牛津高中英語模塊一語法整理(共9頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上牛津英語模塊一語法定語從句（1）1 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中的使用 除了形容詞，名詞等作定語來修飾名詞或代詞，句子也可以作定語，我們稱作定語的句子為定語從句。 先看這樣的兩個句子： This man is my English teacher. He is standing at the door. 如果想把這兩個句子合成一個句子，我們可將第二句轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句來修飾the man，即： The man that/who is standing at the door is my English teacher. 這個句子中，that/who is standing at

2、the door 充當(dāng)了the man的定語，它就是定語從句；而被修飾的the man叫作先行詞，that/who是關(guān)系代詞。2 關(guān)系代詞that，which, who, whom, whose的區(qū)別（1）當(dāng)先行詞是人時：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，用that/whoIs he the man who/that told you the news?關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時，用whom/that/who,也可以省略The boy (whom/that/who) I talked to yesterday is my brother.（2）當(dāng)先行詞是物時：可用關(guān)系代詞that/which來充

3、當(dāng)主語或賓語This is a book which/that talks about geography.綜上所述，that既可指人，也可指物，而which只可指物，who/whom只可指人；who/that/which都可作主語或賓語，而whom只能作賓語；whose在定語從句中必須放在一個名詞前作定語The book whose cover is red cant be found now.3 只能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況 （1）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時This is the best dictionary that Ive ever used.The first th

4、ing that you should do is to work out a plan.（2）當(dāng)先行詞被all, some, any, no, little, much等修飾或者先行詞為all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代詞時All that she lacked was training.She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents.（3）當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時They talked abo

5、ut the persons and things that most impressed them.（4）當(dāng)先行詞被the last, the only, the very等修飾時This is the only example that I know.This is one of the very books that I am looking for.（5）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時，通常用thatChina is not the country (that) it was.4 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞常用which不用that的情況 （1）關(guān)系代詞前有介詞或介詞短語時Galileo

6、 built a telescope through which he could study the sky.Here is the book about which I told you yesterday, （2）引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could except.（3）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞之后有插入語時Here is the E

7、nglish grammar book which, as Ive told you, will help improve your English.He was always speaking highly of her role in the play which, of course, made the others unhappy.（4）先行詞本身是that時That which is evil is soon learned.壞事易學(xué)。That which is well done is twice done.一次做的好等于做兩次。5 which和whose作定語時的區(qū)別 Which

8、和whose都可以在定語從句中作定語，但是which一般只用在非限制性定語從句中，緊指物，并且要接一個對先行詞起概括作用的泛指名詞；whose+名詞與先行詞不表示同一事物或情況Peter spent three years in France, during which time he learnt French.The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.窗子破了的那間房子沒人住。 注意：定語從句中whose+名詞=the+名詞+of whom/whichThe boy, whose uncle is a judge, is singin

9、g under the tree.= The boy, the uncle of whom is a judge, is singing under the tree.I bought the book last year, whose cover is broken.= I bought the book last year, the cover of which is broken.6 如何確定定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 下面兩句話中的先行詞都是day，但由于其在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌ㄕZ從句的引導(dǎo)詞也不同Ill never forget the days (which/that) we s

10、pent together.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們一起度過的日子。（先行詞the days在定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動詞spend的賓語，所以定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用關(guān)系代詞which/that）Ill never forget the day when (on which) I arrived here.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我到這兒的日子。（先行詞the day在定語從句中作時間狀語，所以定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用關(guān)系副詞when，或on+關(guān)系代詞which）7 關(guān)系代詞的省略 在定語從句中，如果關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，那么我們常常省略關(guān)系代詞。如果關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，則不可省略He is the p

11、erson (who/that) we are looking for.他就是我們一直在找的那個人。（從句中that/who作介詞for的賓語，因此可以省略。）注意：介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略，而且指人時用whom，指物是用whichThe person about whom we are talking is our headmaster.我們正在談?wù)摰哪莻€人是我們的校長。（whom在定語從句中作about的賓語，而且先行詞the person是指人，因此只能用whom）The company at which my sister works is in the east of the ci

