大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

1、第一章 基本句型1句子成分1）主語(yǔ)：表示句子所說(shuō)為何人或何物，可由名詞（詞組）、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、動(dòng)詞-ing 形式（短語(yǔ)）和名詞從句等充當(dāng)。A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer plowed his field. He enjoys camping in the mountains.To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.Living in that island country for three months was

2、an unforgettable experience for me. Two will be enough.Whether well go depends on the weather. That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable.2) 謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么或是什么，由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，須與主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)決定其是否必須跟主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)以及狀語(yǔ)等后續(xù)成分。Peoples standards of living are going up steadily. I may be wrong. He w

3、atched horrified by the terrible accident.I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.She left the room angry and frustrated.She looked sad and discouraged.We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do something for them.It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries

4、be expanded.For many years he remained single. He is called Little Tiger.3) 表語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或怎么樣，可由名詞（詞組）、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、詞組、從句等充當(dāng)。He still remained a hero in peoples minds. What nationality is he?Thats something we have always to keep in mind. Seventy-four! You dont look it.She was the f

5、irst to learn about it. His hair has gone white.Her first job had been selling computers. Time is pressing. Lets hurry up. The thing for her to have done was to have run away from her home, but she never did.All I could do was send him a telegram. We must be off now.The proof of the pudding is in th

6、e eating. She felt at ease and confident in the future.They are twice the size of chickens. That would be a great weight off my mind.4) 賓語(yǔ)：表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞或其他東西、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)），不定式（短語(yǔ)）、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等充當(dāng)。Show your passports, please! They didnt promise him anything definite.- How many do you need? - We ne

7、ed two. They carried the seriously wounded.I enjoyed working with you. Hope to see you again.You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. Ill get it stamped.See that everything is ready by half past ten. Did you write down what she said? 介詞賓語(yǔ)：介詞不能在句中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，而需和一個(gè)名詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)臇|西構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，來(lái)在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。和介詞構(gòu)

8、成短語(yǔ)的那個(gè)部分稱為介詞賓語(yǔ)。能充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)的主要有名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、由連接代（副）詞引起的從句或不定式短語(yǔ)。Its going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast. How much luggage can I take with me? She is fond of skating.Im thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time.He gave a lesson on how to improve soil.5) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，可

9、由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞-ing形式以及動(dòng)詞-ed形式等充當(dāng)。6) 定語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞，由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格、分詞（短語(yǔ)）、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞、從句等充當(dāng)。Our government tries in every way to satisfy our need. He gave a vivid description of the battle. Our two hundred thousand auto workers are out on strike. We belong to the third world.They are

10、 to send a government trade delegation to China. His words moved everyone present.Whats your governments policy towards these countries? Do you know the number of foreign guests coming to the party?Their aim is to find ways to satisfy the peasants demand “to change low-yielding land to high-yielding

11、 land.”Those under 18 must not carry weight above 10.25 kilograms.They should have told us if there was anything up. This is the only reference book there is on the subject.7) 狀語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞，表示謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、目的、程度，通常由副詞(短語(yǔ))、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、分詞（短語(yǔ)）、形容詞、詞組、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等充當(dāng)。有時(shí)，還可用名詞充當(dāng)。Theoretically youre right, b

12、ut things may not work like that in fact. They did everything they could to save the workers life. She did this out of kindness.Please fill in the card giving all the information required. They all rushed over, eager to help. Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate.She jumped ten feet.

13、 When I was ill she nursed me day and night.We have been sitting here hours waiting for you.That being the case, well have to reconsider the whole thing. We did it only because we had to.2基本句型1）主系表此句型中動(dòng)詞為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞：A. be動(dòng)詞B. 表示“變得，成為”的動(dòng)詞：become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn, fall, etc.C. 表示“保持某一狀態(tài)”的動(dòng)詞：c

14、ontinue, hold, keep, remain, stay, stand, etc.D. 表示“看起來(lái)，好象”的動(dòng)詞：appear, look, seem, etc.E. 表示“感官”的動(dòng)詞：feel, smell, sound, taste, etc.I am a student. She is pretty. Toms wish has come true.The river grows wider. The weather turned cold. The milk remained fresh for a week.The weather continued warm. Joh

15、n stood loyal to his friend. The house appears large.Your sister seemed unwell. Your sentence sounds right. The apple tastes sour.2) 主謂該句型中動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，不帶賓語(yǔ)。 The girl smiles. The birds are flying in the sky.3) 主謂賓該句型中動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，帶賓語(yǔ)。 They speak English. The boy plays football very well.4) 主謂間賓(人)直賓(物) (雙賓語(yǔ))

