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1、從句表語,賓語,定語從句1 That 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí) That 可省,引導(dǎo)主語從句,表語從句不可省2 Wh- 型代詞和副詞引導(dǎo)疑問句時(shí)要倒裝,從句都不能倒裝3 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的 whether 和 if 通??梢曰Q,但與 or ,not 連用時(shí)只能用 whether4 As if 也經(jīng)常用于引導(dǎo)表語從句5 某些形容詞后,跟 that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句, that 常被省略,這些詞有: afraid, alarmed, amazed, amused, angry, annoyed, astonished, aware, clear, confident, depressed, disappoint

2、ed, distressed, glad, grateful, happy, hopeful, horrified, irritated, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sorry, sure, thankful, upset 等等6 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中必定擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分,所以注意主語,賓語的重復(fù),同時(shí)做主語的時(shí)候不可省略7 關(guān)系代詞本身沒有單復(fù)數(shù)區(qū)別,從句中的謂語動詞取決于先行詞8 在定語從句中做介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞只能用which 和 whom9 關(guān)系代詞 whose 在定語從句中做定語,修飾名詞,該名詞可以是人,也可以是物,且后者居多,表示 of whic

3、h10 定語從句中的語態(tài)取決于先行詞(當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做主語時(shí))11 . Such.as中as引導(dǎo)定語從句,不可替換成別的任何詞12 . The same .as/that 中,as 表示同類,that 表示 not changed, not another (即該事物本身),如口: you 'e made the samemistakes as I did(another) ; you've made the same mistakes as you made last time (itself)13. What 不能引導(dǎo)定語從句14. 先行詞為 all, nothing, eve

4、rything, something, anything, much, little等(復(fù)合)不定代詞時(shí),或先行詞有序數(shù)次,最高級修飾,或被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時(shí),只能用 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句而不能用 which15. 介詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),人用 whom, 物用 that16. 非限定性定語從句只能由 which, who, whom 引導(dǎo)17. 先行詞有多個(gè)(人和物并存) ,用 that 引導(dǎo)定語從句18. 定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型需要注意區(qū)分, 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型為 it is/was + 強(qiáng)調(diào)成分 + that/who ,在強(qiáng)調(diào)句

5、型中, 去掉 is/was that/who 兩部分仍然可成為一個(gè)完整句狀語從句 連接詞:時(shí)間:when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, once, the moment, as soon as, by the time, since地點(diǎn):where, wherever原因:because, as, since, now that目的:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case that, lest結(jié)果:so that, so .that, such .that條件:if, a

6、s long as, unless, provided讓步:though, although, no matter, however, even if方式:as if, as though, as比較:than, as注意:狀語在句子中不作為一個(gè)語法成分,因此狀語也不僅僅限于從句,也可以由介詞短語作為狀語,并且介詞短語有時(shí)在中文意思上和連接詞完全一樣,而介詞只能接名詞,連接詞可以引導(dǎo)從句,需要注意區(qū)分常見介詞與連詞的混淆1 . Despite, in spite of 介 although, though 連2. During 介3 Because of, on account of, tha

7、nks to 介4. Too.to.為不定式結(jié)構(gòu),so.that.為狀語從句結(jié)構(gòu),不可混淆5 Since 是介詞和連接詞,做連接詞時(shí),可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句,做介詞時(shí)只能后面跟時(shí)刻6 Even 為強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞,不能引導(dǎo)狀語從句,必須用even though, even if有幾種狀語從句中可以省略主語和部分謂語,有:When, while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句If, unless 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句Though, even though, although, no matter how 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句As if 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句但是省略必須滿足以下兩點(diǎn)要求:1 從句主語和主句主語一

8、致2 從句謂語必須包括動詞 be此時(shí)可以省略是主語和謂語部分中的動詞 be ,其他連接詞引導(dǎo)的不可省略 同位語從句要點(diǎn):1 可接同位語從句的名詞(泛屬于抽象概念,概括性,蘊(yùn)涵性的需要一定解釋的名詞即可) 信息: information, news, word, message, story, proof, announcement 等 思想: thought, idea, belief, truth 等 心理活動: hope, doubt, fear 等問題回答: question, problem, answer, reply 等 建議勸告: suggestion, proposal, ad

9、vice 等 許諾保證: promise, permission 等2 同位于從句的引導(dǎo)詞: that, whether, who, what, when, where, why, how 同位語從句與定語從句判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):看前面的名詞能不能與句子劃等號That 只要不是在從句中作主語都可省略,但that 作從句中介詞后的賓語則必須當(dāng)that 緊跟先行詞時(shí)才可省略。childchildrenparenthesisparenthesesnucleusnucleifootfeetbasisbasesfungusfungitoothteethellipsisellipsesstimulusstimuli

