Lecture Four

1、Lecture FourNews Headline (II)News-reading KnowledgeNews Headline (II)Selective Reading (3) The UK America Some countries in Latin America France and some African countries Portugal, Turkey, Kuwait, Jordan Israel Norway Sweden Denmark Finland Spain Germany Russia Chinaback Parliament Congress Congre

2、ss National Assembly National Assembly Knesset (Hebrew) Parliament/Storting Parliament/Riksdag /Diet/Folketing Eduskunta Cortes Federal Assembly Duma National Peoples Council Types of Headlines Forms of Headlines Language Features of NHs Understanding Headlines with the Help of Background Knowledge

3、Comparison between C&E news headlines Translation of NHsbackTypes of Newspaper Headlines 1. Straight Headlines 2. Headlines That Ask a Question 3. Headlines That Contain a Quotation 4. Feature HeadlinesBackForms of Newspaper Headlines 1. Crossline 2. Drop Form 3. Inverted Pyramid Form 4. Flush-left

4、Form 5. Overline 6. Banner Headline or Streamer 7. Jump HeadBack The language of newspaper headlines is special and has its own characteristics on the lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical level. It is characterized by brevity, clarity and attractiveness. The brevity of a headline is achieved through

5、 short words, abbreviations and acronyms; sometimes words are even omitted; The clarity is achieved by using exact words and avoiding involved, confusing or ambiguous ones; The attractiveness is achieved by using vivid, fresh language and avoiding dull and trite words. Language Features of Newspaper

6、 Headlines A. Lexical Features B. Grammatical Features C. Rhetorical FeaturesbackA. Lexical Features Preference for Short Words Wide Use of Abbreviations and Acronyms Frequent Omission of Certain WordsbackLexical Features 1. Preference for Short Words English language newspaper headlines often use s

7、hort words to replace long ones. You have certainly seen many of the words before, but when they are used in newspaper headlines they carry meanings that are quite unfamiliar to you. The following underlined words are frequently used in newspaper headlines: Accord possible today (agreement) Governor

8、 to axe aide (dismiss) Tenants back council plan (support) Plea to back drug ban (forbiddance) Last-minute slip bars win (prevents) Bid to open border (attempt) Clerk bilks city of 1 m (cheats) 3 die in hotel blast (explosion) Sales boom (increase rapidly) Exports boost (increase) Bug kills babies (

9、disease)今日可能達成協(xié)議今日可能達成協(xié)議政府官員副職大削減政府官員副職大削減不動產(chǎn)占有者支持不動產(chǎn)占有者支持立法計劃立法計劃請求支持毒品禁令請求支持毒品禁令最后的失誤導(dǎo)致失敗最后的失誤導(dǎo)致失敗嘗試開放國界嘗試開放國界文員詐騙城市百萬美元文員詐騙城市百萬美元酒店爆炸，三人死亡酒店爆炸，三人死亡銷售繁榮銷售繁榮出口增加出口增加兒童因病致死兒童因病致死Bombs claim 40 (kill)Clash over budget (argument)Cop in car chase drama (policeman)Imports curb (control, restriction)Bank

10、 rate cut (control, restriction)Trade deal (agreement)Peace drive (campaign)American envoy (diplomat)Attendant foils train disaster (prevents)Actress loses gems (jewels, valuable stones)炸彈致死炸彈致死40關(guān)于預(yù)算的爭執(zhí)關(guān)于預(yù)算的爭執(zhí)汽車追逐大戰(zhàn)中的警察汽車追逐大戰(zhàn)中的警察進口限制進口限制銀行比率降低銀行比率降低貿(mào)易協(xié)定貿(mào)易協(xié)定和平運動和平運動美國外交官美國外交官服務(wù)員阻止火車災(zāi)難服務(wù)員阻止火車災(zāi)難女演員丟失珠

11、寶女演員丟失珠寶Years biggest fire guts 178 homes (destroys)Suspects held (arrested)New hurdle to peace (obstacle, barrier)Thailand, Malaysia ink sea treaty (sign)Lab of open policy (laboratory)World Bank lauds China for reducing poverty (praises)Bush man in China (representative)Gang leader nabbed (capture

