高性能矢量控制變頻器72

1、Lakoff & Johnson,Metaphors We Live ByHMXP 102The Authors Lakoff and Johnson are cognitive linguists. That is, they study the relationship between thought, language, and action (as in the piece that you read for today). A key question for them is the following: How do language and thought influen

2、ce each other?Definition of “Metaphor” What is L&Js definition of “metaphor”? What do they mean by “metaphorical concept”?L&Js DefinitionsMetaphor: See Human Experience 8: The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. Metaphor: An analogy id

3、entifying one object with another and ascribing to the first object one or more of the qualities of the second (Harmon and Holman, A Handbook to Literature). A comparison between two things without the use of like or as. A metaphorical concept is a sentence like “Argument is war.” It is a complete t

4、hought, rather than a mere image. L&J prefer the term metaphorical concept because metaphor is part of our conceptual system; metaphor is not just an image but also a complete thought; and as such, metaphor has an impact on action, for action arises from thought.Review of Plato What is Platos ma

5、in metaphor? What sub-metaphors does he use?Answers What is Platos main metaphor? Education is (like) leaving a cave where appearances are distorted. What submetaphors does he use? Dragging someone up to the light Turning around Upward journey Vision Light and darknessL&J on the First Iraq WarIm

6、portant points from Metaphor and War: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf (Part 1):Secretary of State Baker saw Saddam Hussein as sitting on our economic lifeline. The occupation of Kuwait = a rape, a kidnap War = crime: murder, assault, kidnapping, arson, rape, and theft War = a com

7、petitive game (chess) or a sport (football, boxing); emphasis on strategic thinking War is politics pursued by other means. War = a fight between two people War = a fairy tale: villain (Saddam), victim (Kuwait, US), hero (US), magic (weapons) War = medicine (surgical strikes) Politics = business The

8、 state = a person Well-being = wealth Strength for a state = military capability Maturity for a state = industrialization Goal of the war = to push Iraq back out of Kuwait, to deal the enemy a heavy blow or a knockout punch Risks = gamblesQuestion What is L&Js main point in our text? See if you

9、can pinpoint it. L&Js Main Point See Human Experience 6th ed: Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other people. Our conceptu

10、al system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities.”O(jiān)utline of the Text First section: Main idea (previous slide) Example: “ARGUMENT IS WAR” vs. argument is a dance (8). Second section: Main ideas: “there are often many metaphors that partially structure a single concept”; metaph

11、ors overlap (9) Example: “AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDINGJOURNEYCONTAINER.”To Do: Explore Metaphors With primaries coming up next year, explore metaphors that are used to discuss the presidential primaries and caucuses. Complete the following sentence as many times as you can:(Argument is war.)Politics is

12、_.For Example (and not to be repeated) Politics is A horse race A gauntlet A fireworks showTo Do: Next Step Take one of your metaphors and identify submetaphors. Example: Politics is a boxing match. One candidate scores a knock-out punch.To Do: Why Is This Important? Why is it important to realize t

13、hat when we describe something, we do so in terms of something else? Complete the following sentence:It is important to understand the role of metaphor in human communication because _.L&Js Answer We talk about arguments that way because we conceive of them that wayand we act according to the wa

14、y we conceive of things” (my emphasis). What does this statement mean to you? Expanding L&Js Point Thought language action habit character destiny. Be careful of your thoughts because they can manifest in language and in action! Thoughts can shape your reality!In Other Words Saying that “thought

15、s are things” means that thought energy can influence the world around us. These three words may be the most important lesson of the entire semester. As you think, so will you also be. In other words, your “self” is a product of your thoughts.Lakoffs Embodied Mind Thesis If thought is metaphorical,

16、then truth is not a direct reflection of reality. Truth is not an artifact (something fixed for all time); it is a construct. That is, we make our own reality by thinking in certain ways. See Human Experience 7: Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we rela

17、te to other people. Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. Further, we understand abstractions in terms of our own bodies as well as objects and events in the physical world. So truth results from a relationship between the perceiving mind and the perceiv

18、ed object or idea.Question If you take the ideas on the previous slide to their logical extreme, what point emerges?Answer There is no Truth, only perspective. This is the position called “relativism.” Everything is relative to something else (in this case, the perceiving mind). As in our discussion

19、 of Plato, what is Truth (an absolute, an artifact waiting to be discovered), and what is truth (a perspective, something relative)? What is the difference between truth-as-artifact and truth-as-construct? The truth of everything you have believed to be true your entire lifeincluding the Bibleis now

20、 open for doing exactly what Plato says: namely, turning around and getting a clearer perspective. Truth vs. truth Can you think of any Truths on which we can all agree? What if there is nothing that occupies in our lives the same position as the Forms/Ideas in Plato? What if there is no such thing

21、as truth-as-artifact?To Do: What Does This Mean to You?Activity: Zen DemonstrationStudent: Great teacher, I have come to learn from you.Teacher: (Sizing up pupil) I see. Welcome, please come in.Student sits down. Master prepares tea.Teacher: Would you care for some tea?Student: Yes I would, MasterMa

22、ster pours tea slowly, until cup is overflowing. Student in shock.Student: Master, my cup is overflowing.Master: Then how am I to teach you?Spend 5 minutes writing about the significance of this little story for you. Do you see connections to types of education that Plato identifies? What is YOUR me

23、taphor for education?Source: The HMXP websiteThe Point and the MoralThe Point: If you think you already know the Truth, how can you learn anything from this course? What metaphor does the Zen Demonstration employ? Container metaphor. Not “The Banking Concept of Education” (Paulo Freire): your educat

24、ion is not about the deposits of information that professors make for the purpose of coercion or control. You are not receptacles; you are cocreators: this is a metaphorical concept that arises from the notion that action arises from thought and from language.The Moral: It is important to keep an op

25、en mind as regards the ideas in our book and the kind of writing that the course requires.Application What kind of metaphors do professors and students use to describe paper grading?Note the Difference Negative “Nuke em all, let God sort em out.” “Your writing is the disease. Im the cure.” “He blew

26、me out of the water.” “He bled all over my paper.” “He trashed my paper.” “He butchered my paper.”Professor as Rambo Positive “Yeah, Ill be hard on you, but think of it this way: each paper is a hurdle that prepares you to clear the high bar (your portfolio and final exam) at the end of the semester

27、.” “May I lend you a helping hand? Give you a boost?”Professor as coach and helperThe Implications Remember: thoughts language action habit character destiny. So the kind of experience we have relates directly to how we think. Here is the problem: Seeing the same thing from different perspectives of

28、ten causes conflict. Can you think of any examples? Example: Terrorism Terrorists believe that jihad, holy war against the infidel (the United States), is justifiable. Their metaphors: Terrorists are holy warriors, heroes, and martyrs. Americans generally believe that a religiously motivated war is

29、wrong. Our metaphor: Terrorists are _ (fill in the blank).So How can nations and peoples get along if one persons hero is another persons criminal? “Something that appears evil to one nation may be regarded as good by another nation” (C.G. Jung, CW 10, 862/457).To Do: Another Example What metaphors

30、do men and women use to describe dating and relationships? See next slide.Dating and Relationships(Complete this chart.) Women MenQuestion about Couples Could it be that couples do not get along because they have different metaphors for their shared experience?Further Exploration You can write a pap

31、er about a metaphorical pattern in your own life. Example from a previous students paper: “My family is a house.” Or this: Matt Groening, Work Is Hell. Or THIS: “Dating is a game.” But be sure to EVALUATE your pattern and ask yourself whether you benefit from it or not.ENDK-037blfpisQwUAYE!H*L+15;8c

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