10、goosegeeseaxisaxesalumnusalumnimanmenhypothesishypothesesfocusfociwomanwomenoasisoasesradiusradiimousemicecrisiscrisesterminusterminilouselicecriterioncriterialarvalarvaeoxoxenphenomenonphenomenaalgaalgaepennypencedatumdataformulaformulaeanalysisanalysesmediummediaappendixappendicesbacteriumbacteria

11、名詞 常見不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾讀音為f并且以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變化1 規(guī)則變化: beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, dwarves, hoofs, scarves2. 不規(guī)則變化:把f或fe變成v,加es,讀音為vz3 雜交變化: wharfs, wharves 均可 以 -o 結(jié)尾1 +s : kilos, photos, Filipinos, Eskimos, radios, solos 死物2 +es : heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes活物3 +es/s : cargos / cargoes半死不活單復(fù)數(shù)同形:deerJapane

12、seheadquartersligrousePortuguesemeansmusalmonSwissseriesaircrafttroutVietnamesespeciesspacecraftcarpbarracksworkscraftbisoncorpshorsepoweroffspringsheepcrossroadshertzChinesegallowskilohertz詞的性別詞綴actoractressprinceprincessheroheroinehosthostesswaiterwaitresswidowerwidow沒聯(lián)系fathermotheruncleauntsondau

13、ghterkingqueen變態(tài)詞dog雌雄均可,多指公狗bitch母狗horse雌雄均可stallion公馬mare母馬duck雌雄均可,多指母鴨drake公鴨加表示性別的詞man doctormale nurcemaid servantwoman votergentleman friend(男性朋友)lady clerkmale swanfemale flower要點(diǎn):1 .單數(shù)名詞不可單獨(dú)存在-必須有冠詞2. Every, each, another, many a只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞3. 序數(shù)后一般使用單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞4. Other 一般修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,也可以修飾不可數(shù)5. 只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名

14、詞:these, those, many, various, several, numerous, few, a few, both, diverse, a (good / large / great) number of, numbers of, one of6. One / two / many + of + 限定詞 +復(fù)數(shù)名詞必須使用復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞:clothes, riches, fireworks, remains, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets復(fù)合詞:num, + n. + (adj.),其中n.要用單數(shù)只修飾不可數(shù)名詞:much, little, a l

15、ittle, a great deal of, a great amount of, a piece of, an article of代詞1 .反身代詞沒有所有格,要用one 'own表示2 .反身代詞不能作主語3. 既能作不定代詞又能作形容詞:some, any, another, each, all, both, most, such, few, one, enough, many, neither, either4 . Every, no只能當(dāng)形容詞,后面必須跟名詞才能存在5. 不定代詞后有 of+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)名詞前一定要有限定詞,如:few of the students, ma

16、ny of these bridges6 . That和one可以指代單數(shù)名詞,those和ones可以指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞7 . Other即是限定詞又是代詞,others為復(fù)數(shù)形式8 .任何代詞與指代對象要保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致9 . It可以表示時(shí)間,日期,天氣,距離;可以代替不定式,從句,動名詞(短語)作形式主語或賓語,形容詞1 .當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞有相應(yīng)的形容詞時(shí),優(yōu)先使用形容詞進(jìn)行修飾2 .形容詞修飾不定代詞后置3 .形容詞短語修飾名詞后置,相當(dāng)于定語形容詞短語:1.兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上形容詞并列:He is a man rude but henpecked2. 形容詞與介詞短語搭配:This is a subj

17、ect worthy of careful study3. 少數(shù)形容詞后直接跟邏輯賓語:She own a diamond worth $5,000,00;A student confident that .4. 有些形容詞與不定式:a good , always ready to 5 . Soto do, too .to do,.enough to do 結(jié)構(gòu)注意:若該結(jié)構(gòu)修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞可這樣修改:she is a nurse careful enough to - =she iscareful enough a nurse to6. 少數(shù)形容詞后可加I -ing 分詞:person

18、 busy doing; a student long understanding7. 距離,時(shí)間(名詞)+形容詞:a tower 180 feet high8. More than, as as 構(gòu)成:a student no more diligent than Tom 9單個(gè)分詞修飾名詞,可前置也可后置,若分詞短語則后置:a stolen car = a car stolen4 形容詞順序:數(shù)詞,描述性形容詞,品質(zhì)性形容詞5 形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)一般在賓語后,當(dāng)賓語有很長的后置定語的時(shí)候則在賓語之前6 形容詞,形容詞短語作狀語7 下列形容詞沒有比較級,最高級表示相對關(guān)系的: former

19、, latter, inner, outer, upper, elder表示強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的: mere, outright, utter, very表示限制意義的: chief, joint, main, only, principal, sole, chemical, nuclear, solar 源自拉丁問的形容詞: major, minor, senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior 表示國籍的形容詞: English, French表示絕對意義的形容詞: average, equal, daily, weekly, unique, square,

