《今日食品科學(xué)》課程期末考試

1、（密封線內(nèi)勿答題） 姓名 學(xué)號(hào) 學(xué)院（系） 專業(yè) 年級(jí) 班（密封線內(nèi)勿答題） 今日食品科學(xué)課程期末考試 （20072008學(xué)年 第1學(xué)期） 本科þ ?？?A卷þ B卷 C卷（考試時(shí)間120分鐘）題號(hào)一二三四五六總分分?jǐn)?shù)一、 英譯中（本大題共80個(gè)小題，每小題0.25分，共20分）得分評(píng)閱人1、請(qǐng)將下表中的英文單詞譯成中文并填在其后的格中：ScoreEnglishChineseScoreEnglishChineseMeatTube rackBeefTest tube clampChickenStandPorkRingLambButterfly clampSea foodAir

2、 conditionerFishUniversal clampCrabBurette clampShrimpGraduated cylinderLobsterFunnelSteakB. pipetteSausageGraduated pipetteBaconSafety guardHamWaster containerGround beefFirst aid kitLivera.s.a.p.Heartin vivoWheatet al.NoodleBensen burnerSpaghettiAlcohol burnerRed wineVolumetric pipetteWhite wineAu

3、to-pipetteSherryMortar and pestleLiquorCondenserBrandypH meterWhiskyCulture dish CocktailSpatulaEggWire gauzeFried eggAcidic buretteBoiled eggAlkali burette Egg rollBinSteamed eggLitterSalted eggLaboratory safetyMilkFire ExtinguisherFull milk HeaterButterRegular cheese Fresh butterCoffeeSalted butte

4、rCoffee-mateYogurtATPCheeseGMO二、選擇填空（本大題共4個(gè)小題，10個(gè)填空，每個(gè)填空2分，共20分）得分評(píng)閱人請(qǐng)選擇一個(gè)正確答案填入每題的空中：2、We are living in the ( ) age of biology. The largest and best-equipped community of scientists in history is beginning to solve biological ( ) that once seemed unsolvable. We are moving ever closer to understandi

5、ng how a single cell becomes a plant or animal; how plants trap solar energy and store that energy in food; how organisms network in biological communities such as forests; and how the great diversity of life on Earth evolved from the first microbes. Exploring life has never been more exhilarating.

6、a. puzzles b. problems c. golden d. starting 3、Until the past decade, most biologists divided the diversity of life into five main groups, or kingdoms. The most familiar two are the plant and animal kingdoms. But new methods, such as comparisons of DNA among organisms, have led to an ongoing reasses

7、sment of the number and boundaries of ( ). Various classification schemes are now based on six, eight, or more kingdoms. But as the debate continues on the kingdom level, there is broader consensus that the kingdoms of life can now be assigned to three even higher levels of classification called ( )

8、.a. speciesb. kingdoms c. domainsd. family4、Modern biology is as important as it is inspiring, with exciting break-throughs changing our very culture. Genetics and cell biology are revolutionizing medicine and agriculture. Molecular biology is providing new tools for anthropology, helping us trace t

9、he origin and dispersal of early humans. ( ) is helping us evaluate environmental issues, such as the causes and consequences of global warming. ( ) and evolutionary biology are reshaping psychology and sociology. Biology is even entering ( ), as terms such as DNA fingerprinting work their way into

10、our vocabulary. These are just a few examples of how biology is weaving into the fabric of society as never before. It is no wonder that biology is daily news.a. Horticultureb. the legal systemc. Ecologyd. Neuroscience 5、Through a series of views that ( ) a thousand times with each step, we start by

11、 approaching the biosphere from space. A thousand times closer, we can recognize Manhattan, with its Central Park. Another thousand-power jump puts us in a wooded area of the park. The next scale change takes us up close to the beautiful creature. It's the caterpillar (larval stage) of an insect

12、 called the spicebush swallow-tail butterfly. The "eyespot" markings may trick some predators such as birds into perceiving the caterpillar as a snake instead of something to eat. Our next size change vaults us into the caterpillar to see that its body consists of microscopic units called

13、( ). In each caterpillar cell, you can see a ( ), the part of the cell that contains all the genes that this insect inherited from its parents. And our last thousand-power change zooms us into the nucleus, where we can behold the molecular architecture of the DNA that makes up the genes. a. nucleusb

14、. cells c. increasesd. zooms in三、完成下列句子（本題共1個(gè)小題，5個(gè)空，每個(gè)空2分，共10分）得分評(píng)閱人完成下列句子：6、The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for making many copies of a specific segment of DNA without using intact cells. The starting material is a solution of DNA containing the nucleotide sequence targeted for copy

15、ing. The scientist adds a heat-resistant DNA , a supply of all four , and . The primers are short, synthetic molecules of single-stranded DNA that are complementary to the ends of the targeted DNA. The primers are needed because the DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to a preexisting DNA chain.

