專四語法第15節(jié)-倒裝和省略

1、專四語言知識之倒裝與省略倒裝一、 知識要點(diǎn)英語陳述句的正常語序是主語在前，謂語在后。但是在某些場合，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等目的會顛倒原有語序，這種句式叫做倒裝(Inversion)句。 倒裝句有兩種形式：完全倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。1、完全倒裝將整個謂語動詞或整個謂語部分都放在主語前面時，稱為完全倒裝。使用完全倒裝的情況有：(1) 以here, there, now, then, from, out, down, in, up, away, on等副詞開頭的句子，且謂語動詞都是屬于移動的含義，主語為名詞時。如：There followed

2、 a long silence. 接著是一陣長時間的沉默。Now come the long-awaited guests. 盼望已久的客人們現(xiàn)在來了。From the distance came occasional shots. 從遠(yuǎn)處不時傳來槍聲。Out rushed a tiger. 一只老虎沖了出去。*注意：如果上述情況中主語為代詞，則句子不必倒裝。如：Out he rushed. 他沖了出去。Here she came. 她來了。(2) 地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，且主語為名詞時。此類句中的謂語動詞大多是表示走動或狀態(tài)的不及物動詞go, come, stand, sit, lie 等。如：U

3、nder the tree sat an old wrinkled man. 一位滿臉皺紋的老人坐在樹下。At the door stood a girl about the same height as mine. 在門邊站著個跟我差不多一樣高的女孩。(3) 表語放在句首以加強(qiáng)語氣時，主語要放在be動詞之后形成完全倒裝。如:Below is the blue ocean. 下面是藍(lán)色的海洋。(4) 有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，可將謂語部分的現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞或不定式置于句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝。如：Standing at the door is a charming girl. 坐在門口的是一個可人的女孩。To

4、 be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列問題要仔細(xì)考慮。2、部分倒裝只將助動詞置于主語前，謂語其余部分置于主語后，則是部分倒裝。下列情況使用部分倒裝：(1) 否定詞及含有否定意義的副詞或詞組置于句首時，句子要部分倒裝： never, no, not, not only, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, seldom, nowhere, no soonerthan, hardly/ barely/ scarcely when, not until, at no time, by no me

5、ans, on no account, in no way, in no case, on no condition, in/under no circumstances 等。如：In no way am I responsible for what has happened. 我決不會對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事負(fù)責(zé)。No sooner had the bell rung than the students rushed out of the classroom. 鈴聲一響，學(xué)生們就跑出了教室。(2) 以only修飾狀語開頭的句子，要部分倒裝。如：Only last week did they get m

6、arried. 他們上個星期剛結(jié)婚。Only if I get a job will I have enough money to get the camera. 我只有找到了工作才有足夠的錢買那款相機(jī)。*注意：only屬于主語的一部分時，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Only a few people understood what he said. 只有很少人懂得他在說什么。(3) 以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子要部分倒裝so, such, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point等。如：Such

7、was the weather that I could not go out. 天氣如此這般，我出不了門。To such a degree did the story touch me that I took notes of it. 這個故事深深地打動了我，于是我把它記了下來。(4) 句首為so, nor, neither等副詞，表明前句說明的情況也適用于該句時，句子通常要部分倒裝。如：He didn't say anything. Nor/ Neither did his assistant. 他什么都沒說，他助手也沒吭聲。People in Britain rest two d

8、ays a week. So do Chinese. 英國人一周休息兩天，中國人也一樣。*注意：當(dāng)so放在句首只是對對方所陳述的內(nèi)容表示肯定時，不用倒裝。如：“Tom wants to complete the important task.” “So he does.” “湯姆想完成那項(xiàng)重要的任務(wù)?！薄八拇_想?！?5) 虛擬條件句可以省略連同if，把從句中的助動詞(were, should/could/might或had)移至主語前，形成部分倒裝。如：Had you been (= If you had been ) here last night, you would have met

