yglxdn新托福寫作總結(jié)

1、、| !_一個(gè)人總要走陌生的路，看陌生的風(fēng)景，聽陌生的歌，然后在某個(gè)不經(jīng)意的瞬間，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，原本費(fèi)盡心機(jī)想要忘記的事情真的就這么忘記了. 新托福寫作總結(jié)1.認(rèn)識題目：形式和本質(zhì)，題庫的設(shè)計(jì)原則和分類以及測試的語言技能articulate complex ideas clearly and effectivelyexamine claims and accompanying evidencesupport ideas with relevant reasons and examplessustain a well-focused, coherent discussioncontrol the e

2、lements of standard written English1)陳述問題和現(xiàn)象的語言能力2)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)3)對觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行支持，否定，綜合評價(jià)的語言技能，包括對推理過程和邏輯的分析4)分析現(xiàn)象存在的原因5)表達(dá)一件事物或事件的利弊和綜合影響的多元化思維和表達(dá)能力6)考生觀點(diǎn)不作為評判依據(jù)，但是提出觀點(diǎn)的視角以及分析問題的能力是語言表達(dá)的前提基礎(chǔ)，所以是訓(xùn)練的重點(diǎn)，也是考試測試的重點(diǎn)2.理解宗旨；托福寫作考試的目的邏輯和論證3.寫作的評分體系作文考試的形式1.閱讀+聽記+寫作   20分鐘 字?jǐn)?shù) 150-225閱讀材料為給定的觀點(diǎn)加上對觀點(diǎn)的支持信息，比如使用事實(shí)

3、事例或者邏輯的分析，而聽力內(nèi)容是對閱讀材料進(jìn)行支持或者否定，否定批駁為主，考生需要把握聽力中話語人對閱讀材料的切入點(diǎn)，以及話語人如何表達(dá)懷疑，否定等。作為測試的評分重點(diǎn)在于1)聽力內(nèi)容所有重點(diǎn)信息的全面與否2)閱讀內(nèi)容信息和聽力內(nèi)容的相關(guān)聯(lián)3)語言表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確2.獨(dú)立寫作論文    30分鐘   字?jǐn)?shù)最少300單詞獨(dú)立寫作的入手方式（閱讀官方指南287頁）1.題目中關(guān)鍵詞語的定義予以質(zhì)疑和分析2.按照命題給定的二分體系論證3.總體抽象的入局4.細(xì)節(jié)和個(gè)性的處理5.對命題給定的紛爭予以具體界定，提出綜合多元思維The task allows con

4、siderable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might1)agree absolutely with the claim,2)disagree completely,3)or agree with some parts and not others4)question the assum

5、ptions the statement seems to be making5)qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue6)point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others7)evaluate points of view that contrast with your own per

6、spective8)develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example作文的評分體系官方指南288頁閱讀，提出要點(diǎn)1)detailed discussion2)unified3)coherent4)varied sentence structure5)not high-level vocabulary but word choice is correct6)minor errors7)the flow of meani

7、ngs講解：1.300單詞（大約15-20句子）的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)布局2.何謂on-topic /off-topic3.句子的銜接技術(shù)和藝術(shù)4.句法結(jié)構(gòu)的變化和復(fù)雜程度5.小詞的理念 （OG280頁173題 借錢和友誼如何使用高中詞匯寫出滿分作文？）6.思維的藝術(shù)和美的探索什么是完美的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)布局？Introduction 導(dǎo)入段落的功能和內(nèi)容得分印象形成的關(guān)鍵常見的錯(cuò)誤（現(xiàn)場寫作269頁第29題：人類活動(dòng)和地球爭論）應(yīng)該寫什么內(nèi)容？多少句子，多少單詞？(1-3個(gè)句子，字?jǐn)?shù)在30-80左右)常用的容易掌握的寫作開頭方式學(xué)習(xí)：1)問題 + 觀點(diǎn)2)觀點(diǎn)3)正反觀點(diǎn)+選擇4)現(xiàn)象+問題+觀點(diǎn)5)觀點(diǎn)+ 反

