虛擬語(yǔ)氣 (3)

1、類類別別用法用法例句例句if引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)的條的條件從件從句句與現(xiàn)在與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相事實(shí)相反反從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞: 一一般過(guò)去時(shí)般過(guò)去時(shí)(be用用were)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞: should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形If they wereattacked, these cars would be strong enough to protect them. 1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的運(yùn)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的運(yùn)用類別類別用法用法例句例句if引導(dǎo)的引導(dǎo)的條 件 從條 件 從句句與過(guò)去事與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反實(shí)相反從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞: had+過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分

2、詞主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:should/would/could/might +have+過(guò)去分過(guò)去分詞詞If he had notbeen in an open car, he wouldnthave been shot. 與將來(lái)事與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反實(shí)相反從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞: 一般一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)/were+不定式不定式/should+動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞: should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形If it rained/were to rain/should raintomorrow, wewould not gocamping. 類類 別

3、別用法用法例句例句if引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)的條的條件從件從句的句的倒裝倒裝如果在表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條如果在表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件句中含有件句中含有were, had或或should, 可將可將if省略省略, 然后將然后將were, had或或should移至主移至主語(yǔ)之前語(yǔ)之前Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded. (=If we had made a great effort. . . )注意注意: 在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，had為助動(dòng)詞。若為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，則為助動(dòng)詞。若為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，則 不能省略、倒裝。試比較：不能省略、倒裝。試比較：If you h

4、ad come earlier，you would catch the bus.Had you come earlier，you would catch the bus.(正正)如果你能來(lái)得早一點(diǎn)，你就能趕上公共汽車。如果你能來(lái)得早一點(diǎn)，你就能趕上公共汽車。If I had time，I would go with you.Had I time，I would go with you. (誤誤)如果我有時(shí)間，我就跟你一起去。如果我有時(shí)間，我就跟你一起去。補(bǔ)充：補(bǔ)充：1. 在錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句中的運(yùn)用在錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句中的運(yùn)用當(dāng)當(dāng)if虛擬條件句中表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作虛擬條件句中表示的動(dòng)作和主句表

5、示的動(dòng)作所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整(從句表示過(guò)去時(shí)間用從句表示過(guò)去時(shí)間用had done，主句謂語(yǔ)用，主句謂語(yǔ)用would do；從句表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)；從句表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間用間用were，主句謂語(yǔ)用，主句謂語(yǔ)用would have done)。e.g. If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be quite all right now. 如果你聽(tīng)從了醫(yī)生的建議，你現(xiàn)在早就好了。如果你聽(tīng)從了醫(yī)生的建議，你現(xiàn)在早就好了。 (從句敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，主句敘述與

6、現(xiàn)在從句敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，主句敘述與現(xiàn)在 事實(shí)相反事實(shí)相反) He would pass the test if he had taken my advice. 如果他聽(tīng)了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在就會(huì)通過(guò)考試了。如果他聽(tīng)了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在就會(huì)通過(guò)考試了。 If I were you, I would have taken his advice. 如果我是你的話如果我是你的話, 我早接納他的建議了。我早接納他的建議了。(從句敘從句敘 述與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反述與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)2. 在含蓄虛擬條件句中的運(yùn)用在含蓄虛擬條件句中的運(yùn)用有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要，在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中并

7、不總是出現(xiàn)有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要，在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if引導(dǎo)的條件句，而通過(guò)其他手段來(lái)代替條件句，其引導(dǎo)的條件句，而通過(guò)其他手段來(lái)代替條件句，其主要用法及表現(xiàn)形式如下：主要用法及表現(xiàn)形式如下：(1) 將條件隱含在分詞短語(yǔ)中將條件隱含在分詞短語(yǔ)中Born in better times, he would have been a scholar.(If he had been born in better times, he would.)如果出生在好時(shí)代，他早就成為學(xué)者了。如果出生在好時(shí)代，他早就成為學(xué)者了。Failing this time, what would you do?(If y

