專業(yè)外語教學資料 專業(yè)英語－13 introduction to control engineering

1、編輯pptEnglish in Electric AutomationSunny Shen編輯ppt13Introduction toControl Engineering 編輯pptdial n.刻度盤刻度盤,調(diào)節(jié)控制盤調(diào)節(jié)控制盤calibration n.標定標定, 標準化標準化lubrication n.潤滑潤滑,注油注油wear n.磨損磨損, 耗損耗損subtle a. 微妙的微妙的, 巧妙的巧妙的hand-wheel 手輪手輪, 駕駛盤駕駛盤, 操縱盤操縱盤hydraulic a. 液壓的液壓的; n. 液壓傳動裝置液壓傳動裝置pneumatic a.氣動的氣動的, 氣體力學的氣體

2、力學的electro-pneumatic a電動氣動的電動氣動的coincidence n.一致一致,相等相等faithful a.正確的正確的, 可靠的可靠的fidelity n.重現(xiàn)精度重現(xiàn)精度, 真實真實, 正確正確oscillatory a.振動的振動的, 擺動的擺動的align v.調(diào)準調(diào)準, 調(diào)整調(diào)整Vocabularycentrifugal a. 離心的離心的; n. 離心力離心力,離心離心whilst = while counteract v.抵抗抵抗,抵消抵消,消除消除joint n.關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié),鉸鏈鉸鏈pivot n.軸軸,支點支點throttle n.節(jié)流節(jié)流(氣氣)閥閥,

3、風門風門synthesis n.綜合綜合(物物)mass n. 物質(zhì)物質(zhì),塊塊,堆堆classic a.古典的古典的,經(jīng)典的經(jīng)典的,傳統(tǒng)的傳統(tǒng)的steer v. 駕駛駕駛,操縱操縱,引導引導servomechanism n.伺服機構(gòu)伺服機構(gòu),伺服系伺服系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)actuate v.激勵激勵,驅(qū)動驅(qū)動intimately intimeitli ad .緊密地緊密地, 直直接的接的編輯pptgrossly ad .大概大概, 大體上大體上ideological a. 思想的思想的morally ad .道德上道德上, 道義上道義上boredom n.討厭討厭, 無趣無趣deterioration n.

4、變化變化, 降低品質(zhì)降低品質(zhì)remarks rima:ks n.附注附注, 要點要點differential pressure transducer 差壓變送器差壓變送器 profile milling machines 仿形銑削仿形銑削I.R.E.=Institute of Radio Engineers 無線電工程師學會無線電工程師學會(美美已改名為已改名為IEEE) profile n.輪廓輪廓, 仿行仿行milling machines 銑床銑床gyroscope n. 陀螺儀陀螺儀launcher n.發(fā)生器發(fā)生器, 啟動裝置啟動裝置inertial a.慣性的慣性的, 慣量的慣量的

5、plate v.(電電)鍍鍍blend v.混合混合, 調(diào)和調(diào)和, 配料配料analytical a. 分析的分析的, 分解的分解的orifice n.測流孔測流孔, 隔板隔板diaphragm n.膜膜, 隔板隔板knob n.鈕鈕, 圓形把手圓形把手ambiguity n.模糊模糊, 多義多義 編輯pptIn recent times there has been a considerable advance made in the art of automatic control.近期，在自動控制策略方面已經(jīng)取得了很大的進步。近期，在自動控制策略方面已經(jīng)取得了很大的進步。An undes

6、irable feature which accompanies a system which has been designed to be very sensitive to speed changes is the tendency to hunt or oscillate about the final speed. The real problem in the synthesis of all systems of this type is to prevent excessive oscillation but at the same time produce good regu