12、ty.8 定語從句中的主謂一致問題 （1）關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上通常和先行詞保持一致All that shines is not gold. 發(fā)光的不一定是金子 （2）one of the + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作先行詞時，定語從句中謂語動詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞一致He is also one of the students who go to the park. （3）the only/very + one of the + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作先行詞時，定語從句中謂語動詞和one一致，用單數(shù)形式He is the only one of the students who goes

13、to the park.9 定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別 （1）從語法角度來看，引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，只起語法作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，如例（1）中的that；而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，它除了起引導(dǎo)從句的語法作用外，還要在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，主要是作主語或賓語，如例（2）中的that在從句中作動詞told的賓語 （2）從先行詞的詞性來看，同位語從句的先行詞大都為抽象名詞，而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞，也可以是代詞 （3）從可否省略來看，同位語從句的that一般不可以省略，但是定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞如果在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，在非正式用語中常?？梢允÷岳?）We were gre

14、atly pleased at the news that the Chinese womens volleyball team had won the match again. 聽到中國女排再次獲勝的消息我們極為高興。（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句）例（2）We were greatly pleased at the news that our teacher had told us. 聽到老師告訴我們的消息我們感到很高興10 定語從句與狀語從句的區(qū)別 定語從句的關(guān)系詞在從句中要作某種成分，因而從句成分不完整；而引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連接詞在句中不作任何成分，因此句子成分完整 It is such an

15、interesting book as we all like. (定語從句) It is such an interesting book that we all like it. (結(jié)果狀語從句)11 定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別 定語從句對名詞或代詞起修飾和限制作用，關(guān)系詞可以是that，which，as，who，另一方面，句子中的It有所指代；而強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是對某部分加強(qiáng)語氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣的連接詞只能是that，who，并且句子中的It沒有任何意義。兩種從句的判斷一般比較明顯，而有事就難以區(qū)別，需要根據(jù)上下文的語境來判斷。如下面一句話： It is a book that he wants. 此句

16、究竟是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是定語從句，就要從語境上來判斷。如果它是用來回答What is this/that?這樣的問題，意思就是：它是一本他想要的書。句子顯然是定語從句。如果是用來回答What does he want?這樣的問題，那么意思就是：他想要的是一本書。顯然，句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型?！菊骖}回放】1 （ ）The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination. A that B which C whose D what2 （ ）Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station you ca

17、n hire to reach your host family. A which B where C when D as3 （ ）Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. A who B where C when D which4（ ）The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. A they B

18、where C what D that5（ ）Thats the new machine parts are small to be seen. A that B which C whose D what6（ ）The old temple roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. A where B which C its D whose7（ ）I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone elses fault. A who B that C as D what8 ( ) C

19、hildren who are no active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A what B whose C which D that9 ( ) In China, the number of cities is increasing development is recognized across the world. A where B which C whose D that定語從句（2）1 介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是in，on, about, from, for, with, to等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom

20、，which，或whose，不可用that。這些詞既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，又可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。主要有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)： （1）介詞+關(guān)系代詞 Who is the man with whom you shook hands just now? （2）名詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞 Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover). 注意：當(dāng)先行詞是物時，作定語的引導(dǎo)詞whose + n. = the + n. + of which或of which + the + n. （3）代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞 A

21、s he was a lively, cousin man, he hid a great deal, and noticed many interesting things, all of which he recorded in his diary. （4）介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞 He goes to bed at ten, at which hour his brother locks all the doors and windows. （5）形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞 He has bought many novels, the most interesting of which i

22、s written by Han Han. （6）數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞 I have three brothers, two of whom have just graduated from the same university.【巧記】介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，指物時則用which。介詞的選擇可以根據(jù)以下關(guān)系確定：（1） 介詞與定語從句中的動詞或形容詞是一種習(xí)慣性搭配。This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan.The two things about which Marx was not sure were the gramma

23、r and some of the idioms of English.（2） 介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習(xí)慣性搭配。There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth.沒有辦法可以把它帶到地球上來。（依據(jù)短語in this way）（3） 根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思確定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we cant live is called oxygen.（4） 表示所有關(guān)系或整體