16、 該句型中動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，帶賓語(yǔ)。Ann gave her daughter a beautiful doll. The mother will buy the girl a dress. 間接賓語(yǔ)后移時(shí)，必須在它的前面加to, for等介詞。強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者用to（給）; 強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的受益者用for（為）。 直接賓語(yǔ)為代詞時(shí)，必須緊跟在動(dòng)詞后面。 She posted it for Jack. Mary gave it to me.5) 主謂賓賓補(bǔ) （復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)） 該句型中動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，帶賓語(yǔ)。 常用的這類動(dòng)詞有：believe, hold, call, consider,

17、 find, hear, make, name, elect, select, appoint, vote, etc.The presents made the children happy. The teacher asked us to write a composition yesterday.6) There謂主 There is a book on the table. In the valley there lies a river. There is a book and two pens on the table. 該句型中動(dòng)詞為兩類A. be動(dòng)詞的相應(yīng)形式 There had

18、 been a leak in the chemical container before it exploded. There must be peaceful answers to the worlds problems. There is a garage across the street.There was half a tankful of petrol in the car yesterday. There have always been wars in the world. There will be no problem about it.B. 不及物動(dòng)詞，如：exist,

19、 lie, live, remain, stand, etc. There stands a house on the top of the hill. 此句型中，若主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)，根據(jù)“就近一致”原則處理主謂一致關(guān)系。There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two books and a pen on the desk. 此句型中，主語(yǔ)為非限定性主語(yǔ)，即主語(yǔ)前不可用the, this, that, these, those, all, every等詞修飾。 此句型中不能使用表示“有”、“擁有”含義的have。There are t

20、hirty students in the classroom.不能說(shuō)：There have thirty students in the classroom.注：主謂一致：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱、數(shù)上必須與主語(yǔ)保持一致。第二章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)第一節(jié) 時(shí) 態(tài)1英語(yǔ)一共有十六個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)2謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式 (以do為例)1）一般時(shí)態(tài)：do 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用動(dòng)詞原形，但第三人稱單數(shù)后要加詞尾 s;A在詞尾加 s的規(guī)則情 況加

21、法例 詞一般情況加-sreads, writes, says以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o結(jié)尾的詞加-esteaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes以“輔音字母+y” 結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加 estrytries, carrycarries Bbe和have有特殊的三人稱形式： beis, havehas. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式； 一般將來(lái)時(shí)用shall 或will加動(dòng)詞原形； 一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)用should 或would加動(dòng)詞原形。2) 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)： be doing 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成情 況加 法例 詞一般情況加 ing gogoing, studys

22、tudying 以字母e 結(jié)尾的詞去e 加 ing liveliving, movemoving (但being)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又只有一個(gè)輔音字母將末尾的輔音字母雙寫(xiě)，再加-ing planplanning,getgetting, sitsitting,beginbeginning (但opening, backing)以字母r結(jié)尾，前面只有一個(gè)元音字母，且末音節(jié)重讀雙寫(xiě)r, 再加-ingpreferpreferring, referreferring (但appear-appearing) 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞為不規(guī)則變化diedying, lielying, tietying; ho

23、ehoeing, toetoeing, dyedyeing; panicpanicking, picnic-picnicking; ageag(e)ing; etc.3) 完成時(shí)態(tài)：have done 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞變化規(guī)則如下表：情 況加 法例 詞一般情況加-edwantwanted, expectexpected以字母e 結(jié)尾的詞加-dlivelived, 以“輔音字母+y” 結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加 edtrytried, studystudied (但: stayed)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又只有一個(gè)輔音字母將末尾的輔音字母雙寫(xiě)，再加-edplanplanned, permit

24、permitted;(但opened, backed)以字母r結(jié)尾，前面只有一個(gè)元音字母，且末音節(jié)重讀雙寫(xiě)r, 再加-edpreferpreferred, referreferred (但appear-appeared) 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：此類變化須特別記憶。（不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞見(jiàn)本章附錄）arise, arose, arisen; awake, awoke/awaked, awoken/awaked; be, was/were, been; beat, beat, beaten; bear(生)，bore, borne/born(用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))； bear(負(fù)，帶), bore, bor

25、ne; become, became, become; begin, began, begun; bet, bet/betted, bet/betted; etc.4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：have been doing 以write為例，具體的時(shí)態(tài)形式為：一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在write/ writesam/ are/ is writinghas/ have writtenhas/have been writing過(guò)去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been writing將來(lái)shall /will writeshall/will be w

26、ritingshall/will havewrittenshall/will have been writing過(guò)去將來(lái)should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing3. 具體時(shí)態(tài)1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化：借助be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式或助動(dòng)詞do, does構(gòu)成各種句式。 特殊疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成：特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + 助動(dòng)詞 + 句子其他成分。但對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí)例外，直接把主語(yǔ)換為疑問(wèn)詞即可。She decided to retire that winter. W

27、hen did she decide to retire? Who decided to retire that winter? 用法A. 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性和習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；We always care for each other and help each other. They raise ducks as a sideline. It seldom snows here.B. 表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)； She is always ready to help others. He loves sports.I major in English. Peru shares a border wit

28、h Chile.C. 表示普遍真理、格言等； The moon moves around the earth. Actions speak louder than words.D. 在引用書(shū)面材料時(shí)，用say，teach, stress等詞，且常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Shakespeare says, “ All the world is a stage.” Chaucer writes that love is blind.The book teaches us to honour our parents. E. 用于解說(shuō)、舞臺(tái)說(shuō)明、戲劇性描繪等；Henry takes the ball forwa

29、rd quickly and pushes the ball to Smart. Now Smart gathers the ball.F. 表將來(lái)意義: 表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、時(shí)刻表、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的情況，常用于表 “出發(fā)”、“開(kāi)始”、“來(lái)往”等的動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, start, leave, return, arrive, etc. 并常與表將來(lái)時(shí)間的副詞連用。I leave for Shanghai on Sunday. They start on their trip tomorrow. 時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)的意義。 Tell her about t

30、hat when she comes.If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式或助動(dòng)詞did構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，或表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。Who put forward the suggestion? She often came to help us.B. 有些情況，發(fā)生的時(shí)間不很清楚，但實(shí)際上是過(guò)去發(fā)生的，應(yīng)當(dāng)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。I was glad to get your letter. I didnt know you were so busy.I thoug

31、ht you were out. What did you say?C. 在談到已死人的情況時(shí)多用過(guò)去時(shí)。Lao She was a great writer. My grandmother was kind to us.3) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動(dòng)詞will, shall構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。When will you be able to give us an answer? Will you be busy tonight?They will have to be careful in doing the work.I will/shall

32、arrive tomorrow.B. 在以I或we作主語(yǔ)的問(wèn)句中，一般用shall，表示征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或詢問(wèn)情況。Which book shall I read first? Where shall we meet?Shall we have any classes tomorrow? Shall I be able to find them there?C. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。A drowning man will catch at a straw. Crops will die without water.Whenever he has time, he wil

33、l come and see us. Boys will be boys.D. 將來(lái)時(shí)的否定形式可以表示“不能”，“沒(méi)法”。This machine wont work. Whats the matter with the pen? The ink wont come out.E. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般不能用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)代替。They will fight till they win complete victory. Ill let you have the book when Im through.Ill be round to see you if I have tim

34、e tomorrow. Ill come unless it rains.Next time I go there, Ill ask them about it. 可以表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況的其他結(jié)構(gòu)和時(shí)態(tài)A. be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形 a. 表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事或即將發(fā)生或表示有跡象預(yù)示一定要發(fā)生的事。We are going to put up a building here. She is going to have a baby. Look! Its going to rain.b. 與一般將來(lái)時(shí)的區(qū)別：一般將來(lái)時(shí)具有臨時(shí)性、客觀性的特征；be going to結(jié)構(gòu)具有計(jì)

35、劃性、主觀性的特征。 Its raining. We will stop here. Tomorrow will be Wednesday.We are going to visit my aunt this Sunday. I am going to study hard this semester.B. be to + 動(dòng)詞原形: 表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事或用來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，也可以表示說(shuō)話者的意志（如指示、命令、禁止等）。When is the factory to go into production? Theres to be an investigation.You are to d

36、o your homework before you watch TV. Am I to go on with the work?You are not to tell him anything about our plans. C. be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形：表示即將做某事。 Were about to leave. He is about to retire.D. be on/ at the point of 將近/就要的時(shí)候；接近，靠近（一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用）be around/ round the corner 即將來(lái)臨，將臨；在轉(zhuǎn)彎處She was on/at

37、the point of leaving when I arrived.Christmas is just around the corner. The post office is just around the corner.E. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(見(jiàn)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法)F. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(見(jiàn)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法)4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 Theyre making preparations for it. How are you getting on with the work?B. 可用來(lái)表示將來(lái)意義，表

38、示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。僅限于少量動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay, have, etc. 且常帶有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。We are leaving on Friday. Are you going anywhere tomorrow? 與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)暫時(shí)性，而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)常性、長(zhǎng)期性。They always go out on Sundays, but this Sunday they are staying at home. 需要注意的問(wèn)題A. 表狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如：belie

39、ve, belong, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realize, remember, see, seem, suppose, understand, think（“認(rèn)為”）, have（“有”）, etc.Do you see anyone over there? I hear someone singing. He looks well today. What do you think of it? 如果這些詞詞義轉(zhuǎn)變后，能表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就能夠用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Are you seeing someone