12、d)Police net escapees (capture)Government no to wage rise (refusal)Minister seeks nod for oil saving plan (approval)年度最大火災(zāi)摧毀年度最大火災(zāi)摧毀178個家庭個家庭嫌犯被捕嫌犯被捕和平新障礙和平新障礙泰國、馬來西亞簽署海洋協(xié)議泰國、馬來西亞簽署海洋協(xié)議開放政策下的實驗室開放政策下的實驗室世界銀行稱贊中國減少貧困世界銀行稱贊中國減少貧困布什代表出訪中國布什代表出訪中國歹徒首領(lǐng)被捕歹徒首領(lǐng)被捕警察捕捉逃犯警察捕捉逃犯政府拒絕加薪政府拒絕加薪部長尋求支持石油節(jié)約計劃部長尋求支持石油節(jié)

13、約計劃 Irish top ranks vie for office (compete) China vows to step up reform and open policy (promises) Actress to wed for 8th time (marry) Bush weighs safety measures (considers)愛爾蘭高層爭奪政府職位愛爾蘭高層爭奪政府職位中國承諾加快改革開放中國承諾加快改革開放女演員將第八次結(jié)婚女演員將第八次結(jié)婚布什考慮安全措施布什考慮安全措施 end (finish), alter (change), map (work out), n

14、ix (deny, disapprove), swap (exchange), ace (champion), aid (assistance), Dem (democrat), loot (money stolen), talk (conference), co-op (co-operation), kick (abandon), opt (choose), spark (encourage), woo (seek to win), snub (neglect), cool (uninterested), key (essential), ties (relations), eye (wat

15、ch, observe), moot (discuss), rock (shake), voice (express), mar (damage), body (committee), flop (failure), set (ready), tiff (argument), dip (decline), name (appoint), top (exceed), nuke (nuclear weapon), arms (weapons), down (decrease), pit (coal mine), Tory (the Conservative Party)backLexical Fe

16、atures 2. Wide Use of Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and acronyms are frequently used in newspaper headlines.Abbreviations: Afr. Africa, African app. appendix ave. avenue capt. captain chem. chemistry colloq. colloquial dz. dozen encl. enclosure fem. feminine 女性的女性的 govt. government hist.

17、history hon. - honorary amt. - amount approx. approximately biol. - biology cent. - centigrade co. - company dept. - department econ. - economics Fahr. -Fahrenheit華氏溫度的華氏溫度的 geog. - geography grad. - graduate hi-tech high technology hr. hour (s)Abbreviations: incl. including lat. latitude 緯度緯度 Ltd.

18、limited Medit. Mediterranean sec. second (s) sq. square vocab. vocabulary yd. yard (s) lang. language Lit. literature mag. magazine prof. professor soc. society univ. university wt. - weightAcronyms: ABC American Broadcasting Company美國廣播公司美國廣播公司 ADB Asian Development Bank 亞洲發(fā)展銀行亞洲發(fā)展銀行 AFTA Atlantic

19、Free Trade Area/Asian Free Trade Area 大西洋大西洋/亞洲自由貿(mào)易區(qū)亞洲自由貿(mào)易區(qū) APCC Air Pollution Control Commission空氣污染控制委員會空氣污染控制委員會 APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亞太經(jīng)合組織亞太經(jīng)合組織 APF American Pacific Fleet 美國（洲）太平洋艦隊美國（洲）太平洋艦隊 ASAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 東南亞國家聯(lián)盟東南亞國家聯(lián)盟 BBC British Broadcasting

20、Corporation英國廣播公司英國廣播公司 BIRPI United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán)聯(lián)合國國際局保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán)聯(lián)合國國際局 BOAC British Overseas Airways Corporation英國海外航空公司英國海外航空公司 CIA Central Intelligence Agency（美國）中央情報局（美國）中央情報局 CPLA Chinese Peoples Liberation Army 中國人民解放軍中國人民解放軍 EAC East Afric

21、an Community 東非共同體東非共同體 EEC European Economic Community歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體(歐共體歐共體) EFTA European Free Trade Association歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟 EIB European Investment Bank 歐洲投資銀行歐洲投資銀行 EMA European Monetary Agreement 歐洲貨幣協(xié)定歐洲貨幣協(xié)定 EMF - European Monetary Fund歐洲貨幣基金歐洲貨幣基金 ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social