24、中的一部分時，用介詞ofThere are different forms of energy, most of which come from the sun.注意：含有介詞的短語動詞一般不能拆開，即介詞仍放在動詞之后，因此不能使用介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)此類短語有：listen to, look at, pay attention to, care for等Is this the watch he is looking for?2 關(guān)系副詞的用法 關(guān)系副詞（=介詞+關(guān)系代詞）：關(guān)系副詞先行詞在從句中的作用說明When(=at/on/in/duringwhich)時間名詞時間狀語非正式文體中，有時

25、用that代替關(guān)系副詞，如通常用在way后Where(=in/atwhich)地點名詞地點狀語Why=(for which)Reason和explanation原因狀語The rain came at a time when (= at which) it was not needed.This is the computer where (= by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents.Here is the place where (= at which) the murder took place.He didnt give any r

26、eason why (= for which) I had been fired.【提示】當(dāng)先行詞是situation, point, case, stage等表示某種情景、狀況的詞時，常用where或in/at which引導(dǎo)定語從句。Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?【巧記】如果表示時間、地點、原因的名詞不作狀語，而是作主語、賓語或者表語時，必須用關(guān)系代詞that/which來引導(dǎo)而不是用where等May 1 is the day I will never forget.五月一號是我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記

27、的一天。（that作forget的賓語）The Three Gorges is a beautiful place (that/which) people all over the world look forward to visiting. 長江三峽是個美麗的地方，全世界的人都渴望來參觀。（that或which作visiting的賓語）Is this the reason that he gave us for being late?這就是他給我們的遲到的原因嗎？（that作gave的直接賓語）【真題回放】1 ( ) She showed the visitors around the m

28、useum, the construction had taken more than three years. A for which B with which C of which D to which2 ( ) English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of uses it somewhat differently. A which B what C them D those3 ( ) A bank is the place they lend you an umbrella in fair weathe

29、r and ask for it back when it begins to rain. A when B that C where D there4 ( ) It was April 29, 2011 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. A that B when C since D before5 ( ) The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living. A

30、 when B that C where D which6 ( ) I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A which B where C who D that7 ( ) Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of she spoke fluently. A who B whom C which D that8 ( ) Stephen Hawking believes that the e

31、arth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. A that B where C which D whose9 ( ) She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before. A them B who C whom D these10 ( ) Mozarts birthplace and the house he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now. A where B w

32、hen C there D which11 ( ) I have reached a point in my life I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A which B where C how D why12 ( ) Shell never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A that B which C where D when13 ( ) Gun control is a subject Americans h

33、ave argued for a long time. A of which B with which C about which D into which14 ( ) Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. A that B when C which D where15 ( ) -What do you think of teaching, Bob? - I find it fun and challenging, It is a job you are doing som

34、ething serious but interesting. A where B which C when D that定語從句（3）-非限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句指示對主句內(nèi)容或先行詞作補(bǔ)充解釋或附加說明。主句與從句之間一般用逗號隔開，常常單獨翻譯。如果去掉，主句意思仍然完整。I have an elder sister who works in a hospital.我有一個在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。（限制性定語從句）I have an elder sister, who works in a hospital.我有一個姐姐，她在一家醫(yī)院工作。（非限制性定語從句）1 非限制性定語從句的先行

35、詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是整個句子。2 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有as, which, who, whom, whose等，作定語從句的主語、賓語、表語及定語；關(guān)系副詞有when，where等，作定語從句的狀語。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中一般不能省略。As is known, Stephen Chow, who was born in Hong Kong, is one of the worlds greatest actorsIn many of his films, he made the audience laugh with interesting stories, whi

36、ch he made up almost himself.Last Sunday, when it was raining all the day, he came to our city, where he received a warm welcome.【提示】（1） 關(guān)系代詞that不能用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。（2） 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語時不能省略。（3） 關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，但可用for which代替3 使用非限制性定語從句的常見情況：（1）先行詞是表示獨一無二的事物時。 The moon, which doesnt give out light

