超詳細非謂語動詞講解

1、非謂語動詞(the Non-Finite Verbs)定義在句子中不是謂語的動詞，形式：不定式、動名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）作用： 在句子中充當主語、賓語、狀語等。特點：1.非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。2.非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。3.非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。4.謂語動詞在句中作謂語，受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制；非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語，它不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。5.英語中不能單獨做句子的謂語。與謂語動詞的關(guān)系相同點（1）如果是及物動詞都可與賓

2、語連用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.（2）都可以被狀語修飾：The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.（ 3）都有主動與被動 , 體“”式（一般式；進行式；完成式）的變化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（謂語動詞被動語態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動名詞的被動式）We have written the composition. （謂

3、語動詞的完成時）Having written the composition, we handed it in. （現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）（ 4）都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語）We are League members.（謂語動詞的主語）We being League member, the work was well done. （現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語）不定式一、形式功能：動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征

4、。否定式： not + (to) do以 do 為例，動詞不定式的構(gòu)成如下：（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后.例如：I'm nice to meet you.很高興見到你。He seems to know a lot. 他看起來懂得很多。We plan to pay a visit. 我們計劃花錢去參觀。He wants to be an artist. 他想成為一個藝術(shù)家。The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求馬上手術(shù)。The teacher ordered the wo

5、rk to be done. 老師要求完成工作。（ 2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假裝工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room. 看起來他正在他的房間里面讀書。（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：I regretted having told a lie.我后悔我說謊了。I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看過這部電影。He is pleased to have m

6、et his friend. 他很高興能遇上他的朋友。二、不定式的句法功能：（1）作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項工作是很難的。To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味著失敗。動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it 作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項工作是很難的。It means failure to lose your heart

7、. 灰心意味著失敗。常用句式有：（1）作主語：1、 It+be+ 名詞 +to do 。2、 It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、 It+be+ 形容詞 +of sb +to do 。與 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite ,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞連用，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。與for連用的通常是一些表示可能性、難易程度、必要性等含義的形容詞：possible，impossible ，easy，h

8、ard，difficult ，necessaryIt s necessary for you to study hard（ .necessary 修飾to study hard，表示學習努力是有必要的）It s foolish of him to do it（. foolish 修飾邏輯主語（2）作表語：放 be 動詞后，構(gòu)成表語him ）Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打掃大廳。He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。注意：（3）作賓語：動詞 + 不定式。如：He managed to escape from t

9、he fire.I find it hard to get along with him. （ it 作形式賓語）下列動詞通常用不定式作賓語： want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean

10、 , choose , expect ， choose, get 等動詞 + 疑問詞 +to , “特殊疑問句+ 不定式”相當于名詞，作賓語。如：I don t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can t decide when to go there.注意： 不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補足語之后，用it 作形式賓語。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式動

11、詞可充當介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在這里，別無選擇。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.他上周日除了修他的自行車什么也沒干。Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國的情況是很重要的。（4）作賓語補足語：動詞 + 賓語 +不定式（ to do ）He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you t

12、hink so? （不帶 to 的不定式）注：可以用動詞不定式做賓補的動詞有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer,encourage，beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema 他

13、有很多工作要做，所以沒去電影院。表見解、看法的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動詞+ 賓語 + to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful. （被動語態(tài)） There +不定式We didn texpect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在那里。注意：（ 1）有些動詞需用as 短語作補語，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regar

14、d Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。（ 2）在動詞 feel （一感）， hear, listen to（二聽）， have, let, make（三讓）， notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看） (即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺 )等后面的補足語中，不定式不帶 to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后，必須帶 to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy was seen to fall off th

15、e tree.(3)help 后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to, 也可以不帶to.I often help him（to） clean the room.（5）作定語：動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：1） He is looking for a room to live in. （動狀關(guān)系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）3）主謂關(guān)系： She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .-I m going to the post office

16、, for I have a letter to post .( 邏輯主語是I )-Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now (邏輯主語不是I )4）動賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend. 我有一個會議要出席。注意：如果作定語的不定式是一個短語，則要保留不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with .(I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直鋼筆寫字)I have a little baby to look after .(I must look

17、 after the little baby ) (我有一個嬰兒要照看)He is looking for a room to live？He is looking for a room to live in .What did you open it with?你用什么打開它？如果不定式修飾time, place, way ，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live. 他無處安身。This is the best way to work out this problem.這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。He has no money and no place to live

18、( in ) .I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .There is no time to think ( about ) .注意：不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，不定式用主動形式表被動、也可用被動式：Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么東西嗎？Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么東西需要送嗎？說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 我們制定了一個完成工作的計劃。被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He

19、 is the first to get here. 他第一個來到這兒。（ 6）作狀語：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以繼日地工作來賺錢。She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她賣掉了自己的頭發(fā)來買那條表鏈。注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong ：To save money, every means has been tried.has tried every means. 為了省錢，他使出了渾身解數(shù)。wrong ： To learn English well,

20、a dictionary is needed.right ： To save money, heright ： To learn Englishwell, he needs a dictionary. 為了學好英語，他需要一本詞典。作目的狀語：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾表結(jié)果 (往往是與預期愿望相反的結(jié)果意料之外To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.)： 常放在 never only 后說實話，我不喜歡他講話的方式。He arrived late only to find the train had gone.他

21、來晚了，只見火車已經(jīng)走了。I visited him only to find him out.我去拜訪他，只見他出去了。表原因：常放在形容詞后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他們聽到這條新聞非常傷心。表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我們什么也看不見。The question is simple for him to answer.這問題由他來回答是很簡單的。三、不定式的省略：情態(tài)動詞（除ought 外， ought to do ） would rather ， had better

