冶金教程3表面處理ppt課件

1、Course of Metallurgy 冶金教程冶金教程 Part 2 Heat Treatments and Surface Treatments 第二部分第二部分 熱處理與表面處理熱處理與表面處理A. MantiniQuality 2 WheelsINDEX 索引索引 1 Heat treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理 - Annealing 退火退火 - Normalizing 正火正火 - Quenching 淬火淬火 - Tempering 回火回火 - Stress Relieving 應(yīng)力消除應(yīng)力消除 2 Surface Thermo Chemical

2、 Treatments of steels 鋼的表面熱鋼的表面熱-化學(xué)處理化學(xué)處理 - Case Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化 - Nitriding 滲氮滲氮 3 - Protection Surface Treatments of steels 鋼的表面保護(hù)處理鋼的表面保護(hù)處理 - Phosphating 磷化磷化 - Zinc Plating (Galvanizing) and Dacromet 鍍鋅與鍍鋅與 Dacromet - Chrome Plating 鍍鉻鍍鉻Heat Treatment of Steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理1 - ANNEALING 退火退火 Fe

3、rrite and Pearlite (globular) 鐵素體與珠光體鐵素體與珠光體(球狀球狀)2 - NORMALIZING 正火正火 Ferrite and Pearlite (lamellar) 鐵素體與珠光體鐵素體與珠光體(薄片狀薄片狀) 3 QUENCHING (Hardening) 淬火淬火(淬水淬水) Martensite, Bainite 馬氏體，貝氏體馬氏體，貝氏體4 - TEMPERING 回火回火 Tempering Martensite (Sorbite) 馬氏體回火馬氏體回火(富氮碳鈦礦富氮碳鈦礦)5 STRESS RELIEVING 消除應(yīng)力消除應(yīng)力 Marte

4、nsite 馬氏體馬氏體6 SURFACE HARDENING (Quenching + Tempering + Surface Quenching + Stress Relieving) 表面硬化表面硬化(淬火淬火+回火回火+表面淬火表面淬火+消除應(yīng)力消除應(yīng)力)7 DIFFUSION THERMO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS (Case Hardening, Nitriding) 滲透熱滲透熱-化學(xué)處理化學(xué)處理(表面硬化與滲氮表面硬化與滲氮)Heat Treatment of Steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理TimeTemperature C 溫度溫度AC3AC1g ga +

5、ga + ga aNormalizing正火正火Quenching淬火淬火MSTempering 回火回火Annealing退火退火Stress Relieving消除應(yīng)力消除應(yīng)力Heat Treatments of Steels鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理TimeTemperature CAC3AC1g ga + ga + ga aMSMFQuenching + Tempering 淬火淬火+回火回火Heat Treatments of Steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4 鋼鋼38NiCrMo4 Workmanship annealing: 工藝退火工藝退火-auste

6、nitizing 850C for 1 hour, furnace cooling.奧氏體化奧氏體化 850 C 一個(gè)小時(shí)，爐冷一個(gè)小時(shí)，爐冷Microstructure: Ferrite -Pearlite with globular pearlite 顯微組織：鐵素體顯微組織：鐵素體-球狀珠光體球狀珠光體Brinell Hardness HB = 180布氏硬度布氏硬度 HB=180Ultimate Strength R = 635 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度極限強(qiáng)度 R = 635 N/mm2 Heat Treatments of Steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo

7、4Normalized: austenitizing 860C for 30, air cooling (out of furnace)正火：奧氏體化正火：奧氏體化 860 C 30分鐘，空冷分鐘，空冷(在爐外在爐外)Microstructure: Ferrite - Pearlite with lamellar pearlite.顯微組織：鐵素體顯微組織：鐵素體-薄片狀珠光體。薄片狀珠光體。Rockwell Hardness HRC = 20洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC = 20Ultimate Strength R = 770 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度極限強(qiáng)度 R = 770 N/mm2Yield

