蛋雞的飼養(yǎng)管理與疾病防治

1、蛋雞的飼養(yǎng)管理與疾病防治Layers of management and keeping for Disease Control and Prevention 一、雛雞的飼養(yǎng)管理First, the chicken raising1.雛雞的生理特點1. Chicks physiological characteristics（1） 雛雞體溫調(diào)節(jié)機能差(1) Chicken poor temperature control mechanism 雛雞體溫較成年雞體溫度低3度，雛雞絨毛稀短、皮薄、皮下脂肪少，保溫能力差，體溫調(diào)節(jié)機能要在2周齡之后才能趨于完善，7-8周齡以后才具有適應(yīng)外界環(huán)境溫度變化

2、的能力，所以雛雞對溫度反應(yīng)比較敏感，只有維持適宜的育雛溫度才能保證雛雞的正常發(fā)育和雛雞的健康。Chicken temperature than adult chicken low temperature 3 degrees, chicken villi dilute short, thin skin, subcutaneous fat small, poor insulation, the temperature control mechanism should be in the 2-week-old and tend to improve after 7-2-8 weeks after t

3、he adaptable changes in the external environment temperature capability, chicks more sensitive to temperature reaction, only to maintain appropriate temperature brood of chicks to ensure normal development and the health of chickens. （2）消化機能差 初生的幼雛消化機能不健全，胃腸體積小。進食量受到限制，同時消化酶的分泌能力還不太健全，消化機能差，所以配制雛雞料時

4、必須選用質(zhì)量好，容易消化的原料，配制高營養(yǎng)水平的全價飼料，在這里我們推薦3周齡前飼喂肉仔雞前期料，對育成雞成活率及生長發(fā)育均有好處。(2) poor digestive function     Yaochu newborn digestive function is not perfect, gastrointestinal small size. Restricted food intake, while the secretion of digestive enzymes capacity is not yet perfect, poor digestive

5、 function, and therefore must be prepared chicken materials selection of good quality and easy digestion of raw materials, preparation of high nutrient levels full price feed, and here we recommend three weeks TSE before feeding broiler pre expected, the survival and growth of Chicks are good. （3）雛雞

6、的生長發(fā)育速度快 蛋雛雞2周齡的體重約為初生時體重的2倍，4周齡時為5倍，雛雞代謝旺盛，因此在滿足營養(yǎng)需要和保溫的同時，要注意通風(fēng)，供給新鮮的空氣。(3) the growth of chicks faster     2-week-old chicken egg weight newborn weight of about 2 times for 4 weeks, five times that of chicken metabolism exuberant, and to meet the nutritional needs of the insulation

7、 at the same time, pay attention to ventilation, the supply of fresh air. （4）生活力和抗病力差 幼雛對外界環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性差，對各種疾病的抵抗力和抗疾病力差，飼養(yǎng)管理上稍有疏忽，就易感染各種疾病，因此要給雛雞創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境條件，提高機體的抗病能力。(4) life of the poor and resistance to disease    You Chu of the adaptability of poor external environment, the resistance to vari

8、ous diseases and diseases of the poor-keeping management of some negligence on the vulnerability of various diseases, and therefore give the chicks to create a good environment conditions, and improve the body's resistance of capacity.2.育雛的環(huán)境要求2. Brood environmental requirements（1） 適宜的環(huán)境溫度(1) a

9、suitable environment temperature 雛雞采食、飲水以及飼料的消化吸收，對疾病的抵抗能力等都與環(huán)境溫度是否適宜有直接關(guān)系，溫度過低時雛雞畏寒而密集，影響卵黃吸收，影響抗病能力，有的發(fā)生感冒下痢，嚴(yán)重時互相擠壓扎堆而造成大量損傷死亡；溫度過高則影響雛雞的正常代謝，食欲減退，發(fā)育緩慢，也易感冒和感染呼吸道疾病。近幾年來采用的高溫育雛技術(shù)，主要是在前幾天采用高溫育雛，即比常規(guī)育雛溫度高2-3度，一般在36度左右，據(jù)試驗，高溫育雛能減少雞白痢病死亡率80%以上，對雛雞卵黃的吸收有明顯的促進作用，明顯提高雛雞成活率。Chicken feed, water and feed d

10、igestion and absorption, disease resistance, and so whether it is appropriate temperature and the environment is directly related to temperature too low chills and intensive chicken, egg yolk impact absorption, impact resistance capacity, and some in cold diarrhea, severe squeeze each other and each