16、 (1) The DNA is briefly to separate its strands and then (2) to allow the primers to bind by hydrogen bonding to the ends of the target sequence, one primer on each strand. (3) Then the DNA polymerase extends the primers, using the longer DNA strands as templates. Within about 5 minutes, the target

17、DNA sequence has been doubled. The solution is then heated again, starting another cycle of strand separation, primer binding, and DNA synthesis. The cycle runs again and again, duplicating the targeted sequence for many times. 四、簡(jiǎn)要回答問(wèn)題（本大題共2個(gè)小題，4個(gè)問(wèn)題，每個(gè)問(wèn)題5分，共20分）得分評(píng)閱人閱讀下文，并根據(jù)文中內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)要回答下列問(wèn)題：7、Science a

18、nd technology are interdependent. New technologies, such as more powerful microscopes and computers, advance science. And scientific discoveries can lead to new technologies. In most cases, technology applies scientific discoveries to the development of new goods and services. For example, it was 50

19、 years ago that two scientists, lames Watson and Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA through the process of science. Their discovery eventually led to a variety of DNA technologies, including the genetic engineering of microorganisms to mass-produce human insulin and the use of DNA finger

20、printing for investigating crimes. Perhaps Watson and Crick envisioned that their discovery would someday inform new technologies, but that probably did not motivate their research, nor could they have predicted exactly what the applications would be. The direction technology takes depends less on t

21、he curiosity that drives basic science than it does on the current needs of humans and the changing climate of culture. Technology has improved our standard of living in many ways, but it is a double-edged sword. Technology that keeps people healthier has enabled the population to grow more than ten

22、fold in the past three centuries, to double to 6 billion in just the past 40 years. The environmental consequences are sometimes devastating. Acid rain, deforestation, global warming, nuclear accidents, toxic wastes, and extinction of species are just a few of the repercussions of more and more peop

23、le wielding more and more technology. Science can help us identify such problems and provide insight about what course of action may prevent further damage. But solutions to these problems have as much to do with politics, economics, culture, and the values of societies as with science and technolog

24、y. Now that science and technology have become such powerful functions of society, every thoughtful citizen has a responsibility to develop a reasonable amount of scientific and technological literacy.Question 1: What is relationship between science and technology? Answer:Question 2: Science and tec

25、hnology, which one would you think more important for society? Answer:8、In the past two decades, DNA technology - including recombinant DNA technology and other methods for studying and manipulating DNA - has paid high dividends in basic biological research. For example, the non-coding sequences wit

26、hin eukaryotic genes were discovered using DNA technology. This technology has also helped uncover mutations that lead to cancer and has shed light on the course of evolution. But perhaps the most exciting use of DNA technology in basic research is the Human Genome Project, the mapping of all the hu

27、man DNAs. This ambitious project is revealing the genetic basis of what it means to be human. On a more practical level, it is expected to help us understand and cure many diseases.As we hear in the news, DNA technology is already widely used to engineer the genes of many sorts of cells for practica

28、l purposes. Scientists have genetically engineered bacteria to mass-produce many useful chemicals, from cancer drugs to pesticides. Other kinds of engineered bacteria are being used to clean up toxic wastes and alter crop plants. These applications of DNA technology are the latest incarnation of bio

29、technology, the use of organisms to perform practical tasks. Biotechnology actually goes back thousands of years to the first uses of yeast to make bread and wine.Question 3: Does biotechnology include DNA technology?Answer: Question 4: What is the major application of DNA technology?Answer: 五、回答問(wèn)題（

30、本大題共1個(gè)小題，2個(gè)問(wèn)題，每個(gè)問(wèn)題5分，共10分）得分評(píng)閱人閱讀下文，并根據(jù)文中內(nèi)容回答下列問(wèn)題：9、Like many concepts in science, the basic idea of biological evolution can be traced back to the ancient Greeks. About 2500 years ago, the Greek philosopher Anaximander promoted the idea that life arose in water and that simpler forms of life preced

31、ed more complex ones. However, the Greek philosopher Aristotle, whose views had an enormous impact on Western culture, generally held that species are fixed, or permanent, and do not evolve. Judeo-Christian culture fortified this idea with a literal interpretation of the biblical book of Genesis, wh

32、ich tells the story of each form of life being individually created. The idea that all living species are static in form and inhabit an Earth that is only about 6000 years old dominated the cultural climate of the Western world for centuries.In the mid-1700s, the study of fossils, which are the impr

33、ints or remnants of organisms that lived in the past, began to take form as a branch of science. The study of fossils led French naturalist Georges Buffon to suggest that Earth might be much older than 6000 years. He also observed some telling similarities between specific fossils and certain living

34、 animals. In 1766, Buffon proposed the possibility that a species represented by a particular fossil form could be an ancient version of a group of similar living species. Then, in the early 1800s, French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck suggested that the best explanation for this relationship of f

35、ossils to current organisms is that life evolves. Lamarck explained evolution as a process of adaptation, the refinement of characteristics that equip organisms to perform successfully in their environments. An example of evolutionary adaptation is the powerful beak of a bird that feeds by cracking

36、tough seeds.The evolutionary view of life came into focus in 1859 when British biologist Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. His book developed two main points. First, Darwin marshaled the available evidence in support of the evolutionary view that species living today descended from ancestral species. Darwin called this process "descent with modification." It is an insightful euphemism for "evolution," as it captures the duality of life's unity (descent) and div