8、 Strength RS= 600 N/mm2A5 = 20% 屈服強(qiáng)度屈服強(qiáng)度 RS= 600 N/mm2A5 = 20%Toughness KCU = 200 Joules韌性韌性/剛性剛性 KCU = 200 JoulesHeat Treatment of Steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C for 30, oil cooling淬火：奧氏體化淬火：奧氏體化860 C 30分鐘，油冷分鐘，油冷Microstructure: Acicular Martensite.顯微組織：針狀?yuàn)W氏體顯微組織：針狀?yuàn)W氏

9、體Rockwell Hardness HRC = 55洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC = 55Ultimate strength R = 1980 N/mm2極限強(qiáng)度極限強(qiáng)度 R = 1980 N/mm2Yield strength RS = N.D.A% = N.D 屈服強(qiáng)度屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = N.D.A% = N.DKCU = N.D.Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C for 30, salt bath at 330C for 1 hour, air cooling淬火

10、：奧氏體化淬火：奧氏體化 860 C 30 分鐘，分鐘， 在在330 C 鹽浴一個(gè)鹽浴一個(gè)小時(shí)，小時(shí)， 空冷空冷Microstructure: Bainite顯微組織：貝氏體顯微組織：貝氏體Rockwell Hardness HRC = 42洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC = 42Ultimate Strength R = 1347 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度極限強(qiáng)度 R = 1347 N/mm2Yield Strength RS = 1200 N/mm2A5 = 15%屈服強(qiáng)度屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = 1200 N/mm2A5 = 15%KCU = 130 JoulesHeat Treatment of st

11、eels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C for 30, oil cooling淬火：淬火： 奧氏體化奧氏體化 860 C 30分鐘，油冷分鐘，油冷Stress relieving: 200C for 2 hours消除應(yīng)力：消除應(yīng)力： 200C 達(dá)達(dá)2個(gè)小時(shí)個(gè)小時(shí)Microstructure: Acicular Martensite 顯微組織：針尖狀馬氏體顯微組織：針尖狀馬氏體Rockwell Hardness HRC = 52洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC = 52Ultimate strength R = 1820

12、N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度極限強(qiáng)度 R = 1820 N/mm2Yield Strength RS = 1550 N/mm2A5 = 8%屈服強(qiáng)度屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = 1550 N/mm2A5 = 8%KCU = 30 JoulesHeat Treatment of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching: austenitizing 860C for 30, oil cooling.淬火：奧氏體化淬火：奧氏體化 860 C 達(dá)達(dá)30分鐘，油冷分鐘，油冷Tempering: 600C for 2 hours回火回火600 C達(dá)達(dá)2小時(shí)小時(shí) Microstru

13、cture: Tempered Martensite (Sorbite).顯微組織：顯微組織： 回火馬氏體回火馬氏體(富氮碳鈦礦富氮碳鈦礦)Rockwell Hardness HRC = 32洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC = 32 Ultimate Strength R = 1050 N/mm2 極限強(qiáng)度極限強(qiáng)度 R = 1050 N/mm2Yield Strength RS = 900 N/mm2A5 = 14%屈服強(qiáng)度屈服強(qiáng)度 RS = 900 N/mm2A5 = 14%KCU = 120 JoulesHeat Treatment of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Heat Treatm

14、ents of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Heat Treatments of steels 鋼的熱處理鋼的熱處理Surface Hardening 表面處理表面處理Surface hardening (induction hardening) on crankshaft對(duì)曲軸的表面處理對(duì)曲軸的表面處理 (感應(yīng)淬水感應(yīng)淬水) DIFFUSION THERMO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS 滲透熱化學(xué)處理滲透熱化學(xué)處理With the

15、diffusion thermo chemical treatment is obtained the modification of the superficial characteristics of a material by the diffusion (trough the surface) of an alloying element. For the steels the more diffused treatments are the Case Hardening and the Nit riding.通過(guò)滲透通過(guò)滲透(經(jīng)表層經(jīng)表層)合金元素而改善材料的表面特性，這就被稱為滲透