9、her. 如果你昨晚來這里的話，你就會見到她。Be any person (= If any person be) guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. 任何人犯罪，法院都有權(quán)上訴。Were I you (=If I were you)，I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會去找他。(6) as和though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句通常用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，as必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，though可用也可不用倒裝。這種倒裝通常是把從句中的表語、狀語或謂語動詞放在句首。如：Small as it is,

10、 an atom can still be seen. 雖然小，原子還是能被看見。Sick as/ though she was, she came to work. 盡管她病了，她還是來上班了。省略 為了避免重復(fù)、突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接，英語中常常會省略。以下為?？嫉膸追N省略 (Ellipsis) 形式。1.并列句中，如果后面句子和前面句子有相同的成分，往往都會省略，以避免重復(fù)。To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard. 對有些人而言笑一下很容易，而對另一些人而言則很困難。I guess Lisa will

11、 dance in the party but Jane won't (dance in the party). 我認(rèn)為麗薩會在聚會上跳舞，而簡不會。2.復(fù)合句中從句的句尾和主句相重復(fù)時從句的句尾部分可省掉。Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor). 因?yàn)閻埯惤z不打掃地板，瑪麗只好去打掃了。He may leave if he wishes to (leave). 如果他想走的話，他可以走。3.在以if, when, though, although, as, as if 等連詞

12、引導(dǎo)的從句中，如從句中主要動詞是be，可將主語和動詞be省掉。He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old. 雖然他年事已高，但他卻跳得非常棒。when (he was) asked about the advertising campaign of the new product, the manager said it was a great success. 問及新產(chǎn)品的廣告宣傳時，經(jīng)理稱很成功。This is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated

13、.A. after B. if C. since D. unless譯文：這種病如果得不到治療，就會導(dǎo)致完全失明。分析：如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致，且主動詞為be，通?？墒÷詮木涞闹髡Z和系動詞。本題根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選B。 此句完整形式為This is an illness that can result in total blindness if it is left untreated.4.用do, so, do so, not等替代旬中的一部分，構(gòu)成省略。(1) do 代替主動詞。如： Laura looks very happy. She always used to do (= look

14、 very happy), I remember. 勞拉看起來很開心，我記得她以前也總是（看起來開心）。(2) do so 替代謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，有時可以和do that, do it 交替使用。如：He said he would tell me the news, but he didnt do so/ that/it (= tell me the news).他說要告訴我那條消息，但是他沒有。（本句中的do so / that/ it 也可不要。）(3) so+助動詞+主語，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語與前一句的主語指代不同的對象，表示"也是如此”。如：They want to see the fa

15、mous basketball match and so do I. 他們想看這場有名的籃球賽，我也想去看。I was tired, and so were they. 我很累，他們也是。(4) so+主語+助動詞，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語指的就是前一句話中的主語，表示說話人認(rèn)同對方的看法，意為"可不是嘛，的確如此"。如："They will win the championship.” “So they will. ” 他們會獲得冠軍。 “可不是嗎。”(5) so 或not可替代that從句，常與Im afraid, believe, expect, fear, gues

16、s, hope, suppose, think等詞語搭配。如：“ Is he coming? ” “I believe so. / I hope not.” “他就來嗎？” “我想是的。/ 我希望他不來?！?6) so與not可用來代替if后面的從句。如：Have you got a free evening next week? If so, lets have dinner; if not, Im going without you. 下周哪個晚上有空嗎? 要是有空，我們一塊吃晚飯吧。如果沒空，我就自己去了。真題：1. both sides accept the agreement a l

17、asting peace be established in this region.A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would2. Only take such clothes really necessary.A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are3. So badly in the car accident that he had to stay in hospital for a few months.A. did he injur

18、e B. injured him C. was he injured D. he was injured4. he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank.A. Much as B. Much although C. As much D. Though much5.The central provinces have floods in some years, and .A drought in others B. droughts are others C. while other droug