22、Commission for Asia and the Pacific聯(lián)合國亞洲及太平洋經(jīng)濟社會委員會聯(lián)合國亞洲及太平洋經(jīng)濟社會委員會 EU European Union歐盟歐盟 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織 FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation 美聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局美聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局 FIFA International Football Federation 國際足球聯(lián)盟國際足球聯(lián)盟Acronyms: FRS Fellow of the Royal S

23、ociety/Federal Reserve System(英國英國)皇家學(xué)會會員皇家學(xué)會會員 / (美國美國)聯(lián)邦儲備系統(tǒng)聯(lián)邦儲備系統(tǒng)GB Great Britain大不列顛大不列顛G8 Group of Eight八國集團八國集團 (美國、日本、德國、法國、英國、意美國、日本、德國、法國、英國、意大利、加拿大和俄羅斯大利、加拿大和俄羅斯)G77 Group of 77 七十七國集團七十七國集團 (世界上發(fā)展中國家駐聯(lián)合國外交世界上發(fā)展中國家駐聯(lián)合國外交官所組成的一個非正式集團官所組成的一個非正式集團, 成立于成立于 1964 年年, 前身為前身為“七十五國決七十五國決策委員會策委員會”)I

24、ADB Inter-American Development Bank / Inter-American Defense Board 泛美開發(fā)銀行泛美開發(fā)銀行 / 美洲防務(wù)委員會美洲防務(wù)委員會IEA International Energy Agency 國際能源機構(gòu)國際能源機構(gòu)IBA International Bar Association 國際律師協(xié)會國際律師協(xié)會ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization國際民航組織國際民航組織ICJ International Court of Justice 國際法庭國際法庭IDA Internati

25、onal Development Association 國際開發(fā)協(xié)會國際開發(fā)協(xié)會Acronyms: IFC International Finance Corporation 國際金融公司國際金融公司IFG - International Federation of Gymnastics 國際體操聯(lián)合會國際體操聯(lián)合會IFHR International Federation of Human Rights 國際人權(quán)聯(lián)合會國際人權(quán)聯(lián)合會IFT- International Federation of Translators國際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會國際翻譯工作者聯(lián)合會IGF Internationa

26、l Genetics Federation 國際遺傳學(xué)聯(lián)合會國際遺傳學(xué)聯(lián)合會IIB International Investment Bank 國際投資銀行國際投資銀行ILO International Labor Organization 國際勞工組織國際勞工組織IMF International Monetary Fund 國際貨幣基金國際貨幣基金IMO International Maritime Organization 國際海事組織國際海事組織INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization 國際通信衛(wèi)星

27、機構(gòu)國際通信衛(wèi)星機構(gòu)IOC International Olympic Committee 國際奧委會國際奧委會Acronyms: IOM International Organization for Migration 國際移民組織國際移民組織 IPPF International Planned Parenthood Federation 國際計國際計劃生育聯(lián)合會劃生育聯(lián)合會 IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union各國議會聯(lián)盟各國議會聯(lián)盟(簡稱簡稱“議聯(lián)議聯(lián)”） ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross國際紅十字國際紅十

28、字委員會委員會 IRO International Refugee Organization 國際難民組織國際難民組織 IRU International Relief Union 國際救濟聯(lián)合會國際救濟聯(lián)合會 ITU International Telecommunication Union國際電信聯(lián)盟國際電信聯(lián)盟 IUAPPA International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations國際防止空氣污染協(xié)會聯(lián)合會國際防止空氣污染協(xié)會聯(lián)合會 IUS International Union of Students國際學(xué)生會聯(lián)盟國際學(xué)生

29、會聯(lián)盟Acronyms: LACM Latin American Common Market 拉丁美洲共同市場拉丁美洲共同市場 LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Area拉丁美洲自由貿(mào)易區(qū)拉丁美洲自由貿(mào)易區(qū) MP Member of Parliament(英國或英聯(lián)邦的英國或英聯(lián)邦的)下院議員下院議員 NAFTA North American Free Trade Area / Agreement北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)/北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北約北約 OAU Or

30、ganization of African Unity非洲統(tǒng)一組織非洲統(tǒng)一組織 OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織 OPEC Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries石石油輸出國組織油輸出國組織 WB World Bank 世界銀行世界銀行 WHO World Health Organization (聯(lián)合國聯(lián)合國)世界衛(wèi)生組世界衛(wèi)生組 WIDF Womens International Democratic Federat

