona fide in theinterest of the company as a whole”內(nèi)容符合全體股東的意愿5.各個公司名稱縮寫代表含義-Ltd:Limited-plc:public limited company1. capital的分類Issued已發(fā)行股本Shares already issued, including share taken onformationbysubscribers to the memorandumCalled up已催繳股本Amount which the company has requiredsharehol

39、ders to payPaid up以催付股本Amount which shareholders have actually paidEquity shareEquity share capital is a companys issued sharecapital less capital which carries preferentialrights. It normally comprises ordinary shares.2.普通股優(yōu)先股的概念和差異featureordinaryPreferencedividendsvariableFixed,usually,cumulative12Voting rightsYesrestrictedGeneral meetingsMay attend and voteRestrictedliquidationRanklast/entitledtorepaymentofcap