11、 other causing substantial injury deaths; high temperature affected the normal metabolism chicks, anorexia, slow development, but also easy to colds and respiratory infections. Brooding in recent years by high-temperature technology, mainly using high temperature brood during the last few days, that

12、 is, than conventional high-temperature 2-3 degrees brood, generally around 36 degrees, according to tests, high temperature brood Pullorum disease mortality can be reduced more than 80% , the absorption of a chicken egg yolk obvious role in promoting, and markedly increase the survival rate of chic

13、ks. 育雛溫度要求Brooding temperature requirements周齡 一 二 三 四 五 六Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6溫度 34-36 31-34 28-31 25-28 22-25 20-24 Temperature 34-36 31-34 28-31 25-28 22-25 20-24 （2） 溫度控制的穩(wěn)定性和靈活性(2) the stability of temperature control and flexibility 雛雞日齡越小，對溫度穩(wěn)定性的要求越高，初期日溫差應(yīng)控制在3度之內(nèi)，到育雛后期日溫差應(yīng)控制在6度之內(nèi)，避免因溫度的不穩(wěn)定給生產(chǎn)造成重大

14、損失，夜間因為雛雞活動量小，溫度應(yīng)比白天高出1-2度，斷喙、接種疫苗等給雞群造成很大應(yīng)激時，也需要提高育雛溫度。Day-old chicks smaller, the higher the temperature stability requirements, the temperature should be controlled early in the 3 degrees within the brood late in the day temperature should be controlled within 6 degrees to avoid temperature insta

15、bility caused substantial losses to production at night because a small amount of chicken activities, the daytime temperature should be higher than 1-2, Duanzhou, such as vaccination of chickens to cause great stress, they need to raise brood temperature.（3） 適宜的濕度(3) appropriate humidity 高溫低濕時，雞體內(nèi)水分

16、散失增多，腹內(nèi)蛋黃吸收不良，絨毛干枯發(fā)脆，腳趾干癟，雛雞易受風(fēng)寒侵襲，患呼吸道疾病，為提高濕度，可在大爐上放一盆水蒸發(fā)水分。低溫高濕時舍內(nèi)既潮濕又冷，雛雞易患感冒和胃腸疾病，可提高舍內(nèi)溫度，增加通風(fēng)量，高溫高濕時，雛雞體內(nèi)熱量不易散發(fā)，食欲下降，生長緩慢，抵抗力減弱，應(yīng)加強通風(fēng)換氣。High temperature and humidity, increasing the chicken in water loss, abdominal bad egg yolk absorption, the villi dry crisp, dry toes, chicks vulnerable to co

17、ld hit, suffering from respiratory diseases, to increase humidity, the furnace can be put in a bowl of water evaporating water.舍內(nèi)both low temperature and high humidity, cold and humid, chicks susceptible to colds and gastrointestinal diseases, can improve舍內(nèi)temperature, increased ventilation, tempera

18、ture and humidity, the heat difficult to distribute in chicks, anorexia, slow growth, weakened immunity We should strengthen ventilation.育雛期所需的環(huán)境濕度Brooding period for the environmental humidity日齡1-1011-3031-42相對濕度70%65%40-60%適宜極限高濕75%75%75%極限低濕40%40%40%Age1-1011-3031-42Relative humidity70%65%40-60%L

19、imit high humidity for75%75%75%Limit low humidity40%40%40%（4）通氣換風(fēng)(4) the wind for ventilation 在高溫、高密度飼養(yǎng)條件下，育雛舍內(nèi)由于雛雞呼吸、糞便及潮濕料散發(fā)出大量的有害氣體，如氨氣和二氧化碳等，超過一定濃度就會危害雛雞健康，所以要及時通風(fēng)，排除有害氣體，換進新鮮空氣，在育雛期間常用的通風(fēng)方法是：采取定時的短時間大換氣量通風(fēng)，如每小時敞開全部門窗1-3分鐘，有人擔(dān)心這種在短時間內(nèi)室內(nèi)全部污濁空氣換成新鮮空氣的方法會使雛雞受涼，實踐證明這種方法不會使雛雞感冒，反而能增加雛雞對低溫的適應(yīng)能力，因為換進的空

20、氣雖然是冷的，但舍內(nèi)四壁、地面頂棚都有還是溫?zé)岬?，如取暖設(shè)備沒有問題，舍溫很快就能恢復(fù)，只要氣候不是特別冷、在育雛的第四天就可以實行這種換氣法。In the high-temperature, high-density rearing conditions, the young chicks舍內(nèi)as breathing, feces and humid materials distributed to a large number of harmful gases, such as ammonia and carbon dioxide, and so on, over a certain co

