獨 立 主 格講義與練習(xí)

1、獨 立 主 格（一）： 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成： 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；名詞(代詞)+形容詞；名詞(代詞)+副詞；名詞(代詞)+不定式；名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構(gòu)成。（二） 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點：1）獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3）獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。舉例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。The presid

2、ent assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to g

3、o home earlier.會議結(jié)束后，每個人都想早點回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館2 With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨立主格 表伴隨時，既可用分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語 舉例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there,

4、with his hand raise. 典型例題 The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時，其主語常常用with來引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關(guān)系，因此用過去分詞，選D.注意: 1) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題： 當介詞是in 時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用

5、復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例題：Weather_, we'll go out for a walk.A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案 B

6、. 本題中沒有連詞，它不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號，且we 小寫，可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨立結(jié)構(gòu)， 其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許'，表主動，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。 如果不會判斷獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉，再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。Part II1.分詞短語作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是句子的主語。 Eg.) Exa

7、mining the patient, the doctor wrote down something on paper. Hit by the arrow, he fell from the horse. 應(yīng)避免寫分詞邏輯主語和句子主語不一致的句子。如: Walking along the road, an accident happened. (×) Listening to the radio, there was a knock at the door. (×) Walking along the road, I saw an accident. () Listen

8、ing to the radio, I heard a knock at the door. () 2.但獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不是同一個人或事。 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)名詞普通格或代詞主格+其它成分（形，副，介短，分詞和不定式）（它們之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系） 獨立主格在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、原因、條件和方式、伴隨。主要用于書面語,表示描述. eg.) 1.今天是星期天，你不必去上學(xué)。 A) 用原因從句表達： Because it is Sunday, you needn't go to school. B) 用分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)表達： It being Sunday, you

9、needn't go to school. 但不能寫成：Being Sunday, you needn't go to school. (因分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，所以句子錯誤。) 2.官員們都到齊了，宣布開會。 A) 用分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)表達： All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. B) 用時間狀語從句表達： After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 3. 天氣允許的話，我們?nèi)ヮU

10、和園。 A) 用分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)表達： Weather permitting ,we'll go to the Summer Palace. B) 用條件狀語從句表達： If weather permits , we'll go to the Summer Palace. 4.所有的工作都完成了，你們可以休息了。 All the work done, you can have a rest. =All the work is done and you can have a rest. 5.他看著這情景，張大著嘴。 He watched the scene, his mouth (

11、being ) wide open. 6. 會議結(jié)束后,他們都回家了。 The meeting (being) over, they all went home. (邏輯謂語是adj./adv 時,前面省略being) 有時,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以由with引出: eg.) The child trembled, with hands red with cold. The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green. 樹葉都綠了，使得公園很漂亮。 The road is beautiful, with trees an

12、d flowers growing well here and there. 有時, 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的冠詞或物主代詞可省去,稱為泛指結(jié)構(gòu),反之,稱為特指結(jié)構(gòu). Eg.)He came out, umbrella in hand. =He came out, with an umbrella in his hand. The guards stood at attention, guns on shoulders. = The guards stood at attention, with guns on their shoulders. 3.分詞固定短語：（有時表示說話人態(tài)度的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)已成為固定短

13、語，不遵循其邏輯主語和句子主語一致的原則）。 eg.)1.Judging from her accent, she must be an American. 2.Genarally speaking, the living costs are relatively higher in cities. 3.Talking of the world resources , they are very limited. 4.No wonder he was taken ill, considering that he had been overworking for years. 5.Taking

14、as a whole, the experiment was a success. 獨立主格練習(xí)及答案鞏固練習(xí)： 1The thief stood before the policeman，_ admitting what he had done Awith his drooping head Bdrooping his head Craising his head Dwith his head down 2_ ，he can't go out for a walk as usual AWith so much work to do BWith so much work doing C

15、With so much work done DWithout so much work to do 3It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _ and his eyes _ Aclosed；open Bclosed；opened Cclosing；open Dclosing；opening 4All things _ ，the plan trip will have to be called off Abe considered Bconsidered Cconsidering Dhaving considerin

16、g 5_ ，we have to get down to business right away AAs there was no time left BThere is no time left CThere being no time left DThere to be no time left 6_ yesterday，we went out for a walk AAs a fine day BIt was a fine day CIt being a fine day DFor it was a fine day 7The old man stood there，_ Awith ba

17、ck against the wall Bwith his back against the wall Cwith back against wall Dhis back against wall 答案：15 DAABC 67 CB1. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being2. _, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time p

18、ermitting D. Time's permitting3. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. _, the bus

19、started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down7. _, the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming o

20、n B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on8. _, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lostC. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost9. I used to sleep with the window _. A. opened B. open C. opening D to open10. _, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun