Character 文學(xué)原理教程

1、. Character& Characterization.Kinds of Character Roles in the Novel1. Hero / Heroine 主角 - The chief / central character of a literary work . Hero / Heroine Carrying Connotation Protagonist 主人公 Sounding Neutral. Protagonist Antagonist 反面角色，對立面 - The rival or opponent against whom the protagonist

2、/ hero is contending.2. Main / Major Character - One in close and dynamic relation with the hero / heroine. (Close relation does not necessarily mean good relation.).3. Minor Character - One in remote and static relation with the hero. (Not all minor characters are unimportant.).4. Foil (Character)

3、陪襯 - One that helps enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting.Degrees of Development Round Character 圓形人物- The complex multidimensional character with the capacity to grow and change. .Round Characterization A character who is complex and has many sides or traits with unpredi

4、ctable behavior and a fully developed personality. Antagonists are usually a round characterization. Example: Like The Green Goblin (Norman Osborn). 另一類圓活人物，則企圖表現(xiàn)人心的復(fù)雜多變，一如動(dòng)態(tài)的塑造，不但免除僵化，令人厭煩之病，而且可以是應(yīng)任何情節(jié)的應(yīng)球，令人有新奇變化之感，甚至角色在小說中成長，有自主能力去改變結(jié)局似的，比方說紅樓夢中的寶玉，在裙釵中翻滾，在大官園中流連，愛恨迭起，悲喜無常，最后以出家勘破，作為回歸太虛的醒悟之途。. Co

5、mplex in temperament and motivation; Represented with subtle particularity; As difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life.Eg: Hamlet - A typical round character.2. Flat Character 扁平人物 - One who embodies or represents a single characteristic or trait, or at most a very limited n

6、umber of such qualities. 據(jù)Forster的說法，小說中的人物可分成扁平（Flat）人物與圓活人物（Round）。扁平人物有時(shí)又被稱為類型（types）或漫畫人物（caricatures)，通常是依循著一個(gè)單純的理念或性質(zhì)而被創(chuàng)造出來，所以又被歸類為靜態(tài)人物（static），故地展現(xiàn)一項(xiàng)性能特征，比較被動(dòng)，對任何環(huán)境變遷，只是持著一種態(tài)度，這樣的人物在求易認(rèn)易記，比方說瓊瑤小說（一般言情）中的男女主角似乎總是美麗、瀟灑，多情易感，任憑時(shí)移境遷，此愛不渝。而魯迅阿Q正傳中的阿Q由于遭遇任何困厄、皆以精神勝利法泰然處之，似乎也是平面人物常用以做諷刺性描述的代表。.Flat

7、Characterization A character who has one or two sides, representing one or two traitsoften a stereotype. Flat characters help move the plot along more quickly because the audience immediately understands what the character is about. Example: Like a geeky science professor. Type Character 類型化人物 Stock

8、 Character 小丑角色 One-dimensional Character單一角色 Caricature 漫畫人物漫畫人物 - when distorted to create humor. Presented without much individualizing detail; Remaining “stable” or unchanged in outlook and dispositions from the beginning to the end of a work.Eg: Detective Story Adventure Novel Farce Comedy- In

9、above works, the protagonist usually is a flat character.1. Dynamic Character- Exhibiting some kind of change as the story progresses.2. Static Character- Remaining the same from the beginning of a work to the end.Dynamic Characterization A character who experiences an essential change in personalit

10、y or attitude. Protagonists are almost always dynamic. Example: Stitch, from Lilo andStitch .Static Characterization A character who does not change or develop beyond the way in which she or he is first presented. Example: Atticus Finch from To Kill a Mockingbird.Characterization 人物塑造- The process b

11、y which an author creates, develops, and presents a character.Characterization How a writer reveals a characters personality Direct Characterization: Author tells us what the character is like (e.g. deceitful, honest, evil, kind) Indirect Characterization: Physical description Words & thoughts O

12、ther characters thoughts & comments Characters actions.Methods of Characterization Characterization1. Through the use of names;2. Through appearance;3. By the author;- By telling. 人物構(gòu)造法（methods of characterization） 基本尚可分為說明（telling）或表演（showing）二種方式. Telling的方式如： 命名：這是描寫小說人物性格最簡單的方式，比如黑旋風(fēng)李逵（黑大漢、又