21、ncentration will jeopardize chicks health, we must promptly ventilation, remove harmful gas, into the fresh air for the brood during the ventilation method is used: the short time taken the ventilation ventilation, all the doors and windows open as hourly 1-3 minutes, it was worried that this time a

22、ll the dirty indoor Air Methods replaced by the fresh air will Chicks cold Practice has proven that this approach will not lead to chicken flu, but would increase the chicks to low temperature adaptability to change into the air because although cold, but舍內(nèi)walls, floors Covering all or warm, such as

23、 heating equipment no problem for the temperature can be quickly restored, as long as the climate is not particularly cold, brood on the fourth day of this ventilation law can be put into practice.（5）飼養(yǎng)密度(5) keeping density 飼養(yǎng)密度是否適宜，與養(yǎng)好雛雞和充分利用雞舍空間有很大關(guān)系，密度過大不但室內(nèi)空氣不好，影響雛雞發(fā)育，而且雞群互相擠壓在一起搶食，體重發(fā)育不均勻，影響雞群健

24、康，還易發(fā)生啄癖；密度過小雞舍利用率低。密度的大小應(yīng)根據(jù)雛雞日齡大小、品種、飼養(yǎng)方法、季節(jié)和通風(fēng)條件等進行調(diào)整，一般情況下，冬季和早春育雛飼養(yǎng)密度比夏季和秋季育雛飼養(yǎng)密度大一些。Keeping whether it is appropriate density, and support and make full use of good chicken sheds where space is strongly related to excessive density of poor indoor air not only affected chickens development, and

25、co-extrusion with chicken snatch weight of uneven impact of chicken Group health, but also prone to cannibalism; density is too small sheds where low utilization rate. Density should be based on the size of day-old chicks size, variety, farming methods, seasonal and ventilation conditions, and other

26、 adjustments, under normal circumstances, winter and early spring brood rearing density of the summer and autumn some brood rearing density.每平方米飼養(yǎng)雛雞數(shù)Keeping a few chickens per square metre周齡立體飼養(yǎng)（只/平方米）平面飼養(yǎng)（只/平方米）1-260303-440255-63020Weeksthree-dimensional feeding(only / m 2)plane feeding (only / m 2

27、)1-260303-440255-63020 （6）適宜的光照(6) appropriate illumination 光照強度：為了讓雛雞很快熟悉環(huán)境，學(xué)習(xí)飲水采食，初期應(yīng)該用較強的燈光，可用60-100瓦的燈泡，三日齡之后夜間應(yīng)換成25-40瓦的燈泡，光照稍暗些，雞群相對安靜，在過強的光照下，雞煩躁不安，活動量大，易出現(xiàn)互的惡癖。 light intensity: To allow chicken familiar with the environment quickly learn to drinking water intake, initially should be strong

28、lighting, can be 60-100 watt bulb, three days after the night should be replaced by the 25-40 watt light bulbs, light Shaoan more, chickens relatively quiet, in a strong light, the chicken irritability, activity, there easily among the Epi. 光照時間：6周齡之內(nèi)光照時間的長短還不會影響雛雞性成熟的早晚，但光照時間的長短直接影響雛雞的采食時間和采食量，育雛期最

29、容易出現(xiàn)的問題是增重過慢，達(dá)不到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重，給予較長的光照時間有利于雛雞增重，一般三日之內(nèi)的光照可定為23小時，1-6周齡的光照時間分別為22、20、18、16、12、10小時。 illumination time: 6 weeks of the duration of light also will not affect the chicken sexual maturity sooner or later, but the length of light directly affect the chicken feed intake and feed time, the most prone

30、 to brood of the problem is that the weight gain slow to less than the standard weight for a longer time to light by Chick-general of the 3rd Light can be set at 23 hours, 1 - 6-week-old light time were 22,20,18,16 , 12,10 hours. 在光照管理上容易出現(xiàn)的錯誤，一是不考慮雛雞增重情況，在第二、三周齡就實施8小時光照，二是長期給予20小時以上的光照，過長的光照時間會影響雛雞

31、的休息和睡眠，使雛雞疲勞，降低生長速度和抗病能力。 management in the light prone to mistakes, does not consider the First Chicks weight gain, in the second and third weeks on the implementation of eight hours of light, and the second is a long time to more than 20 hours of light, the light long time will be affected chicken