20、round, vertical, excellent, infinite, extreme, right, absolute, correct, true, wrong, right, false, left 其他: inside, outside, indoor, outdoor8 修飾形容詞,副詞原級,比較級,最高級的詞原級: exactly, just, nearly, almost, hardly, twice, three times比較級: slightly, a little, a bit, much, many, a lot, greatly, a great deal, fa

21、r, even, still和程度詞 -2 times 最高級: by far, the second9 特殊意義的結(jié)構(gòu)No more .than 與。同樣不Tom no less than Jerry = Tom as much as Jerry TOM 和 JERRY 吃的一樣多More .than 與其說。不如說It is more a poem than a picture 與其說它是副畫,不如說是首詩As.as, more than, less than非真正意義上的比較,僅僅是一種前置修飾It'sno more than a mile to .只有一里就到。 。He wil

22、l come in less than 他不用。個(gè)小時(shí)就會來As many as 300 people come 多達(dá) 300 人來了易混形容詞:Literal 逐字的,字面的 literary 文學(xué)的Economic 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的 economical 節(jié)約的Historic 歷史上著名的 historical 歷史的Forgettable 易被忘記的forgetful 健忘的Respectable 受尊敬的respectful 恭敬的respective 各方面的Sensible 明智的 sensitive 敏感的Imaginable 可想像的 imaginary 想像中的 imaginati

23、ve 富于想象力的Special 特殊的 specific 明確的,特有的Effective 有效的efficient 效率高的Credible 可信的creditable 值得贊揚(yáng)的Considerable 相當(dāng)多的,大量的 considerate 考慮周到的Industrial 工業(yè)的 industrious 勤勞的副詞1 Yet 作狀語在否定句中,要么在 not 之后,要么在句末2 連接副詞可以聯(lián)系句與句,體現(xiàn)邏輯,但非連接詞不能在句首引導(dǎo)句子,只能作插入語 舉例,補(bǔ)充: first, second / firstly, secondly / anyhow, anyway / again

24、, also, too, besides, further, furthermore / moreover, next, then / 總結(jié): altogether 解釋: namely轉(zhuǎn)換話題: incidentally, meanwhile, now, well結(jié)果: accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, thereby否定: else, otherwise讓步: however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, though對比: alternatively, conversely

25、, instead冠詞1 不定冠詞的一些習(xí)慣用法: have a walk / rest, all of a sudden, as a rule, go on a diet, in a sense, once in a while2 定冠詞的一些習(xí)慣用法: all the time, by the way, in the distance, on the whole, to the point, out of the question, pull sb.By the arm , in the morning / afternoon / evening, in the past, in the

26、meanwhile, in the air3 同一名詞在同一短語中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí), 該名詞前一般不使用任何冠詞: hand in hand, step by step, day after day, from there to there4 有相對關(guān)系的名詞在同一短語中成對使用一般不加冠詞:from city to suburb, from birth till death, heart and soul, dayand night5 在 a kind / type / category / species / sort of等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的名詞前一般不使用任何冠詞6 表示官職,職位,身份,稱呼的名詞

27、前一般不使用冠詞7 零冠詞的一些習(xí)慣用法: by accident, in advance, in fact, go to school / hospital / prison / bed (上學(xué),住院,坐牢, 睡覺 ),on duty, on earth, under way介詞重要介詞:1 After 在。以后2 Among 在。一類中;是。 。中之一;在。 。范圍之內(nèi)3. As 作為,以。的身份;用于the sameas, such as 和asas等習(xí)語4 By 由,被;憑借,通過,用5 Despite 盡管,任憑,不顧6 During 在。期間7 In 在。期間;在。 。的過程中;在

28、。 。里面8 Into 到。里面9 Like 像10 Of 屬于;由。組成11 Since 從。以來;從。 。以后12 To 朝;向;到1 介詞短語中的加冠詞與不加冠詞的區(qū)別: 加冠詞按照字面意思理解, 不加冠詞則按常識理解: e.g. at table 吃飯, at the table 在桌邊2 介詞搭配通常跟詞干確定而不限詞性3 需要記憶的固定搭配與辨析 P162數(shù)詞1 Only, more than, less than 等限定詞修飾數(shù)詞時(shí),應(yīng)緊靠在數(shù)詞之前2 One of the+ 名詞短語 中,名詞短語的名詞用復(fù)數(shù),后面的謂語動詞用單數(shù)3 序數(shù)詞和形容詞一起前置修飾名詞時(shí),序數(shù)詞應(yīng)放