7、lation. 對于被設(shè)計成對速度變化非常敏感的系統(tǒng)來說，一個不對于被設(shè)計成對速度變化非常敏感的系統(tǒng)來說，一個不希望有的特性是在最終速度附近的希望有的特性是在最終速度附近的“擺動擺動”或振蕩。所有這或振蕩。所有這類系統(tǒng)綜合的真正問題是要在獲得良好的調(diào)整率的同時，防類系統(tǒng)綜合的真正問題是要在獲得良好的調(diào)整率的同時，防止有過大的振蕩。止有過大的振蕩。難句參考翻譯難句參考翻譯編輯pptRegulation is defined as the percentage change in controlled quantity on load relative to the value of the co

8、ntrolled quantity under condition of zero load.調(diào)整率調(diào)整率定義為負載條件下被控量定義為負載條件下被控量相對相對空載條件下被控量數(shù)空載條件下被控量數(shù)值的百分比變化。值的百分比變化。Classic work was performed by N. Minorsky in the USA in the early 1920s on the automatic steering of ships and the automatic positioning of board ships. 早在本世紀早在本世紀20年代，美國的年代，美國的N.米諾斯基在船舶的

9、自動駕駛米諾斯基在船舶的自動駕駛和艦載炮的自動定位方面完成了經(jīng)典工作和艦載炮的自動定位方面完成了經(jīng)典工作.He defined a servomechanism as a power amplifying device in which the amplifier element driving the output is actuated by the difference between the input to the servo and its output .他將伺服系統(tǒng)定義為他將伺服系統(tǒng)定義為“由伺服系統(tǒng)的輸入與輸出的差值激由伺服系統(tǒng)的輸入與輸出的差值激勵的功率放大裝置，用于驅(qū)動輸

10、出勵的功率放大裝置，用于驅(qū)動輸出”。編輯pptEven nowadays complete academic design of process control systems is virtually impossible owing to our poor understanding of the dynamics of processes. 由于我們對過程動力學缺乏了解，所以直到今天，也實質(zhì)由于我們對過程動力學缺乏了解，所以直到今天，也實質(zhì)上無法得到關(guān)于過程控制的完整的理論設(shè)計。上無法得到關(guān)于過程控制的完整的理論設(shè)計。In a simple closed-loop system, the

11、 controller is no longer actuated by the input but the error.在簡單的閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)里，控制器在簡單的閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)里，控制器不再不再受輸入受輸入而是而是受受“偏差偏差”激勵。激勵。 The speed of response to changes in load is also very much faster than that of the open-loop system.對于負載變化的響應速度也比開環(huán)系統(tǒng)的響應速度快得多。對于負載變化的響應速度也比開環(huán)系統(tǒng)的響應速度快得多。A detailed description of some o

12、f the devices used in control systems will be given.后面將給出用于控制系統(tǒng)的一些部件的詳細說明。后面將給出用于控制系統(tǒng)的一些部件的詳細說明。編輯pptThe regulator, whose object is to maintain the value of some physical quantity at a fixed level in spite of disturbances, is an important example of a closed-loop system.調(diào)節(jié)器是閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個重要例子調(diào)節(jié)器是閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個重要例

13、子，其目標是即使有擾動，其目標是即使有擾動也要將某些物理量維持為恒值。也要將某些物理量維持為恒值。Equally important and certainly more challenging as an exercise in engineering design is the servomechanism whose object is to follow input commands. An example of such a device is the position-control servomechanism which must reproduce at some remot

14、e point the motion applied to a handwheel located at a local command station. 在工程設(shè)計應用中，同樣重要和當然是在工程設(shè)計應用中，同樣重要和當然是更具更具挑戰(zhàn)性的任務挑戰(zhàn)性的任務是位置控制伺服系統(tǒng)，其目的是跟隨輸入。這種裝置的一個例是位置控制伺服系統(tǒng)，其目的是跟隨輸入。這種裝置的一個例子是這樣一種位置伺服控制系統(tǒng)：在遠處子是這樣一種位置伺服控制系統(tǒng)：在遠處復制復制施加于本地控制施加于本地控制中心的中心的手輪手輪之上的之上的運動運動。The low-power error signal is used to drive