40、off? They are hearing an English talk.We are having breakfast.They were having a walk.What are you thinking about? He is looking after his little sister.B. 表示無(wú)法持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等。 He is jumping up and down. The train is arriving. The old man is dying.5) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式

41、構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻（候）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。（而一般過(guò)去時(shí)常表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作。）I was reading a novel last night. I read a novel last night.6) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動(dòng)詞will, shall構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：主要表示將來(lái)某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；在口語(yǔ)中，常用此時(shí)態(tài)表示預(yù)計(jì)即將發(fā)生或勢(shì)必要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 Come on. Well be having supper in a minute.I wont be free Friday morning. Ill be seeing a friend off

42、.7) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動(dòng)詞have, has構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時(shí)期中發(fā)生的情況（在時(shí)間上與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系）。How many pages have you covered today?The province has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.B. 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（在后果上與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系）。I have seen the film many times. The delegation has already left.She has had

43、 a good education. I have been to the library. He has gone to the library. 與一般過(guò)去時(shí)比較A. 單純談一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或一件過(guò)去的事情，不涉及它對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響時(shí)，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；若談一件已發(fā)生的事時(shí)不考慮它是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的，而主要考慮它對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響（此結(jié)果或影響有時(shí)是直接可見(jiàn)的，有時(shí)是間接的，不明顯的），則多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。He bought a house ten years ago. He has bought a house.What did she say about it? What have I sai

44、d to make you so angry?B. 當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)的狀語(yǔ)（如：a minute ago, just now, yesterday, last year, etc.）時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；當(dāng)有一個(gè)表示到現(xiàn)在為止的這段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)（如：so far, up till now, recently, these days, this week, this morning, etc.）時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。I saw her a minute ago. So far weve only discussed the first five paragraphs.Up till now we

45、have planted over 19,000 fruit trees. Just now Tom came to see you.We havent had much rain this summer. Weve had two classes this morning. just now不用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；若用于過(guò)去時(shí)，表示“方才，剛才”；若用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示“現(xiàn)在，目前”；若用于將來(lái)時(shí)，表示“立刻”。He left just now. Im free just now. Ill join you just now.8) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動(dòng)詞had構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A.

46、 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)前已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。B. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有在與過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它。 They fulfilled the plan earlier than they had expected.By the end of that year he had already collected more than 1,000 foreign stamps.When we got there the football match had already started.C. 在包含when, as soon as, before, after, un

47、til, now that 等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語(yǔ)與從句謂語(yǔ)表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作是在不同時(shí)間發(fā)生，那么，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常需用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。但如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，特別是在包含before, after的復(fù)合句中，常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而用過(guò)去時(shí)。When I woke up it had already stopped raining. The machine went better after it had been oiled.Just before I left Guangzhou, I sent them a telegram.When he entered the room, he

48、found them sitting together singing.D. intend, hope, plan, mean, think, want 等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一個(gè)本打算做而沒(méi)有做的動(dòng)作。 We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found it was gone.9) 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動(dòng)詞will, shall構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間造成影響或產(chǎn)生后果。它常與by引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)連用，如：by this time next year, by that time,

49、 by tomorrow noon, by the end of October; before long, before lunch, etc. I shall have finished the book before lunch.You neednt hurry me. I will have finished it by the time you are ready. 4. 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)1) 一般情況 某些從句（如賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句以及作表語(yǔ)用的sorry, afraid, glad, worried, certain, uncertain, sure 等形容詞后的

50、從句）中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，常要受主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響。A. 當(dāng)主要謂語(yǔ)用的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，這類從句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不受影響。Its reported that a new railway is going to be built there next year.Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties?B. 當(dāng)主要謂語(yǔ)用的是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，這類從句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)就要作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，以求兩部分中的時(shí)態(tài)一致。I didnt know you were already ahead of us. c.f. You are ahea

51、d of us.She said her father had been a taxi driver. c.f. She said: “My father was a taxi driver.”We hadnt expected that you would come so early.She said she was in Grade Four when the war broke out.We were informed that Smith had left two hours before.C. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)人或東西的經(jīng)常性的特點(diǎn)或永恒真理時(shí)，可保持原來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)。This p

52、roved once again that the earth is round.Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?The teacher said that the Yellow River is the second largest river in China. 其他類型的狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)一般都不受主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的影響，而根據(jù)本身意思的需要選擇時(shí)態(tài)。2) 有時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以用She regretted that she (had) abandoned the plan.I was sorry I (had) missed the lecture. 第二節(jié) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)1定義：語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。2分類1）主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。2）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。3被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1）構(gòu)成“be的適當(dāng)形式 + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞” ( be done )You wont be allowed to take so much lugg