管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

1、.英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯專業(yè)班級(jí)：信息 xx 班學(xué)生姓名：xxx學(xué)號(hào)：xxxxxxWord 文檔.二年月日Word 文檔.科技文章摘譯Definition of a Management Information SystemThere is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", &qu

2、ot;information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer tothe computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “M

3、IS”because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system.A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for provid

4、ing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mea

5、n that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below.1 Computer-based user-machine systemConceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which

6、 makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine

7、. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user

8、.User-machineinteractionis facilitatedby operationin which the usersWord 文檔.input-outputdevice (usually a visual display terminal)is connectedtothecomputer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or alarge computer that serves a number of users through terminals connected byco

9、mmunication lines. The user input-output device permits direct input of dataand immediateoutputof results. For instance, a person using the computerinteractively in financial planning poses“what if ”questions by entering input atthe terminal keyboard; the results are displayed on the screen in a few

10、 second.The computer-based user-machine characteristics of an MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “computer-based ” means that the designer of a management information system must have knowledge of computers and of their use in processing. The “user-machin

11、e ”concept means the system designer should also understand the capabilities of humans as system components (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information.Information system applications should not require users to be computer experts. However, users need to be able t

12、o specify their information requirements; some understanding of computers, the nature of information, and its use in various management function aids users in this task.2 Integrated systemManagement information system typically provides the basis for integrationoforganizationalinformationprocessing.

13、Individualapplicationswithininformation systems are developed for and by diverse sets of users. If there areno integratingprocesses and mechanisms, the individual applications may beinconsistent and incompatible. Data item may be specified differently and may not be compatible across applications th

14、at use the same data. There may be redundant development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform analysis using data from two different applications may find the task very difficult and sometimes impossible.The first step

15、in integration of information system applications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are implemented one at a time, their design can be guided by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with other functions. In essence, the information system is designe

16、d as a planed federation of small systems.Informationsystemintegrationisalsoachievedthroughstandards,Word 文檔.guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be sha

17、res by multiple users. For instance, an application may be developed to run on a particular small computer. Standardsfor integration may dictate that the equipment selected be compatible with the centralized database. The trend in information system design is toward separate application processing f

18、orm the data used to support it. The separate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variety of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below.3 Need for a databaseThe term “information ”and “data”are frequ

19、ently used interchangeably; however, information is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for producing information.The underlying concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processi

20、ng and have appropriate quality. This data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system.When all access to any use of database is controlled through a database management system, all applications utilizing a particul

21、ar data item access the same data item which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management system requires a central authority for the database. The data can be stored in one central computer or dispersed among seve

22、ral computers; the overriding requirement is that there is an organizational function to exercise control.4 Utilization of ModelsIt is usually insufficient for human recipients to receive only raw data or even summarized data. Data usually needs to be processed and presented in such a way that the r

23、esult is directed toward the decision to be made. To do this, processing of data items is based on a decision model. For example, an investment decision relative to new capital expenditures might be processed interms of a capital expenditure decision model.Decisionmodelscanbeusedtosupportdifferentst

24、agesinthedecision-makingprocess. “Intelligence ” modelscan be used tosearch forWord 文檔.problems and/or opportunities. Models can be used to identify and analyze possible solutions. Choice models such as optimization models maybe used to find the most desirable solutionIn otherwords, multipleapproach

25、esare needed tomeeta variety ofdecision situations. The following are examples and the type of model that mightbe included in an MIS to aid in analysis in support of decision-making; in a comprehensive information system, the decision maker has available a set ofgeneral models that can be applied to

26、 many analysis and decision situations plus a set of very specific models for unique decisions. Similar models are available for planning and control. The set of models is the model base for the MIS.The management information system (MIS) not only supports the underlying bed administrator, moreover

27、may support the intermediate deckpersonnel's control check, for high level also can provide certain information. Themanagement informationsystem framebyfourparts: Information source,informationprocessor,informationuserandinformationsuperintendent.Theinformationsource is theinformation production

28、 place; Informationprocessorburden task/roleandsoon informationtransmission,processing,save; Theinformationuser is the informationuser, carries on the decision-makingusingthe information;Theinformationsuperintendentisresponsiblefortheinformationsystem the design, the implementationandthe safeguardin

29、g. Themanagement information system is regarded as generally a pyramid shape thestructure, dividesinto from the lowerlevel handlingof traffic to the operatingcontrol, the control check, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse transaction i

30、nformation and the state information framing by the task/role.In a word, the management information system (Management Information System, MIS), is by the artificial leadership, using the computer hardware, the software, the network communicates these devices and other office equipments carries on t

31、he information the collection, the transmission, the processing, thestorage, the update and the safeguarding by achieved the enterprise strategy competes superior, enhances the benefit and the efficiency target, supports the enterprise the high level decision-making, the intermediate deck check and

32、the basic unit operation integration man-machine system. MIS is the superintendentprovides the report,provides the enterprise the recent situation aswell as thehistoric record. This system main localization is aims at in the enterprise, forWord 文檔.controlfunctionand so on level plan,check and decisi

33、on-makingserves,provides the data generally by the lower level handling of traffic system. MIS willbe able the actual enterprise's each kind of run situation, and using the pasthistoricaldataforecastfuture,embarksthe assistance enterprisefromtheenterprise overall situation angle to carry on the