8、ou failed this time, what would.)假若這次失敗，那你怎么辦？假若這次失敗，那你怎么辦？ (2) 將條件隱含在名詞短語(yǔ)中將條件隱含在名詞短語(yǔ)中A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer.(If you had come a few hours earlier, you.)要是你早來(lái)幾個(gè)小時(shí)，你就能見(jiàn)到這位著名的作家了。要是你早來(lái)幾個(gè)小時(shí)，你就能見(jiàn)到這位著名的作家了。(3) 將條件隱含在定語(yǔ)從句中將條件隱含在定語(yǔ)從句中Anyone who had seen that painting

9、might have taken it for a photo.(If anyone had seen that painting, he.)凡是看過(guò)那幅畫(huà)的人，都可能把它看成是照片。凡是看過(guò)那幅畫(huà)的人，都可能把它看成是照片。(4) 將條件隱含在形容詞及其比較級(jí)中將條件隱含在形容詞及其比較級(jí)中A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.(If a person had been more careful, he.)一個(gè)仔細(xì)一點(diǎn)的人不會(huì)犯這么多的錯(cuò)誤。一個(gè)仔細(xì)一點(diǎn)的人不會(huì)犯這么多的錯(cuò)誤。3. 用用with, without

10、, but for, under, or, otherwise， if only等代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句等代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句But for the storm (If it had not been for the storm), I would have arrived much earlier.要不是那場(chǎng)暴雨，我早就到達(dá)了。要不是那場(chǎng)暴雨，我早就到達(dá)了。Under different circumstances, I would have said yes.(If circumstances had been different, I would.)在不同的情況下，我就會(huì)同意了。在不同的情況下，我

11、就會(huì)同意了。2. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句中的運(yùn)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句中的運(yùn)用 在在as if，as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句句 中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，形式為：中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，形式為：(1) 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反）動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反）(2) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（與現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行時(shí)相反）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（與現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行時(shí)相反）(3) had+done （與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反）（與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反）(4) could/ might/ would+動(dòng)詞原形（與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反）動(dòng)詞原形（與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反） 在在even if，even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，表

12、示與所發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反時(shí)，應(yīng)采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其表示與所發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反時(shí)，應(yīng)采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成形式與條件句中讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成形式與條件句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式相同。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式相同。 在表示建議、要求、命令、意志等的動(dòng)詞后，可在表示建議、要求、命令、意志等的動(dòng)詞后，可 用用“(should)動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形”的形式。這類動(dòng)詞有的形式。這類動(dòng)詞有 suggest, request, demand, order, propose, advise, insist, require等。其中等。其中should常常省略。常常省略。e.g. They demanded th

13、at the black people (should) be treated as well as white people. 他們要求黑人應(yīng)該受到和白人一樣的對(duì)待。他們要求黑人應(yīng)該受到和白人一樣的對(duì)待。 The doctor ordered that the patient (should) be sent to hospital without delay. 醫(yī)生命令病人應(yīng)一刻也不能耽誤地送往醫(yī)院。醫(yī)生命令病人應(yīng)一刻也不能耽誤地送往醫(yī)院。注意注意 suggest作作“暗示，表明暗示，表明”講時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛講時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬擬 語(yǔ)氣。只有當(dāng)語(yǔ)氣。只有當(dāng)suggest作作“建議建議”

14、講時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句講時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句才才 用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。e.g. His smile suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他的微笑表明他對(duì)我們的工作滿意。他的微笑表明他對(duì)我們的工作滿意。 He suggested that we (should) start off at once. 他建議我們馬上出發(fā)。他建議我們馬上出發(fā)。 insist作作“堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持(說(shuō)說(shuō))，強(qiáng)調(diào)，強(qiáng)調(diào)”講時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句不講時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句不用用 虛擬語(yǔ)氣。只有當(dāng)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。只有當(dāng)insist作作“堅(jiān)持要求堅(jiān)持要求”講時(shí)，講時(shí)，賓賓 語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