32、s rest and sleep, chicks fatigue, decreased growth rate and resistance to disease.3、雛雞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重和日采食量3, the standard chicken feed intake, body weight and各育種公司都制定了自己商品雞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重，如果雛雞在培育過程中各周都按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重增加，就可能獲得較理想的生產(chǎn)成績，由于長途運輸、環(huán)境控制不適宜，各種疫苗的免疫、斷喙、營養(yǎng)水平不足等因素的干擾，一般在育雛初期較難達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重，除了盡可能地減輕各種因素的干擾，減少雛雞的應(yīng)激外，必要時可提高雛雞料的營養(yǎng)水平，而在

33、雛雞體重沒有達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之前，即使過了6周齡，也仍然應(yīng)該使用營養(yǎng)水平較高的雛雞料。The seed companies have formulated their own standard weight of goods chicken, if chicks in nurturing the process of the week are at the standard weight gain, it may be better production results, as long-distance transportation, environmental control inappropri

34、ate various vaccine , Duanzhou, nutritional factors such as inadequate levels of interference, and generally more difficult to reach the standards brood initial body weight, in addition to various factors, as far as possible to reduce the interference, and reduce the stress chicken, chicken may be n

35、ecessary to raise levels of nutrition materials, Chickens in the weight did not meet standards, even after 6 weeks of age, still should use a higher level of nutrition Chicks material.海蘭褐殼蛋雞育雛期給料量與體重指標(biāo)（g）Hailan Brown Layers brood period to feed and weight indicators (g)周 齡 日 耗 量累 計 體 重11391552202311

36、053254061704296092605338403606371099480Weekstotalconsumptionbody weight11391552202311053254061704296092605338403606371099480中型蛋雛雞的體重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與日采食量Medium eggs and chicks on the weight standard intake周周末體重（g）日采食量（g）累計采食量（kg）170100.72140180.23200260.384300330.615380370.876470411.15Weekendweight (g)intake (g)C

37、umulative intake (kg)170100.72140180.23200260.384300330.615380370.876470411.15注：飼料代謝能為2900千卡，粗蛋白為19.0%Note: The metabolism can feed 290 kilocalories, for the 19.0% crude protein上表中所列中型蛋雛雞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重和采食量，在育雛時可以用來參考雛雞喂料的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不同品種，飼料營養(yǎng)不同喂料量不同，如果飼料營養(yǎng)水平稍低或是在冬季，雛雞的日采食量應(yīng)該大于以上數(shù)據(jù)。Listed in the table in the standard

38、medium chicken egg intake and body weight in the young, can be used to feed the chicks reference standards, different varieties, different feed nutrition feeding of different, if feed nutrient levels or slightly lower in the winter, Chicks on intake should be higher than the above data.4、斷喙4, Duanzh

39、ou斷喙一般在6-10日齡進行，此時斷喙對雛雞的應(yīng)激小，若雛雞狀況不太好時可以往后推遲，青年雞轉(zhuǎn)入雞籠時，對個別斷喙不成功的雞再修整一次，斷喙后料槽應(yīng)多添飼料，以免雛雞吸食到槽底，創(chuàng)口疼痛，為避免出血，可在每公斤飼料中添加2毫克維生素K。Duanzhou usually in the 6-10 age, this Duanzhou stress on the chicks small, the situation is not very good if the chicken could be postponed later, when the young chickens into cage

40、s on individual Duanzhou unsuccessful chicken Dressing again once Duanzhou after discharging Tim feed should avoid taking chicks to bottom, wound pain, in order to avoid bleeding, can be added to feed per kg 2 mg vitamin K.5、日常管理5, the day-to-day management（1） 飲水管理(1) drinking water management幼雛飲水最好

41、用溫開水，飲水的溫度與舍溫基本一致，對于長途運輸或存放過長的雛雞，應(yīng)該在飲水中添加5%的白糖，補液鹽以及多種維生素和抗生素，飲水器每天清洗1-2次，水要保持清潔，定時更換，育雛期內(nèi)，每只雛雞最好有2厘米的飲水位置，不要斷水。Yaochu water it is best to use water temperature, water temperature and the temperature for the basic agreement, the long-distance transport or storage of long chicken, it should be added

42、to drinking water in 5% of the sugar, rehydration salts and a variety of vitamins and antibiotics, for every drinking water 1-2 days, cleaning, maintaining clean water, regular replacement brood period, the best way is to have each chicken 2 cm location of the drinking water, not water. 為了讓雛雞盡快學(xué)會飲水，

43、可輕輕抓住雛雞頭部，將嘴部按入水中1秒左右，每100只雛雞教5只，則全群很快學(xué)會。Society as soon as possible to allow chickens drinking water, gently grasp the chicken head, mouth into the water by about one second per 100 of the five chicks, the whole group will soon learn.（2） 飼喂管理(2) Feeding Management雛雞運到育雛室休息片刻后先飲水，飲水后2-3小時開食，出殼后到開食一般