16、熱化學(xué)處理。對(duì)于鋼來(lái)說(shuō)，滲透力較合金元素而改善材料的表面特性，這就被稱為滲透熱化學(xué)處理。對(duì)于鋼來(lái)說(shuō)，滲透力較為明顯的是表面硬化為明顯的是表面硬化(滲碳滲碳)以及滲氮。以及滲氮。1 - Case Hardening: 表面硬化表面硬化(滲碳滲碳) Solid Case Hardening (into a box) 固體表面硬化固體表面硬化(在箱子中在箱子中) (固體滲碳固體滲碳) Liquid Case Hardening 液體表面硬化液體表面硬化 (液體滲碳液體滲碳) Gas Case Hardening 氣體表面硬化氣體表面硬化 (氣體滲碳?xì)怏w滲碳)2 - Nitriding: 滲氮滲氮 G

17、as Nitriding 氣體滲氮?dú)怏w滲氮 Ionic Nitriding 離子滲氮離子滲氮Case Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化TrattamentoTermicoMetodomisuradellospessoreDurezzadellasuperficieindurita (3)Spessori in mmClassi(1)(2)Cmt 05Cmt 10Cmt 20Cmt 30Cmt 50Cmt 65Cmt 80Cmt 100Carbocement.EfficaceHRC0,150,370,260,470,470,680,681,001,101,431,431,751,752,15

18、1,501,90(Cmt)Macro59 630,050,150,100,200,200,300,300,450,500,650,650,800,801,001,001,20 (3)Spessori in mmClassiCarbn 05Carbn 10Carbn 20Carbn 30Carbn 50(4)Carbonitruraz.EfficaceHRC0,150,370,260,470,470,680,681,001,101,43(Carbn)Macro59 630,050,150,100,200,200,300,300,450,500,65Case Hardening表面硬化表面硬化Ca

19、se Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化Case Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化Rocker arms of an engine 4 Strokes 4 Valves: steel 16CrNi4 cemented and chrome plated (white layer).4沖程沖程4 氣門的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的搖臂：鋼氣門的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的搖臂：鋼16CrNi4 接合層與鍍鉻接合層與鍍鉻層層(白色層白色層)The cemented layer (darker colour) is under of the layer of hard chrome. 結(jié)合層結(jié)合層(較暗色較暗色)處于硬鉻層之下處于硬

20、鉻層之下At core could be noticed a typical martensitic structure obtainable by quenching a low carbon steel. 在芯部可以看到有因低碳鋼淬火而產(chǎn)生的典型的馬氏體組在芯部可以看到有因低碳鋼淬火而產(chǎn)生的典型的馬氏體組織?？棥 200Case hardening 硬化硬化Rocker arms of an engine 4 Strokes 4 Valves: steel 16CrNi4 cemented and chrome plated (white layer).4沖程沖程4 氣門的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的搖臂：

21、鋼氣門的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的搖臂：鋼16CrNi4 接合層與鍍鉻層接合層與鍍鉻層(白色層白色層)The cemented layer (darker colour) is under of the layer of hard chrome and it shows a crack due to a localized overheating caused by a wrong grinding operation. 接合層接合層(較暗色較暗色)處于硬鉻層之下處于硬鉻層之下. 因?yàn)槟ハ鞫鴮?dǎo)致局部過(guò)熱因?yàn)槟ハ鞫鴮?dǎo)致局部過(guò)熱， 造成一道裂痕。造成一道裂痕。The cemented layer appears a

22、ltered in the superficial side (of darker colour)接合層在表面的一側(cè)似乎改變了接合層在表面的一側(cè)似乎改變了(較深色的較深色的)X 500Case hardening 表面硬化表面硬化Case Hardening Steel 16CrNi4 表面硬化鋼表面硬化鋼16CrNi4 Carburizing: 900C for 10 hours, 滲碳：滲碳：900 C 10 個(gè)小時(shí)個(gè)小時(shí)Quenching: 800C in oil, 淬火：淬火：800 C 油淬油淬 Stress relieving: 150C for 2 hours. 消除應(yīng)力：消除應(yīng)