29、在前面動名詞的用法1 動名詞可作主語,賓語,補(bǔ)語和定語2 動名詞具有動詞特征,后面可以接賓語,可以被副詞修飾3 動名詞的被動語態(tài): being + v.ed ;完成時(shí)態(tài): having + v.ed4 介詞賓語和下列動詞,習(xí)慣用語中必須用動名詞,不能用不定式 動詞:Advise, anticipate, fancy, mind, doubt, escape, finish, ponder, admit, suggest, consider, miss, delay, mention, resist, resent, risk, appreciate, enjoy, deny, keep, pr

30、actice, avoid, postpone, favor, ensure, resume, detest, can't help, forgive,quit, recall, celebrate, pardon, regret, advocate, tolerate, report, excuse, imagine, dislike, discontinue 習(xí)語:Cannot help +V-ing = cannot but +VThere is no + v-ing = it is impossible to doIt is no use + V-ing = it is of

31、no use to doBe worth + V-ingBe busy + V-ingOf one 'w own + V-ing = ed by oneselfFeel like + V-ingLook forward to + V-ingConfess to + V-ing5 不定式 to 與介詞 to 的區(qū)別(1) 表示反對,對立,針對的to 為介詞Be contrast to, be contradictory to, object to, be opposed to, with a view to, in contrast to(2) 表示“于”或“對于”的to 也通常為介詞B

32、e used to, be accustomed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, abandon oneself to, limited to, committed to, resort to, react to, as to, with regard to, respond to6 表示禁止,防止等語義的動詞后面一般接 from ,再加動名詞。 From 偏向于否定: V1 + 賓語 + From + V2-ing.分詞1 分詞作補(bǔ)語,若與修飾名詞關(guān)系為主謂則用現(xiàn)在分詞,若為動賓則為過去分詞: a bell ringing

33、, I m excited at the news 2 分詞作定語, 用一般主動式或一般被動式, 不能用完成式, 表示動作正在進(jìn)行用現(xiàn)在分詞, 以完成用過去分詞: a moving story, a meeting held yesterday3 分詞作狀語,分詞與句子主語存在主謂關(guān)系:現(xiàn)在分詞的主動式;分詞與句子主語存在動賓關(guān)系:現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式或 過去分詞;現(xiàn)在分詞一般式動作與主句謂語同時(shí)進(jìn)行,現(xiàn)在分詞完成式動作在主句謂語動詞之前做完,過去分詞 強(qiáng)調(diào)動作已作但不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間(主動,被動不影響分詞表示的時(shí)間概念) : He sat there, reading a book. Given mor

34、eattention, the trees.= Being given more attention, the trees 不定式1 不定式作表語,通常帶to ,但前面若有 do 的限定形式,則 to 省略: What he did was (to) call us注意:凡表示“目的”“理由”“功能”“意圖” 等語義的名詞作主語, 表語一定要用不定式: purpose, objective, goal, aim, function, reason, intention2 有些動詞后只能用不定式(短語)而不能用其他形式: afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt,

35、 beg, care, choose, claim, consent, contrive, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, guarantee, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, petition, plan, pledge, plot, pray, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, thr

36、eaten, undertake, venture, volunteer3 不定式作 except, but 的賓語4 不定式作定語, 被修飾詞與不定式存在施動或受動關(guān)系, 以及一些常用不定式作定語的名詞: ambition, approach, chance, courage, way, effort, force, method, motive, movement, opportunity, power, reason, time, ability, determination, attempt5. 不定式作結(jié)果狀語: too .to, adj/adv + enough + to., so

37、 + adj/adv + as .to6 不定式在使役動詞后面作賓補(bǔ): cause, compel, drive, enable, enforce, force, get, lead, leave, oblige, press, urge7 不定式在一些表示思維活動的詞后作賓補(bǔ),參照 P.186-1878 除 Have, let, make 等使役動詞,感觀動詞: feel, hear, listen 等后面使用不帶 TO 的不定式(被動 to 要還原)9 一些短語接不帶 to 的不定式: had better, would rather, had sooner( 寧愿), had rathe

38、r, would sooner (寧愿), cannot but (不得不) ,do nothing but (只是) , prefer to do rather than do10 不定式常用于被動語態(tài)的動詞后作主語的補(bǔ)語11 不定式作形容詞補(bǔ)語:(1)不定式表原因: I am sorry to hear that (常用形容詞: fortunate, glad, happy, lucky, proud, sorry )(2)表示人的品格或智能特征的形容詞: He was silly to do so(3)句子主語與某些形容詞之后的不定式存在邏輯受動關(guān)系:She was difficult to teach(4)某些形容詞后表示最終沒發(fā)生的未來動作: He is afraid to go there(5)在表示說話人的看法的形容詞后: He is certain to come12 疑問詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)主謂一致: not only but also, not but, either or, neither

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