13、粗暴）浪里白條（白大漢、張順）、宋江喚做及時(shí)與（扶弱濟(jì)貧、仗義疏才），透過這些綽號可以點(diǎn)醒人物個(gè)性特質(zhì)，而命名中的諧音，如賈寶玉之賈假諧音，岸玉假作真時(shí)，真亦假，寶玉與頑石，冥頑與通靈的虛實(shí)交錯(cuò)。而紅樓一開頭就由甄士隱、賈雨村搪塞作者創(chuàng)作經(jīng)歷，甄士隱是故將真事隱去、賈雨村是用假語村言敷衍出來。是一開始就用人物命名喻示出全書主題。. 表特征：可分先天體型雨日常習(xí)慣，比方說：一支小彩蝶兒，這是大家給她取的外號。是的，這是只小彩蝶兒，有那份翩翩的姿態(tài)，更有那份雅致和嫵媚。（幾度夕陽紅）這是一般寫女主角時(shí)常賦予的美麗姿態(tài)；通常很少描寫的肥胖臃腫。而形姿中神情的捕捉，更為重要，比如紅樓夢中寫黛玉是：兩彎

14、似蹙非蹙罥煙眉，一雙似喜非喜含情目，淚光點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，嬌喘微微。嫻靜時(shí)如嬌花照水，行動(dòng)似弱柳扶水。愁眉長嘆，淚眼不干，成為黛玉其人的標(biāo)志。. 作者評論：這不但是讓讀者注意，且受到作者的特別引導(dǎo)，在表H外，附加以造型的內(nèi)在意涵，比如寫黛玉初見寶玉，除了描寫其穿金戴玉，綾羅綢緞，面如賦彩，轉(zhuǎn)盼多情之外，作者還以西江月二闕詞加以批示： 無故尋愁覓恨，有時(shí)似傻如狂?？v然生得好皮囊，腹內(nèi)原來草莽。潦倒不通庶務(wù)，愚頑恰讀文章。行為偏僻性乖張，那管世人毀謗。富貴不知樂業(yè)，貧窮難耐凄涼?？蓱z辜負(fù)好時(shí)光，于國于家無望。天下無能第一，古今不肖無雙。寄言紈褲與膏梁，莫效此兒形狀。一方面，作者似有意寄寓教化之效，可是更多的目

15、的在補(bǔ)充外表形象描寫的不足，甚至為寶玉一生作一個(gè)精靈的提點(diǎn)-我們無法以世俗工業(yè)去看他，反而要為他敞開一條癡傻狂傲的人生路徑。. Characterization4. Through dialogue;5. Through action;- By showing. showing的方式，如： 對話與行動(dòng)（動(dòng)作）當(dāng)我們說對話的時(shí)候必然牽涉誰說的、向誰說、說什么，怎么說等四個(gè)層面。而說話的同時(shí)也然有些動(dòng)作，包括表情與肢體。所以我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它類似戲劇表演，不只是說話要像真人在說話的樣子，而且必須與兩者之間的身份、個(gè)性配合，甚至與采取的行動(dòng)相關(guān)。. 比如紅樓夢中鳳姊初見到劉姥姥一段，二人在身份上的富貧、

16、貴賤與性情上的真厚虛偽、驕縱樸拙加以對照。鳳姊以低頭的無聊舉止，配合怎么還不請進(jìn)來，到怎么不早說復(fù)有忙欲起身卻猶未起身的動(dòng)作語言，將鳳姊一身驕氣表露無遺。而說大戶人家不過是個(gè)空架子、管事的艱苦難處等，又是權(quán)貴家族狡猾勢利之處，相形之下，劉姥姥的寒儉、低下，扭捏、粗俗，比如先紅了臉再說（勉強(qiáng)的說），見賈蓉逛來，站不是坐不是，有了錢拿不禁喜的眉開眼笑，粗鄙直率的說瘦死的駱駝比馬還大呢，卻可見人物透過表演方式的突出。.Analyzing Character Who is the protagonist of the work and who ( or what ) is the antagonist

17、? Describe the major traits and qualities of each. What is the function of the works minor characters?.3. Identify the characters in terms of whether they are flat or round, dynamic or static.4. What methods does the author employ to establish and reveal the characters? Are the methods primarily of

18、showing or telling?.5. Are the actions of the characters properly motivated and consistent?6. Are the characters of the work finally credible and interesting?.Astronomers Wife .Katherine Ames Mrs. Ames is the focus of the story. She is married to an astronomer whose distant, overly intellectual natu

19、re has caused her to resent him. . She is the astronomers only real link with the day-today world, but she means little to him beside that. Longing for someone who is not wholly immersed in the life of the mind, she is intrigued by and attracted to the plumber, who stands for everything physical.Mr.

20、 Ames / The Astronomer The astronomer is married to Mrs. Ames. The narrator of the story says of the astronomer that “he was a man of other things, a dreamer.”. He spends his life examining the heavens and attempting at all times to remain as high above the earth as possible Mrs. Ames says that he l

21、ikes being “on the roof or on the mountains. . Hes been up on the tops of them many times.” He never physically appears in the story, and readers only hear from him once when he yells that there is a problem for Mrs. Ames to solve. For Mrs. Ames, he is “the mind of all mankind.”.The Plumber The plumber is the astronomers diametric opposite. Where the astronomer prefers to be up high, the plumber goes down into the pipes below the ground. .