23、力：150C 2小時(shí)小時(shí) Air cooling. 空冷空冷Surface Hardness HRC = 65表面硬度表面硬度 HRC = 65Surface Microstructure: thin martensite表面顯微組織：表面顯微組織： 薄的馬氏體薄的馬氏體Case hardening 表面硬化表面硬化Case Hardening Steel 16CrNi4表面硬化表面硬化 鋼鋼16CrNi4 Same specimen than the precedent photograph but at core除了芯部外，除了芯部外， 與之前的圖片是一樣的樣本與之前的圖片是一樣的樣本Co

24、re hardness HB = 327 (HRC= 35)芯部硬度芯部硬度 HB = 327 (HRC= 35)Microstructure: acicular martensite with ferrite islands 顯微組織：含鐵素體島的針狀馬氏體顯微組織：含鐵素體島的針狀馬氏體Case hardening 表面硬度表面硬度Case Hardening Steel 16CrNi4表面硬度表面硬度 鋼鋼 16CrNi4Material submitted to gas case hardening, 汽油表面硬度處理材料汽油表面硬度處理材料quenched in oil from 8

25、40C and stress relieved 180 C for 2 hours從從 840C 進(jìn)行油淬，并且進(jìn)行油淬，并且180 C 消除應(yīng)力消除應(yīng)力2 個(gè)小個(gè)小時(shí)時(shí)Surface Hardness HRC= 58表面硬度表面硬度 HRC= 58Surface Microstructure : Martensite with retained Austenite (5 - 6%)表面顯微組織：殘余奧氏體表面顯微組織：殘余奧氏體(5 - 6%)+馬氏體馬氏體Case hardening 表面硬度表面硬度Nitriding 滲氮滲氮Nitriding 滲氮滲氮Nitriding Steel 4

26、1CrAlMo7 ( no metallographic etching)滲氮鋼滲氮鋼 41CrAlMo7(無(wú)金相侵蝕無(wú)金相侵蝕)Quenched in oil from 880C, tempered at 550C for 3 hours.從從880 C 油淬油淬 ， 550C 回火回火3個(gè)小時(shí)個(gè)小時(shí)Nitriding: 530C for 50 hours in dissociated ammonia.滲氮：在離解氨中滲氮：在離解氨中50小時(shí)小時(shí) 530 C Surface Hardness HV = 1000表面硬度表面硬度 HV = 1000 You could see the surf

27、ace layer of surface nitrides of iron and chrome sayings white blanket.”從鐵與鉻滲氮表面的表面層，你可以感受到這么句俗語(yǔ)從鐵與鉻滲氮表面的表面層，你可以感受到這么句俗語(yǔ)“白白毯子毯子”x 500Nitriding 滲氮滲氮Nitriding Steel 41CrAlMo7 (metallographic etching)滲氮鋼滲氮鋼 41CrAlMo7 (金相腐蝕金相腐蝕)Quenched in oil from 880C, Tempered at 550C for 3 hours.從從880 C 油淬油淬 ， 550C

28、回火回火3個(gè)小時(shí)個(gè)小時(shí)Nitriding: 530C for 50 hours in dissociated ammonia.滲氮：在離解氨中滲氮：在離解氨中50小時(shí)小時(shí) 530 CSurface Hardness HV = 1000表面硬度表面硬度 HV = 1000 Sub Superficial Microstructure: nitrides of iron and chrome lattice into Sorbite matrix. 表面下層金相組織：鐵和鉻滲氮后晶格為富碳氮鈦矩陣表面下層金相組織：鐵和鉻滲氮后晶格為富碳氮鈦矩陣.Nitriding 滲氮滲氮Nitriding St

29、eel 41CrAlMo7滲氮鋼滲氮鋼 41CrAlMo7Same specimen than the precedent photograph but at core除芯部外，與之前的圖片的樣本一樣除芯部外，與之前的圖片的樣本一樣Core Hardness HRC = 38芯部硬度芯部硬度HRC = 38 Microstructure: Tempered Martensite (Sorbite)顯微組織：回火馬氏體顯微組織：回火馬氏體(索氏體索氏體)Phosphating 磷化磷化The Phosphating is a superficial treatment protection th