34、decision-making,used themessage control enterprise the behavior, helped the enterprise to achieve itsplanWord 文檔.管理信息系統(tǒng)的定義對(duì)于“管理信息系統(tǒng)”并沒有一致的定義。一些作者喜歡用其他術(shù)語(yǔ)代替，例如：“信息處理系統(tǒng)”“信息與決策系統(tǒng)”“組織信息系統(tǒng)”，或者干脆將“信息系統(tǒng)”用組織內(nèi)具有支持操作、 管理、決策職能的計(jì)算機(jī)信息處理系統(tǒng)代替。 這篇文章使用 “管理信息系統(tǒng) ”一詞， 是因?yàn)樗峭ㄋ滓锥模?當(dāng)涉及組織信息系統(tǒng)時(shí)也常用“信息系統(tǒng)”代替“管理信息系統(tǒng)”。一個(gè)管理信息系統(tǒng)的定

35、義， 通常被理解為： 一種集成用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)， 為組織提供信息支持運(yùn)作、管理、決策職能。該信息系統(tǒng)利用計(jì)算機(jī)硬件和軟件；手工處理程序；模擬分析法計(jì)劃、控制和決策；和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。事實(shí)上，它是一個(gè)集成系統(tǒng)并不意味著它是單一的， 單塊集成結(jié)構(gòu)； 相反，它意味著零件適合加入整體設(shè)計(jì)。內(nèi)容定義如下：1 計(jì)算機(jī)為主的用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)理論上，管理信息系統(tǒng)可以脫離計(jì)算機(jī)上而存在，但是計(jì)算機(jī)的存在可以讓管理信息系統(tǒng)可行。 問題不是計(jì)算機(jī)是否被使用在管理信息系統(tǒng)中， 而是信息的使用被計(jì)算機(jī)化的程度。用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)的概念暗示了 ,一些任務(wù)最好由人執(zhí)行 , 其他的最好由機(jī)器做。 MIS 的使用者是那些負(fù)責(zé)輸入輸入數(shù)據(jù)、 指示系統(tǒng)

36、或運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)信息產(chǎn)品的人。 因?yàn)樵S多問題， 用戶和計(jì)算機(jī)建立了一個(gè)聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)， 其結(jié)果通過一套在計(jì)算機(jī)和用戶之間的相互作用得到。用戶機(jī)器的相互作用是由用戶連接在計(jì)算機(jī)上的輸入 - 輸出設(shè)備（通常是一個(gè)視覺顯示終端） 推動(dòng)的。計(jì)算機(jī)可以使一臺(tái)個(gè)人機(jī)器服務(wù)于一名用戶或者一臺(tái)大規(guī)模的機(jī)器為一定數(shù)量通過終端由通信線路連接的用戶服務(wù)。用戶輸入 - 輸出設(shè)備允許直接輸入數(shù)據(jù)和緊接著輸出結(jié)果。 例如：一個(gè)人使用計(jì)算機(jī)交互的在金融理財(cái)上通過在終端鍵盤輸入提交 “如果什么， 怎么辦？ ”之類的問題， 結(jié)果幾秒鐘后便被顯示在屏幕上。MIS 的計(jì)算機(jī)為主的用戶機(jī)器特征影響系統(tǒng)開發(fā)商和系統(tǒng)用戶的知識(shí)要求?！坝?jì)算機(jī)為主 ”

37、意味著管理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)者必須擁有計(jì)算機(jī)和對(duì)處理有用的知識(shí)?！坝脩魴C(jī)器 ”的概念意味著系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)者也應(yīng)該了解人作為系統(tǒng)組成部分 （信息處理器）的能力和人作為信息使用者的行為。信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用不應(yīng)該要求用戶成為計(jì)算機(jī)專家。 但是，用戶需要能夠詳細(xì)說明他們的信息要求； 對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的一些理解、 信息的本質(zhì)， 和對(duì)各種各樣管理功能的利用將幫助用戶完成任務(wù)。Word 文檔.2 集成系統(tǒng)管理信息系統(tǒng)代表性地為集成組織信息處理提供依據(jù)。 信息系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部各自的應(yīng)用則由不同批次的用戶開發(fā)。 如果沒有集成的處理和機(jī)制， 各自的應(yīng)用也許無法協(xié)調(diào)一致和相容。 在使用相同的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)， 數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)也許不同的被指定和不能兼容的橫跨。當(dāng)實(shí)

38、際上一個(gè)單獨(dú)的應(yīng)用可以提供超過一個(gè)的更多的服務(wù)時(shí)， 也許是分別的應(yīng)用重復(fù)的發(fā)展了。 用戶想要通過使用從兩種不同的應(yīng)用中得到的數(shù)據(jù)來完成分析，也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)非常困難，有時(shí)甚至不可能。信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用集成的第一步是一個(gè)整體信息系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃。 即使應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)是一次一個(gè)的被執(zhí)行，他們的設(shè)計(jì)可以由整體計(jì)劃指導(dǎo)， 確定他們?cè)趺捶掀渌墓ぷ?。其?shí)，信息系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計(jì)成為小型系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)飛行聯(lián)盟。信息系統(tǒng)集成也通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)， 指南，和程序達(dá)到， 被留作管理信息系統(tǒng)的功能之用。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序的執(zhí)行允許不同的應(yīng)用分享數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)付審核和控制條件，和被廣泛用戶共享。 例如，一項(xiàng)應(yīng)用也許被開發(fā)來操作特殊的小型計(jì)算機(jī)。 集成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能規(guī)定設(shè)備的選擇與中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)一致。 信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)趨勢(shì)有利于將應(yīng)用程序與用來支持它的數(shù)據(jù)分離。 分開的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是一種機(jī)制， 這種機(jī)制的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)是通過橫跨許多應(yīng)用來集成和對(duì)不同的用戶都可以始終一致的可利用。 管理信息系統(tǒng)對(duì)于一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的需要將在下面被談?wù)摗? 對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的需要術(shù)語(yǔ) “信息 ”和 “數(shù)據(jù) ”