19、hts D. others in drought6. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals in Africa.A hunted B. hunting C. that hunted D. are hunted7. The following are all correct responses to “who told the news to the teacher?" EXCEPTA. Jim did this. B. Jim did so. C. Jim

20、did that D. Jim did8. Acute he helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people .A. do B. hear C. do them D. hearing it 9. A: Mother, you promised to take me out. B: Well, A. so do I. B. so did I. C. so I do！ D. so I did！10. Little about her own safety, though she herself wa

21、s in great danger. A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she care11. It is going to be fine tomorrow. A. so is it. B. So it is. C. So it does. D. so does it.12. my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be so wet now.A. Had I taken B. will I take C. Have I taken D.

22、 Would I taken13. China has promised to revise its existing regulations and new policies according to WTO requirements.A. formingB. to formC. to be formingD. have formed14. _ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region.A. Only if; will B. If only; would C. Should;

23、 will D. Unless; would 15. We have been told that under no circumstances _ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use16. _ at first, they came to an agreement in the end.A. Much as they differed B. As much they differedC. As they much d

24、iffered D. As they differed much17. Especially important to many people _.A. there is legislation against pollutionB. is legislation against pollutionC. it is legislation against pollutionD. legislation against pollution is18. Not until the 1970s _ an important topic among nations of the world.A. en

25、vironmental protection became B. did environmental protection becomeC. the protection of environment becameD. Protection became environmental19. Rarely _ unless they are cornered or provoked.A. snakes that attack a man B. do attack snakes to a manC. snakes attack a man D. do snakes attack a man20. N

26、ot for a single moment _ giving light.A. the sun has stopped B. stopped has the sunC. has the sun stopped D. has stopped the sun21. _will Michael accept it. A. Only if it is a high-paying job. B. If only it is a high-paying jobC. Only it is a high-paying job D. did I realize22. Only by doing the wor

27、k themselves _.A. the students able get experience B. will the students get experienceC. the students will to get experience D. will the students getting experience23. _ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. A. The fourth biggest city it was B. Once the fourth biggest

28、 cityC. Being the fourth biggest city D. It was once the fourth biggest city24. Only under special circumstances _ to take make-up tests.A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permittedC. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen25. _ beautiful was Alaska that everybody looked at her in ad

29、miration. A. Very B. Too C. Such D. So26. _ for London at 9 than it began to rain.A. Jack had hardly B. As soon as Jack leftC. The moment Jack left D. No sooner had Jack left 27. _to obtain, but it also a solution to environmental pollution. A. Solar energy is not only easy B. Solar energy is easy n

30、ot only C. Not only easy is solar energy D. Not only is solar energy easy28. _ him tomorrow?A. Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on29. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people _. A. do B. hear C. do them C. hea

31、ring it30. Once , this power station will supply all the neighboring towns and villages with electricity.A. it being completed B. it completed C. completed D. it completes 31. It is a sunny day today. A. So it does. B. So is it. C. So it is. D. So does it.32. The sentence “Had he known her address,

32、he would have written to her” means thatA.he has known her address B. he knew her addressC. he didnt know her address D. he asked for her address33. On no account ever leave the baby at home alone.A. should you B. you should C. shall you D. you shall34. Only by practicing a few hours every day be ab

33、le to master the language.A you can B. can you C. you will D. will you35. Not only the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.A. he refused B. refused he C. did he refuse D. he did refuse36. Little what was upsetting me.A. may he realize B. he realizes C. he may realize D. did he realize37. No

34、 sooner his speech than listeners put forward questions.A. he has finished B. has he finished C. he had finished D. had he finished38. When , the bridge connecting the island to the continent will be open to traffic next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed39. All th

35、e following sentences contain ellipsis (省略) EXCEPTA. Nice to see you again. B. I hate him as much as you.C. What a sunny day! D. Your mother is at home, isnt she?40. for the fact that his father was in hospital, he might have gone abroad.A. Hadnt it been B. Had it not been C. Were it not D. Was it not41. Not until three years ago to work overseas.A. he began B. he begin