15、e.g. Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 邁克強(qiáng)調(diào)他從來(lái)沒(méi)有偷過(guò)任何東西。邁克強(qiáng)調(diào)他從來(lái)沒(méi)有偷過(guò)任何東西。 I insisted that you give me my money back. 我堅(jiān)持要求你把錢還給我。我堅(jiān)持要求你把錢還給我。 對(duì)于此類動(dòng)詞可以這樣記憶：對(duì)于此類動(dòng)詞可以這樣記憶： 一堅(jiān)持一堅(jiān)持 (insist) 二命令二命令 (order, demand) 三建議三建議 (advice, suggest, propose) 四要求四要求 (require, request, demand, ask) 含有含有ad

16、vice, idea, order, suggestion, proposal, demand, requirement, request等詞的同位語(yǔ)從句和等詞的同位語(yǔ)從句和 表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形”。e.g. His suggestion that we (should) go to London is nice. 他建議我們?nèi)惗兀媸呛脴O了。他建議我們?nèi)惗?，真是好極了。 (suggestion后同位語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣后同位語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣) His suggestion is that the meeting (should) be

17、 put off. 他的建議是會(huì)議延后。他的建議是會(huì)議延后。(suggestion后表語(yǔ)從句用虛后表語(yǔ)從句用虛 擬語(yǔ)氣擬語(yǔ)氣) My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it. 我想我們應(yīng)該仔細(xì)考慮后才能接受。我想我們應(yīng)該仔細(xì)考慮后才能接受。(idea后表語(yǔ)從后表語(yǔ)從 句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于主語(yǔ)從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于主語(yǔ)從句It is形容詞形容詞that(should)動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形 用于本句型的形容詞有用于本句型的形容詞有strange, natural, necessary, important, ess

18、ential, urgent, impossible等；還有與表示提議、要求、命令等；還有與表示提議、要求、命令等的動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的形容詞，如等的動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的形容詞，如desirable (desire), urgent (urge), advisable (advise), preferable (prefer)等。等。 It is名詞名詞that(should)動(dòng)詞原形，用于動(dòng)詞原形，用于本本 句型的名詞有句型的名詞有a pity, a shame, no wonder等。等。 It is過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞that(should) 動(dòng)詞原形，動(dòng)詞原形， 用于本句型中的過(guò)去分詞就是表示提議、要用于本句

19、型中的過(guò)去分詞就是表示提議、要 求、命令等的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如求、命令等的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如: suggested, required, requested, demanded, urged, proposed, ordered, desired, advised等。等。 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞wish后面賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣：后面賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣：(1) 若賓語(yǔ)從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，則從句謂若賓語(yǔ)從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，則從句謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，be一律用一律用were。 How I wish I were a bird! 我多希望自己是只鳥(niǎo)！我多希望自己是只鳥(niǎo)！(事實(shí)上

20、不是事實(shí)上不是)(2) 若賓語(yǔ)從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，則從句謂若賓語(yǔ)從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，則從句謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞”。 I wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 我希望我們?cè)鐑蓚€(gè)小時(shí)到了那兒。我希望我們?cè)鐑蓚€(gè)小時(shí)到了那兒。 (與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)(3) 若賓語(yǔ)從句表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí)若賓語(yǔ)從句表示將來(lái)沒(méi)有把握或不太可能實(shí) 現(xiàn)的愿望，則從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)的愿望，則從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 “should/could/would/might動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形”。 I wish we could go to the

21、seaside someday. 我希望我們有一天能去海邊。我希望我們有一天能去海邊。(對(duì)將來(lái)虛擬對(duì)將來(lái)虛擬) would rather/prefer后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句謂語(yǔ)后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be用用were)來(lái)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?來(lái)的虛擬，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。來(lái)的虛擬，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。 Dont always make noise. Id rather/prefer you kept silent. 不要老是吵鬧，我寧愿你保持沉默。不要老是吵鬧，我寧愿你保持沉默。(敘述與現(xiàn)在敘述與現(xiàn)在 事實(shí)相反事實(shí)相反) I

