Austin 言外行為分類

1、I. VERDICTIVESVerdictives consist in the delivering of a finding, of official or unofficial, upon evidence or reasons as to value or fact, so far as these are distinguishable. A verdictive is a judicial act as distinct from legislative or executive acts, which are both exercitives. But some judicial

2、 acts, in the wider sense that they are done by judges instead of, for example, juries, really are exercitive. Verdictives have obvious connexions with truth and falsity, soundness and unsoundness and fairness and unfairness. That the content of a verdict is true or false is shown, for example, in a

3、 dispute over an umpires calling “Out”, “Three strikes”, etc.Examples are;acquit place put it at grade assess characterize convict interpret as Rule estimate rankvalue diagnose find (as a matter of fact) understandcalculate locate measure ratedescribe analyseAn exercitive is the giving of a decision

4、 in favour of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it. It is a decision that something is to be so, as distinct from a judgement that it is so: it is advocacy that it should be so, as opposed to an estimate that it is so; it is an award as opposed to an assessment; it is a sentence

5、as opposed to a verdict. Arbitrators and judges make use of exercitives as well as issuing verdictives. Its consequences may be that others are “compelled” or “allowed” or “not allowed” to do certain acts.appoint degrade demotedismiss excommunicate nameorder command directsentence fine grantlevy vot

6、e for nominateenact reprieve vetodedicate declare closed declare openproclaim announce quashcountermand annul repealchoose claim givebequeath pardon resignwarn advise pleadpray entreat begurge press recommendTypical contexts in which exercitives are used are in: (1) filling offices and appointments,

7、 candidatures, elections, admissions, resignations, dismissals, and applications, (2) ad vice, exhortation, and petition, (3) enablements, orders, sentences, and annulments, (4) the conduct of meetings and business, 5) rights, claims, accusations, etc.3. COMMISSIVESThe whole point of a commissive is

8、 to commit the speaker to a certain course of action. Examples are:promise undertake am determined tomean to propose to envisageguarantee vow dedicate myself toadopt espousebind myself intend plan shall engage pledge myself agree declare for champion opposecontract give my word purpose contemplate s

9、wear bet consent side with embrace favour declare my intention4. BEHABITIVESBehabitives include the notion of reaction to other peoples behaviour and fortunes and of attitudes and expressions of attitudes to someone elses past conduct or imminent conduct. There are obvious connexions with both stati

10、ng or describing what our feelings are and expressing, in the sense of venting our feelings, though behabitives are distinct from both of these. Examples are:1. For apologies we have “apologize”. 2. For thanks we have “thank”.3. For sympathy we have “deplore” “commiserate” , “compliment”, “condole”,

11、 “congratulate”, “felicitate” , “sympathize”.4.For attitudes we have “resent”, “dont mind”, “pay tribute”, “criticize”, “grumble about” , “complain of”, “applaud”, “overlook”, “commend”, “deprecate” ,and the non-exercitive uses of “blame” , “approve” ,and “favour”.5. For greetings we have “welcome”,

12、 “bid you farewell”.6. For wishes we have “bless”, “curse”, “toast”, “drink to” ,and “wish” (in its strict performative use).7. For challenges we have “dare”, “defy”, “protest”, “challenge”.5. EXPOSITIVESExpositives are used in acts of exposition involving the expounding of views, the conducting of

13、arguments, and the clarifying of usages and of references. 1. affirm, deny, state, describe, class, identify2. remark, mention, interpose3. inform, apprise, tell, answer, rejoin 4. testify, report, swear, conjecture, doubt, know, believe5. accept, concede, withdraw, agree, object to, adhere to, recognize, repudiate, correct, rev