30、at consists of the cover the surface of a steel manufactured article by a compact layer of Phosphates of Zinc and Manganese.磷化是屬于一種對(duì)表面進(jìn)行保護(hù)的處理。就是在機(jī)器制成品的表面覆蓋一層密致的磷酸鋅和磷酸錳。磷化是屬于一種對(duì)表面進(jìn)行保護(hù)的處理。就是在機(jī)器制成品的表面覆蓋一層密致的磷酸鋅和磷酸錳。There are the phosphating against the rust (F FAR Z, phosphates of zinc and iron) and th

31、e phosphating against the seizure (FF-AG, phosphates of manganese and iron).磷化防銹磷化防銹 (F FAR Z， 磷化鋅與磷化鐵磷化鋅與磷化鐵) 和磷化防和磷化防seizure(FF-AG,磷化錳與磷化鐵磷化錳與磷化鐵)Both the treatments consist of the immersion of the finished piece (and polished up in surface) in a bath of melt phosphorus salts with opportune additi

32、ons of oxidant and catalysts agents.兩種處理都是將完成的料件兩種處理都是將完成的料件(表面有打磨表面有打磨)浸入盛有溶化了的磷酸鹽的池中并適當(dāng)?shù)奶碛醒趸锱c催化劑浸入盛有溶化了的磷酸鹽的池中并適當(dāng)?shù)奶碛醒趸锱c催化劑.The process has completed by a passivation that consists of the immersion of the piece in oil of peculiar characteristics; for the high strength steels is advisable a carefu

33、l dehydrogenation (180C x 2h) within four hours from the treatment. 此過(guò)程由此過(guò)程由“鈍化得以完成，就是將料件浸入有著特殊特點(diǎn)的油中；對(duì)于高強(qiáng)度的鋼，建議在進(jìn)行了此處理的鈍化得以完成，就是將料件浸入有著特殊特點(diǎn)的油中；對(duì)于高強(qiáng)度的鋼，建議在進(jìn)行了此處理的4個(gè)小時(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)行精心個(gè)小時(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)行精心的脫氫作用的脫氫作用(180C x 2h)To check the uniformity of the layers is applied to brief exposures in salt spray test (60); 24 - 48

34、hours if oiled.為了檢測(cè)層的均勻，在鹽霧測(cè)試中為了檢測(cè)層的均勻，在鹽霧測(cè)試中(60) 將其短時(shí)暴露；如果浸油的話，將其短時(shí)暴露；如果浸油的話， 24 - 48 小時(shí)小時(shí)Zinc Plating and Dacromet 鍍鋅與鍍鋅與DacrometThe zinc is a material fewer noble than the iron and accordingly when the two materials are simultaneously in presence of an aggressive agent the zinc corrodes for first

35、; in this way until there is zinc the steel to it joined does not come corroded.鋅的抗腐能力不及鐵，因此當(dāng)這兩種物質(zhì)同時(shí)遇到較富侵略性的物質(zhì)時(shí)，鋅會(huì)首先受到腐蝕，鋅的抗腐能力不及鐵，因此當(dāng)這兩種物質(zhì)同時(shí)遇到較富侵略性的物質(zhì)時(shí)，鋅會(huì)首先受到腐蝕，in this way until there is zinc the steel to it joined does not come corroded.For this reason has been invented the technical of Zinc Plat

36、ing that consists of the cover a manufactured article of steel with a thin layer but uniform and compact of pure zinc.基于以上原因，就發(fā)明了利用其特性的鍍鋅，就是在機(jī)器制成品的鋼的表面覆蓋一層薄，均衡與密致的純鋅涂層?；谝陨显?，就發(fā)明了利用其特性的鍍鋅，就是在機(jī)器制成品的鋼的表面覆蓋一層薄，均衡與密致的純鋅涂層。According to the technology of deposition are spoken about Deep Galvanization (imm