22、would rather/prefer I had not told him the bad news. 我寧愿沒(méi)告訴他那個(gè)壞消息。我寧愿沒(méi)告訴他那個(gè)壞消息。(敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相敘述與過(guò)去事實(shí)相 反反) 在句型在句型“It is (high/about) time.”后面也可以跟虛后面也可以跟虛 擬語(yǔ)氣，從句中常用過(guò)去式。有時(shí)也用擬語(yǔ)氣，從句中常用過(guò)去式。有時(shí)也用“should 動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形”，意為，意為“該是該是的時(shí)候了的時(shí)候了”。 It is high time (that) the weather improved. 天氣真該好起來(lái)了。天氣真該好起來(lái)了。 在在in case, in o

23、rder that, so that等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ) 從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“could/can/may/might 動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形”，表示虛擬。，表示虛擬。 She called him lest he should go out. 她給他打電話以防他出去。她給他打電話以防他出去。 They left early for fear that they would meet him. 他們動(dòng)身很早以免和他碰面。他們動(dòng)身很早以免和他碰面。1. Do you think George has passed the driving test? No. If so, he _

24、his car to our college yesterday. (福建福建2013) A. would drive B. drove C. would have driven D. had driven【解析【解析】C。由。由No及及If so可知，主句中應(yīng)用可知，主句中應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，故謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，故謂語(yǔ)用“would have +過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞”。2. I should not have laughed if I _ you were serious. (江蘇江蘇2013) A. thought B. would think C. had t

25、hought D. have thought【解析【解析】C。由題意可知，題干用了虛擬。由題意可知，題干用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，故從句謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)氣，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，故從句謂語(yǔ)用用“had +過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞”。3. Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam _ at the age of six months old. (浙江浙江2013) A. was B. be C. were D. is【解析【解析】B。recommend后的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬后的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，謂語(yǔ)用語(yǔ)氣，謂語(yǔ)用“（should +）動(dòng)詞原形）動(dòng)詞原

26、形”。4. If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he _ able to speak it much better now. (天津天津2013) A. will be B. would be C. has been D. would have been 【解析【解析】B。根據(jù)從句謂語(yǔ)，。根據(jù)從句謂語(yǔ)，before和和now可可知，題干中是錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。條件句與過(guò)知，題干中是錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。條件句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，所以主去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，所以主句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用would

27、 be。5. If we _ a table earlier, we wouldnt be standing here in a queue. (北京北京2013) A. have booked B. booked C. book D. had booked【解析【解析】D。由。由earlier與與wouldnt be standing可知，題干中用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句可知，題干中用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，故與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，故設(shè)空處用設(shè)空處用“had +過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞”。6. I _ to my cousins birthday party las

28、t night, but I was not available. (2011安安 徽徽) A. went B. had gone C. would go D. would have gone【解析【解析】選選D?？疾樘摂M語(yǔ)氣。句意?？疾樘摂M語(yǔ)氣。句意: 昨晚我昨晚我應(yīng)該去堂兄的生日晚會(huì)應(yīng)該去堂兄的生日晚會(huì), 但是我沒(méi)有空。根但是我沒(méi)有空。根據(jù)句中據(jù)句中l(wèi)ast night及及but可知本題表示的是與過(guò)可知本題表示的是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè), 故選故選D。1. David has never been to Rome, but he talks about it as if he

29、 _ there himself. A. has been B. had been C. is D. were 2. Tom was absent from the party. Otherwise, he _ wonderful programs. A. must perform B. would perform C. must have performed D. would have performedBD3. The new film directed by Steven Spielberg was very interesting. I wish I _ it when it was

30、first shown last Sunday. A. saw B. have seen C. could see D. had seen4. Luckily I got to the job interview on time, or I _ such a good chance to enter the big business. A. must have missed B. must miss C. would have missed D. would missDC5. If your bicycle _ be out of order within one week, we would exchange it for a new one. A. could B. should C. might D. would6. Now, good friends, lets drink to our health and _ we never forget each other. A. may B. might C. must D. willBA7. All the evidence suggested Jim _ the