8、駁6)觀點(diǎn)+ 支持main body2-4段落每段字?jǐn)?shù)和句子數(shù)量 100-150 單詞左右， 大概5-8個(gè)句子段落的節(jié)本結(jié)構(gòu)：三層次理論段落內(nèi)部的銜接技術(shù)段落的總分結(jié)構(gòu)體系段落內(nèi)部的句法轉(zhuǎn)變詞的選擇段落寫作學(xué)習(xí)的方法：conclusion1-3個(gè)句子寫作訓(xùn)練的基本方法：1.上我的課2. 翻譯3.背誦4.寫日記開頭例文：地球也許并不是為了人類生存才存在并且也許它原本不是今天這個(gè)樣子的。人類在地球迄今為止上的所有活動(dòng)無不對地球的健康產(chǎn)生了影響。至于這些影響到底是使地球變得更適于生存還是對地球造成了破壞則是一個(gè)永恒無法絕對回答的爭議。The earth perhaps does not exist

9、for human beings to survive and thrive on it and it was, surely, not what it is today. （24words） All human activities on the earth have changed the landscape and exerted impacts on the health of the earth. Have the human activities harmed the earth? Or have the earth has changed a better p

10、lace to live? The answers to these questions will vary considerably as time goes on and on.總計(jì)75 words， 如果去掉首句24單詞，文章開頭依然成立，并且不失分。則構(gòu)成典型的（現(xiàn)象+ 問題 + 觀點(diǎn)）開頭風(fēng)格。 文章中作者的觀點(diǎn)非常明確，屬于典型的中立寫作布局開。280頁173道題目：借錢和友誼的論證小詞的價(jià)值To borrow money from a friend has little to do with the maintenance of friendship because friend

11、ship depends less on money than on the love, honesty, and understanding between them. That is to say to borrow money will make the friendship stronger and closer if they love and understand each other. In this case, friendship will go on and on and on. However, without the love and mutual understand

12、ing friendship will be one day gone with the wind. Therefore it is clear that love and understanding is the very basis (foundation) of friendship which has been (figuratively) described as the light on the earth and the salt in the world. Money, on the contrary, is no.段落內(nèi)部的銜接分析 下文選自大英百科Social r

13、esources are similarly an indispensable prerequisite to a successful innovation. Many inventions have foundered because the social resources vital for their realizationthe capital, materials, and skilled personnelwere not available. The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci are full of ideas for helicopter

14、s, submarines, and airplanes, but few of these reached even the model stage because resources of one sort or another were lacking. The resource of capital involves the existence of surplus productivity and an organization capable of directing the available wealth into channels in which the inventor

15、can use it. The resource of materials involves the availability of appropriate metallurgical, ceramic, plastic, or textile substances that can perform whatever functions a new invention requires of them. The resource of skilled personnel implies the presence of technicians capable of constructing ne

16、w artifacts and devising novel processes. A society, in short, has to be well primed with suitable resources in order to sustain technological innovation段落的學(xué)習(xí)：翻譯練習(xí) 作業(yè) 下文選自大英百科OG273頁81題 關(guān)于人和技術(shù)The technological dilemma二分法思維訓(xùn)練 on the one handon the other hand正反訓(xùn)練rather因果關(guān)系 and soWhatever the respo

17、nses to modern technology, there can be no doubt that it presents contemporary society with a number of immediate problems that take the form of a traditional choice of evils, so that it is appropriate to regard them as constituting a “technological dilemma.” This is the dilemma between, on the one

18、hand, the overdependence of life in the advanced industrial countries on technology, and, on the other hand, the threat that technology will destroy the quality of life in modern society and even endanger society itself. Technology thus confronts Western civilization with the need to make a decision

19、, or rather, a series of decisions, about how to use the enormous power available to society constructively rather than destructively. The need to control the development of technology, and so to resolve the dilemma, by regulating its application to creative social objectives, makes it ever more nec

20、essary to define these objectives while the problems presented by rapid technological growth can still be solved.總分結(jié)構(gòu)的訓(xùn)練These problems, and the social objectives related to them, may be considered under three broad headings. First is the problem of controlling the application of nuclear technology.