37、 itself, is only a satellite of the earth.（2）先行詞是表示類屬的事物時。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.（3）先行詞是專有名詞時。 The Neil, which used to flood every year, now runs more regularly below the dam.（4）先行詞是表示人的職業(yè)、品質(zhì)、身份等名詞，作定語從句的表語時，主句和定語從句之間含有對比的意思，這種情況下多用which引導(dǎo)。 Mikes br

38、other is a policeman, which he isnt.（5）先行詞為整個句子時，引導(dǎo)詞只能用as或which。但是二者也有區(qū)別： as有正如、像等意思，可以置于句首，句中或句末。as后常接expect，know, report, say, see等動詞的主動或被動語態(tài)句。如：as was expected(不出所料)，as is mentioned above（正如上面所提到的）等which可用and this/that/it代替，有因此，這樣，這就使得，這一點等意思，常置于主句之后?！咎崾尽縜s也可用在限制性定語從句中，多和such，so或the same連用，構(gòu)成such

39、/soas和the sameas結(jié)構(gòu)Such books as I have read are English novels.我所讀過的書都是英語小說。（as作賓語）（6）當(dāng)定語從句中的名詞、代詞與先行詞存在部分與整體的關(guān)系，用+介詞+關(guān)系代詞which/whom表示時反意疑問句 反意疑問句有兩部分組成：前一部分是一個陳述句，后一部分是一個簡短的疑問句，兩部分的人稱、時態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。1 反意疑問句的構(gòu)成 （1）陳述部分肯定式+疑問部分否定式 They work here, dont they?（2）陳述部分否定式+疑問部分肯定式 The old man wouldnt believe you,

40、 would he?（3）陳述部分肯定式+疑問部分肯定式 Have a cup of tea, will you?【提示】（1）若陳述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, few, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞，其疑問部分要用肯定式She said nothing, did she?（2）若陳述部分含有帶否定前綴如un-, im-, dis-的詞，疑問部分仍用否定式It is impossible, isnt it?2 反意疑問句的用法（1）省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用will you Dont do that again, will you? Go with

41、me, will you/wont you? Lets 開頭的祈使句，后用shall we；Let us開頭的祈使句，后用will you Lets go and listen to the music, shall we? Let us wait for you in the reading room, will you?（2）陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句的反意疑問句。 當(dāng)陳述部分為主從復(fù)合句時，疑問部分一般應(yīng)與主句保持一致 He said that he didnt like it, didnt he? He knows where I live, doesnt he?當(dāng)陳述部分為I/We thi

42、nk (believe, suppose) that等時，疑問部分通常與從句的主謂保持一致（注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移） I think that it is too smart, isnt it? I dont think he will come, will he?（3）陳述部分是Im時，疑問部分通常用arent I。 Im wrong, arent I? Im older than you, arent I?（4）當(dāng)陳述部分的主語為somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等復(fù)合不定代詞時，其反意疑問句的主語在正式文體中用he，在口語

43、或非正式文體中通常用they。但當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是something，anything，nothing，everything等復(fù)合不定代詞時，其反意疑問句的主語用it。 Nobody was late, were they? Nothing is important, is it?（5）當(dāng)陳述部分含有must時，要分兩種情況 若must表示必須或有必要，疑問部分用mustnt或neednt You must leave at once, mustnt/neednt you? 但是當(dāng)陳述部分有mustnt表示禁止時，疑問部分用must You mustnt laugh, must you?若mu

44、st表示推測，疑問部分不能用must，而應(yīng)根據(jù)must后的動詞采用相應(yīng)的助動詞來構(gòu)成反意疑問句 He must be tired, isnt he? You must have studied English for five years, havent you? 你肯定需哦過五年英語，不是嗎？（對過去發(fā)生的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況進(jìn)行推測） You must have finished that novel yesterday, didnt you? 你昨天一定完成了那部小說，不是嗎？（對過去情況的推測）（6）當(dāng)陳述部分為there be句型時，疑問部分仍用there There was not

45、hing in the room, was there?（7）當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語是used to時，疑問部分用didnt +主語或usednt +主語 He used to take pictures there, didnt he/usednt he?【真題回放】1 ( ) Ted came for the weekend only some shorts and a T-shit, is a stupid thing to do in such weather. A this B that C what D which2 ( ) Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to th