37、ersion of the manufactured article in a bath of fused zinc) and of Electrolytic Galvanization (immersion in a electrolytic bath and deposition of the zinc by means of passage of current electric); in this case the high strength steels must be subjected to dehydrogenation heat treatment. 根據(jù)所說(shuō)及的深層鍍鋅根據(jù)

38、所說(shuō)及的深層鍍鋅(將機(jī)器制成成品浸入有溶化鋅的池中將機(jī)器制成成品浸入有溶化鋅的池中)及其電解鍍鋅及其電解鍍鋅(沉浸在電解池，通入電流，產(chǎn)生鋅沉積物沉浸在電解池，通入電流，產(chǎn)生鋅沉積物)的沉積物的沉積物的工藝，在這種情形下，要獲取高強(qiáng)度的鋼就要通過(guò)脫氫熱處理。的工藝，在這種情形下，要獲取高強(qiáng)度的鋼就要通過(guò)脫氫熱處理。In the applications of our interest is preponderant the use of the electrolytic galvanization with film of zinc with thickness from 7 to 15 mi

39、crons, followed by passivation of the zinc in way to increase the resistance to the atmospheric oxidation.基于工業(yè)上的效益考慮，較常用的是厚度為基于工業(yè)上的效益考慮，較常用的是厚度為7-15微米的電鍍鋅膜，隨后是鋅的鈍化，以此來(lái)增強(qiáng)抗氧化性。微米的電鍍鋅膜，隨后是鋅的鈍化，以此來(lái)增強(qiáng)抗氧化性。Zinc Plating and Dacromet 鍍鋅與鍍鋅與 達(dá)可羅達(dá)可羅An evolution of the process of galvanization is the Dacromet

40、that consists of the superficial deposition of metallic zinc through an organic varnish.鍍鋅工序的發(fā)展稱為鍍鋅工序的發(fā)展稱為Dacromet.是通過(guò)一層有機(jī)清漆而產(chǎn)生表面的金屬鋅的沉積。是通過(guò)一層有機(jī)清漆而產(chǎn)生表面的金屬鋅的沉積。The treatment has performed for immersion follows from centrifugal (at the end of remove the excess of varnish) and following passivation.此處理

41、是將料件沉浸與離心此處理是將料件沉浸與離心(最終去除過(guò)多的清漆最終去除過(guò)多的清漆)，然后鈍化。，然后鈍化。The treatment of dacromet is more expensive than the galvanization but in remuneration do not require dehydrogenation and it allows of double the times of resistance in salt spray test.Dacromet處理比鍍鋅昂貴但是其好處是不再需要進(jìn)行脫氫且可以在鹽霧處理比鍍鋅昂貴但是其好處是不再需要進(jìn)行脫氫且可以在鹽霧

42、 試驗(yàn)中耐腐蝕時(shí)間增加一倍試驗(yàn)中耐腐蝕時(shí)間增加一倍For the galvanization that for the dacromet the passivation happens by immersion of the pieces in baths of salts of chromic ions, extremely dangerous for whom he performs the treatments and on the way of have set outlaw. 鈍化工序就是將料件浸入在有鉻離子的鹽池中。如果沒(méi)有按要求操作的話，操作員會(huì)處于很危險(xiǎn)境況中。鈍化工序就是將料

43、件浸入在有鉻離子的鹽池中。如果沒(méi)有按要求操作的話，操作員會(huì)處于很危險(xiǎn)境況中。Chrome plating 鍍鉻鍍鉻The Chrome Platings are treatment used for confer or a better wear resistance (Hard Chrome Plating) or a better appearance to metallic manufactured items (Decorative Chrome Plating).鍍鉻處理會(huì)賦予或增強(qiáng)耐磨性能鍍鉻處理會(huì)賦予或增強(qiáng)耐磨性能(硬的鍍鉻硬的鍍鉻)，或者還會(huì)使金屬加工物外觀更佳。，或者還會(huì)使金屬加工物外觀更佳。(裝飾性的鍍鉻裝飾性的鍍鉻) Som