15、 an amplifier which also receives power from an external source and delivers controlled power to the motor.小功率的誤差信號用于驅(qū)動放大器，放大器還從外部電源小功率的誤差信號用于驅(qū)動放大器，放大器還從外部電源獲取功率并將被控功率傳輸?shù)诫妱訖C。獲取功率并將被控功率傳輸?shù)诫妱訖C。編輯pptIt is emphasized that the object of system is to make the rotatable mass copy as nearly as possible the

16、motion of the hand-wheel. 需要強調(diào)的是：系統(tǒng)的目標是，使旋轉(zhuǎn)物體盡可能近似需要強調(diào)的是：系統(tǒng)的目標是，使旋轉(zhuǎn)物體盡可能近似地復制手輪的運動。地復制手輪的運動。Only when exact coincidence occurs does the amplifier receive zero signal and thus the motor is forced to move either one way or the other until all motion dies away.只有當（給定輸入和反饋）完全一致時，放大器接收零只有當（給定輸入和反饋）完全一致時，

17、放大器接收零值信號，值信號，因此因此電動機向某個方向或反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)直至運動電動機向某個方向或反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)直至運動逐漸逐漸消失消失。A system in which oscillations build up is said to be unstable and much of the design work in control engineering is associated with producing a stable system.工作于振蕩狀態(tài)的系統(tǒng)稱為不穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)，控制工程的許工作于振蕩狀態(tài)的系統(tǒng)稱為不穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)，控制工程的許多設(shè)計工作都與建立一個穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)相關(guān)。多設(shè)計工作都與建立一個穩(wěn)

18、定系統(tǒng)相關(guān)。 編輯pptThe computer usually acts partly as a memory which is able to reproduce a variety of complicated commands in a certain sequence and partly as arithmetic device to perform subtraction and produce highly accurate error signals on reception of digitized measurements of the output positions

19、of the various servomechanisms under its control.計算機通常計算機通常部分部分起存儲器的作用，用于在某一序列中再起存儲器的作用，用于在某一序列中再生各種復雜指令，生各種復雜指令，部分部分起到算法裝置的作用，進行相減運算、起到算法裝置的作用，進行相減運算、并在其控制下，并在其控制下，在數(shù)字式測量設(shè)備的接收端產(chǎn)生高精度誤差在數(shù)字式測量設(shè)備的接收端產(chǎn)生高精度誤差信號，這些數(shù)字式測量設(shè)備位于各種伺服裝置的輸出位置信號，這些數(shù)字式測量設(shè)備位于各種伺服裝置的輸出位置。注：注：最后一句直譯是最后一句直譯是“在各種伺服裝置的輸出位置的數(shù)在各種伺服裝置的輸出位置的

20、數(shù)字式測量設(shè)備的接收端產(chǎn)生高精度誤差信號字式測量設(shè)備的接收端產(chǎn)生高精度誤差信號”，定語過長，定語過長，閱讀時過于拗口，難于理解，閱讀時過于拗口，難于理解，翻譯時斷成兩部分翻譯時斷成兩部分。編輯pptThe slight difference between input and output position would be of such magnitude as to produce an output torque from the motor sufficient to drive the mass at the required velocity against frictional

21、 torques.輸入與輸出位置的輕微差別能夠達到如此的幅度，足以輸入與輸出位置的輕微差別能夠達到如此的幅度，足以產(chǎn)生足夠的電動機輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩，能夠克服摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩后以所需速產(chǎn)生足夠的電動機輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩，能夠克服摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩后以所需速度拖動度拖動控制對象控制對象。Another object of the position control system is that it must be capable of holding the output position equal of the command in the presence of severe load disturbances.位置控制系統(tǒng)的

22、另一個目標是它在惡劣的負載擾動下保位置控制系統(tǒng)的另一個目標是它在惡劣的負載擾動下保證輸出位置和命令相同。證輸出位置和命令相同。編輯pptA feedback control system is a control system comprising one or more feedback control loops ,which combines functions of the controlled signals with functions of the commands to tend to maintain prescribed relationships between the commands and the controlled signals A servomechanism is a feedback control system in which one or more of the system signals represent mechanic