22、感官動詞 和使役動詞由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.helpWhy /Why notBut 和except 前是動詞do 時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to 的動詞不定式。試比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以

23、省去to be .如：保留 to 省略 do 動詞。If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.如果你不想做這件事，你就不必做。不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。下列短語中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to：want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to He wished to study medicine and be

24、come a doctor. 他希望學醫(yī)并成為醫(yī)生。五、注意：1 to 作介詞：agree to， object to， close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to動名詞一、定義 ： 動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。二、形式：及物動詞主動被動不及物動詞主動一般時doingbeing donedoing完成時having

25、donehaving been donehaving done一般式doing （謂語動詞同時發(fā)生）being doneSeeing is believing.眼見為實。完成式having done having been done （謂語動詞發(fā)生之前）We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。否定式： not + 動名詞動名詞的形式：I regret not following his advice.我后悔沒聽他的勸告。被動式：He came to the party without being invited 他未被邀請就來到了晚會。完成

26、被動式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。復合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。三、動名詞的句法功能：（1）作主語：謂語用單數(shù)Reading aloud is very helpful.Collecting stamps is interesting

27、.Playing with fire is dangerous.當動名詞短語作主語時常用it 作形式主語。 結(jié)構(gòu)： It s no good/use doing.It's no use quarrelling. 爭吵是沒用的。（2）作表語：動名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。（ 3）作賓語： They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。W

28、e have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it ，例如：We found it no good making fun of others.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。只接 V-ing 做賓語的動詞和動詞短語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit ， deny, mind, permit, fo

29、rbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy,be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep （fromfrom,）,protectstopfrom, set about,be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel l

30、ike接動名詞、不定式均可，且意義相同的動詞：like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, can t bear/endure/stand接動名詞、不定式均可，但意義不同的詞：forget， go on， mean，regret，remember，stop， try 等Stop to do停下來去做stop doing停止做Forget to do忘記要做forget doing忘記做過Remember to do記得要做remember doing記得做過Regret to do遺憾要做regret doing后

31、悔做過Try to do企圖做，盡力做try doing試著做Go on to do繼續(xù)做（另一件事）go on doing繼續(xù)做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做mean doing 意味做注意： Need, require, want作“需要”講，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義，The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.be worth也有類似用法。如：（ 4）作定語：動名詞作定語，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room ， a diving board ，a readin

32、g room，a dining hall動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個定語從句。如果為單詞，放在被修飾n 之前，為短語，放在被修飾n 之后。如： a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country which is developing（2）動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個for 的短語，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如： a washing machine = a mashine for washin

33、ga swimming pool = a pool for swimmingHe can't walk without a walking-stick.他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你們學校有游泳池嗎？（ 5）作同位語： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收聽收音機新聞節(jié)目的習慣仍未改變。分詞一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)

34、別：1）在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義；過去分詞表示被動意義，不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。像： gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等詞。如：a retired person一個退休的人a fallen ball一個落下來的球2）在時間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往正在進行或者與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，過去分詞表示的動作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時間性。如： falling leaves正在下落的樹葉fallen leaves已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉注意：分詞作時間狀語，如果先于主動詞的動作，且強調(diào)先后，要用having don

35、e。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、注意：1）分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語要與主句主語保持一致2）分詞前常有when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if等引導詞3）如果過去分詞的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語之前，用having been doneHaving been hurt in a traffic accident, I was given

36、 an operation.4）分詞做狀語，主語之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that等連詞（如有，則此句子為祈使句）Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5)否定式，在分詞之前+ not6)固定搭配：be dressed inbe lost in thoughtslost in thoughts, he knocked into me.7)分詞的邏輯主語與主句不同，分詞要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為“獨立主語”The money used up, I had no food to

37、eat現(xiàn)在分詞二、定義：既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。二、形式：肯定式： V-ing ；否定式： not + 現(xiàn)在分詞（1）主動語態(tài)： 現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，發(fā)生，常作狀語。完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前例如： They went to the park, singing and talking.他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。（2）被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前

38、的被動的動作。The problem being discussed is very important.正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。三、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：（1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。The man speaking to

39、the teacher is our monitor's father.正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用 in the years thatfollowed; the man speaking to theteacher 可改為 the man who is speaking to the teacher.（ 2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situat

40、ion is inspiring.當前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing 既可能表示現(xiàn)在進行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing 表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be 與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。（ 3）作賓語補足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch 等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她

41、在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：作時間狀語：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。作原因狀語：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作條件狀語：(If) Playin

42、g all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。作結(jié)果狀語：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my

43、head All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習。有時也可用with (without) + 名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.作獨立成分：udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.從外表看，他

44、一定是個演員。careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。他點著燈睡著了。Generally speaking, girls are more過去分詞一、形式： 只有 V-ed二、句法功能1 過去分詞作定語：一種形式 。（規(guī)則，V-ed,不規(guī)則）單個過去分詞做定語時用于被修飾的名詞前，做前置定語frozen food 、pollutedriver 、a terrified boyVt. 過去分詞作定語，表被動及完成Vi過去分詞作定語，表示完成a married manan escape manthe risen suna fallen leafOur class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。凡是用作定語修飾人或表示與個人相關(guān)的心理狀態(tài)，用過去分詞，而修飾物時，則用現(xiàn)在分詞做定語a satisfied smilea satisfying answerTomtired at the tiring speech,started to sleep.過去分詞短語做定語時，用