21、Second is the population problem, which is twofold: it seems necessary to find ways of controlling the dramatic rise in the number of human beings and, at the same time, to provide food and care for the people already living on the Earth. Third, there is the ecological problem, whereby the products

22、and wastes of technical processes have polluted the environment and disturbed the balance of natural forces of regeneration. When these basic problems have been reviewed it will be possible, finally, to consider the effect of technology on life in town and countryside, and to determine the sort of j

23、udgments about technology and society to which a study of the history of technology leads.Nuclear technologyThe solution to the first problem, that of controlling nuclear technology, is primarily political. At its root is the anarchy of national self-government, for as long as the world remains divi

24、ded into a multiplicity of nation-states, or even into two power blocs, each committed to the defense of its own sovereign power to do what it chooses, nuclear weapons merely replace the older weapons by which such nation-states have maintained their independence in the past. The availability of a n

25、uclear armoury has emphasized the weaknesses of a world political system based upon sovereign nation-states. Here, as elsewhere, technology is a tool that can be used creatively or destructively. But the manner of its use depends entirely on human decisions, and in this matter of nuclear self-contro

26、l the decisions are those of governments. There are other aspects of the problem of nuclear technology, such as the disposal of radioactive waste and the quest to harness the energy released by fusion, but although these are important issues in their own right, they are subordinate to the problem of

27、 the use of nuclear weapons in warfare.Population explosionAssuming that the use of nuclear weapons can be averted, world civilization will have to come to grips with the population problem in the next few decades if life is to be tolerable on planet Earth in the 21st century. The problem can be tac

28、kled in two ways, both drawing on the resources of modern technology. In the first place, efforts may be made to limit the rate of population increase. Medical technology, which, through new drugs and other techniques, has provided a powerful impulse to the increase of population, also offers means

29、of controlling this increase through contraceptive devices and through painless sterilization procedures. Again, technology is a tool that is neutral in respect to moral issues about its own use, but it would be futile to deny that artificial population control is inhibited by powerful moral constra

30、ints and taboos. Some reconciliation of these conflicts is essential, however, if stability in world population is to be satisfactorily achieved. Perhaps the experience of China, already responsible for one-quarter of the world's population, is instructive here: in an attempt to prevent the popu

31、lation growth from exceeding the ability of the country to sustain the existing standards of living, the government imposed a “one-child family” campaign in the 1970s, which is maintained by draconian social controls.In the second place, even the most optimistic program of population control can hop

32、e to achieve only a slight reduction in the rate of increase by the end of the 20th century, so that an alternative approach must be made simultaneously in the shape of an effort to increase the world's production of food. Technology has much to contribute at this point, both in raising the prod

33、uctivity of existing sources of food supply by improved techniques of agriculture and better types of grain and animal stock, and in creating new sources of food by making the deserts fertile and by systematically farming the riches of the oceans. There is enough work here to keep engineers and food

34、 technologists busy for many generations.Ecological balanceThe third major problem area of modern technological society is that of preserving a healthy environmental balance. Though man has been damaging his environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too intensively, and though some

35、protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are promoting a worldwide ecological crisis. This includes the dangers involved in destruction of the equatoria

36、l rain forests, the careless exploitation of minerals by open-mining techniques, and the pollution of the oceans by radioactive waste and of the atmosphere by combustion products. These include oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, which produce acid rain, and carbon dioxide, which may affect the world'

37、;s climate through the so-called greenhouse effect. It was the danger of indiscriminate use of pesticides such as DDT after World War II that first alerted opinion in advanced Western countries to the delicate nature of the world's ecological system, presented in a trenchant polemic by the U.S.

38、science writer Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring (1962); this was followed by a spate of warnings about other possibilities of ecological disaster. The great public concern about pollution in the advanced nations is both overdue and welcome. Once more, however, it needs to be said that the fau

39、lt for this waste-making abuse of technology lies with man himself rather than with the tools he uses. For all his intelligence, man in communities behaves with a lack of respect for his environment that is both short-sighted and potentially suicidal.Technological societyMuch of the 19th-century optimism about the progress of technology has dispersed, and an increasing awareness of the technological dilemma confronting the world makes it possible to offer a realistic assessment of the role of technology in s