31、ion國際國際民主婦女聯(lián)合會民主婦女聯(lián)合會 WTO World Trade Organization / World Tourism Organization 世界貿(mào)易組織世界貿(mào)易組織 /世界旅游組織世界旅游組織backLexical Features 3. Frequent Omission of Certain Words Headlines generally leave out certain words, especially articles, personal pronouns, this, that, and verb to be. The word “and” is ofte

32、n replaced by a comma, e.g.: Fan kills wife (A sports fan killed his wife.) Charles, 32, seeks bride (Prince Charles, who is 32 years old, is seeking a bride.) Shanghai to do business on net, including B2B, B2C (Shanghai is to do business on the net, including “business to business” and “business to

33、 consumer”.) 1、冠詞(articles)基本省略。 Three Gorges Flooded By Farewell Tourists (The Three Gorges Flooded By Farewell Tourists.) 惜別之情難以擋,游客蜂擁至三峽。 2、連系動詞（link-v.）通常省略。 Three Dead after Inhaling Oven Gas （Three are Dead after Inhaling Oven Gas.） 吸入爐灶煤氣三人窒息身亡。 Clinton Inauguration Most Expensive Ever (Clint

34、on Inauguration is Most Expensive Ever.) 克氏就職典禮花費空前巨大。 3、助動詞(auxiliary)通常省略。 Financier Killed By Burglars (A Financier is Killed by Burglars. )夜毛賊入室金融家遇害。 Pope To Visit Japan In February. (Pope is to Visit Japan in February.) 教皇擬于二月訪日。 India Mending Fences (India is Mending Fences.) 印度正在改善與鄰國的關(guān)系。 4、

35、連詞通常省略，并用逗號代替。 Us, Vietnam Resume Talks （Us and Vietnam Resume Talks.） 美越恢復(fù)會談。backB. Grammatical Features Use of Heavily Modified Nominal Groups Use of the Simple Present Tense Use of the Present Progressive Tense Use of the Infinitive Use of the Passive ConstructionsbackB. Grammatical Features 1. U

36、se of Heavily Modified Nominal Groups The nominal groups in headlines are sometimes quite complex with heavy pre-modifiers, e.g.: 200-metre-long flood prevention dyke built (A dyke, which is 200 meters long, has been built for the prevention of flood.) Sino-German trade review talks start (The talks

37、 to review the trade between China and Germany have started.) West-to-East Gas Transmitting Project beneficial to west, east (The West-to-East GasTransmitting Project is beneficial to both the west and the east regions of China.)backB. Grammatical Features 2. Use of the Simple Present Tense 英語報刊的新聞標(biāo)

38、題中一般不用過去時態(tài)，當(dāng)然更不用過去完英語報刊的新聞標(biāo)題中一般不用過去時態(tài)，當(dāng)然更不用過去完成時等時態(tài)，而采用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，使讀者閱報時一如置身于這條成時等時態(tài)，而采用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，使讀者閱報時一如置身于這條新聞事件中，這叫做新聞事件中，這叫做“新聞現(xiàn)在時新聞現(xiàn)在時” （Journalistic Present Tense），與文學(xué)寫作中的），與文學(xué)寫作中的 “歷史現(xiàn)在時歷史現(xiàn)在時”，（，（Historical Present Tense）實際上完全一樣。所以，英語新聞標(biāo)題中常用）實際上完全一樣。所以，英語新聞標(biāo)題中常用的動詞時態(tài)主要有三種：一般現(xiàn)在時、將來時和現(xiàn)在進行時。的動詞時態(tài)主要有三種：一般現(xiàn)

39、在時、將來時和現(xiàn)在進行時。 The simple present tense is widely used to describe something happening in the present or in the past, e.g.: Comeback Gives China a Sensational Thomas Cup Win (The Comeback Gave China a Sensational Thomas Cup Win.)中國隊反敗為勝榮獲湯姆斯杯。中國隊反敗為勝榮獲湯姆斯杯。 Street Battle in Heavy Shelling As Peace Ta

40、lks Proceed (Street Battle was in Heavy Shelling As Peace Talks Proceeded.)和平會談進行之際巷戰(zhàn)依然炮聲和平會談進行之際巷戰(zhàn)依然炮聲隆隆。隆隆。 Bumper Harvest Chinese gymnasts win eight golds at world championshipsbackB. Grammatical Features 3. Use of the Present Progressive Tense The present progressive tense is sometimes used, mos

41、tly to describe something that is developing, and the auxiliary is often omitted, e.g.: Signs of Rifts Appearing in Argentinas Junta (The Signs of Rifts are Appearing in Argentinas Junta.)阿根阿根廷軍人政府出現(xiàn)內(nèi)訌跡象。廷軍人政府出現(xiàn)內(nèi)訌跡象。 Deposits, Loans Rising in Shanghai (Deposits and Loans are Rising in Shanghai.)上海儲蓄

42、與貸款上海儲蓄與貸款額見升。額見升。 Information industry developing rapidly (The information industry is developing rapidly.) 信息行業(yè)信息行業(yè)發(fā)展迅速。發(fā)展迅速。 Cloning technology being used in medical treatment (Cloning technology is being used in medical treatment.) 克克隆技術(shù)應(yīng)用于醫(yī)療。隆技術(shù)應(yīng)用于醫(yī)療。backB. Grammatical Features 4. Use of the In

43、finitive The infinitive is used to refer to the future, e.g.: Last Two Beiruit Hostages To Go Free (The Last Two Hostages in Beiruit are To Go Free.)貝貝魯特最后兩名人質(zhì)魯特最后兩名人質(zhì)“獲釋在望獲釋在望”。 Florida Freeze to Increase Area Produce Prices (The Freeze in Florida is to Increase the Areas Produce Prices.)佛羅里達嚴(yán)寒將使該地

44、區(qū)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品漲價。佛羅里達嚴(yán)寒將使該地區(qū)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品漲價。 World Expo to Make Shanghai more Open (The World Expo is to Make Shanghai more Open)世博會將使上海更加開放。世博會將使上海更加開放。 China to Step up Development of Knowledge-intensive Industry (China is to Step up Development of Knowledge-intensive Industry.) 中國將進一步發(fā)展知識密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。中國將進一步發(fā)展知識密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。backB.

45、 Grammatical Features 5. Use of the Passive Constructions Headlines are generally in the active voice, but sometimes passive constructions are also used. In the passive constructions the auxiliary is omitted and only the past participle is left, e.g.: Van Goghs Recovered after Theft (Van Goghs are R

46、ecovered after the Theft.)梵高名畫竊而復(fù)梵高名畫竊而復(fù)得。得。 Father Jailed For Murder Of Daughter (Father is Jailed For the Murder of His Daughter.)謀殺親生謀殺親生女兒父親鋃鐺入獄。女兒父親鋃鐺入獄。 Efforts made to minimize loss (The efforts have been made to minimize the loss.) 力求使力求使損失最小化。損失最小化。backC. Rhetorical Features Alliteration頭韻

47、Rhyme押韻 Metaphor比喻 Pun雙關(guān) Euphemism委婉語 Antithesis對語 Parody模仿，借用典故backC. Rhetorical Features 1. Alliteration頭韻頭韻 Alliteration is the effect produced by using a series of words that begin with the same letter or sound, e.g.: Bye, bye balanced budget The repeated “b” sound at the beginning of the words

48、“bye”, “bye”, “balanced” and “budget” makes the headline sound witty and lively. Round rocks runs river The “r” sound at the beginning of the words “round”, “rocks”, “runs” and “river” makes the headline interesting.backC. Rhetorical Features 2. Rhyme押韻押韻 Rhyme is the sameness of sound between words

49、 or syllables, e.g.: Whos near to Clintons ear? In this headline, “near” and “ear” are rhymes. Bye, Bye American Pie In 1996, the Clinton Administration put an end to the American social welfare system, saying that this program supported a group of idlers. Immediately after that, an American reporte

50、r wrote an article entitled Bye, Bye American Pie. The word “pie” in the headline suggests the social welfare system.backC. Rhetorical Features 3. Metaphor比喻比喻 Metaphor is the use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from the literal meaning, e.g.: “Down in the mouth” news for dentist

51、s “Down in the mouth” here means “sad”. Carlo Ponti in hot water again “In hot water ” here means “in trouble”. Refugees in dire straits “In dire straits” means “in danger”. Union call to strike falls on deaf ears “To falls on deaf ears” means “to fail to win acceptance”. Let bygones be bygones, say ex-foes