44、不要超過36小時。飼喂雛雞時，提倡飼喂顆粒料，開始喂破碎料，將飼料均勻地撒在圍欄內(nèi)的塑料布上或飼料盤中，讓小雞自由采食，并引誘雛雞盡快地都能吃上飼料，個別不會采食的小雞，可以人工幫助喂料，并少給勤添以刺激食欲，最初幾天內(nèi)，晝夜每隔3小時喂1次，以后夜間不喂，白天每4小時喂一次，為了便于雛雞采食，在飼喂干粉料時飼料中應(yīng)加入30%的飲水，拌勻后飼料捏起來成團，撒下去能散開即可，這樣飼料中的粉面能粘在粒狀飼料上便于雛雞采食，每天必須準(zhǔn)確紀(jì)錄雛雞的食量，以便隨時了解雞群的發(fā)育情況。Brooding chicks sent to Room short break after the first drin

45、king water, drinking water 2-3 hours after the opening of food, potable Chuke after a general rule, not to open more than 36 hours. Feeding chickens, advocates feeding pellet feed, began feeding broken material, will feed evenly scattered in the plastic sheeting on the fence or feed intraday, free c

46、hicken feed, and can be tempted to eat chicken as soon as possible feed, the individual will not chicken feed, artificial help feed, and add less to the ground to stimulate appetite, the first few days, three hours every day to feed 1, the night after not Hey, every four hours during the day feeding

47、 , in order to facilitate chicken feed, in feed powder material should be added to feed at 30% of the drinking water, meat after pinch feed up into Mission, and threw it can be dispersed, so the Noodles can feed in granular feed Nien Chicken feed on the easy, accurate record of chicken every day the

48、 amount of food in order to keep abreast of the development of chickens situation.（3） 衛(wèi)生管理(3) Health Management雛雞幼偌抗病力低，一定要采用全進全出的飼養(yǎng)方式，嚴(yán)格實行隔離飼養(yǎng)，堅持日常消毒，適時確定地做好各種免疫，及時預(yù)防性用藥。David Chick Ruo low resistance to disease, we must adopt a whole-all of the rearing methods, keeping strict isolation, adhere to

49、the daily disinfection, determined to do all kinds of timely immunization, timely preventive medication.6、育雛好壞的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)6, the criteria for determining the quality of Brooding（1）育成率的高低是個重要指標(biāo)，良好的雞群應(yīng)該有98%以上的育雛成活率。(1) the level of incubation rate is an important indicator of good flocks should have over 98

50、percent of the brood survival.（2）檢查體形結(jié)構(gòu)是否良好，即體重是否符合要求，體形合格達(dá)標(biāo)，良好的雞群平均體重應(yīng)基本上按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重增長，但平均體重接近標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的雞群中也有可能部分雞體重小，而又有部分雞超標(biāo)。(2) Check whether good shape structure, that is, compliance with weight, shape qualified standards, good average weight of chickens should be basically in accordance with the standard w

51、eight growth, but near the average weight of chickens in the chicken may also be some small weight, and Some chicken超標(biāo).，可避免造成大的損失。(3) check the evenness of the chickens. Every weekend in the Chick fasting regularly weighing, weigh chickens, then grab a 3% or 5%, but also Wai laps 100-200 only chicks

52、, each weighing only, and then calculate the uniformity of chickens, is calculated Chickens first calculated the average body weight, then the average weight by 0.9 and 1.1 respectively, are two figures, in this weight of chicken between the two figures represents the number of chicken weighing all

53、of these is the evenness of the chicken, if Chickens for the evenness of the more than 80 per cent, we can think of these chickens is the weight more evenly, and if less than 70 percent is a significant portion of the chickens look bad, the growth of chickens do not meet the requirement. If the even

54、ness of the chickens must be low tracing reasons, and to take measures to chickens in the development process, the evenness of the week is the change, when found evenness worse than last week when, in the past week have kept a certain process kind of factors have had a negative impact promptly ident

55、ify problems, avoid big losses.（4）雞群健康，新城疫等疾病的抗體水平較高。(4) chicken health, diseases such as Newcastle disease antibodies to a higher level.7、育雛失敗的幾種情況及原因分析7, the failure of several young and Analysis（1） 第一周死亡率高的可能原因(1) the first week of the possible causes of high mortality 細(xì)菌感染。大多是由種雞垂直傳染或種蛋保管過程及孵化過程

56、中衛(wèi)生管理上的失誤引起的。 bacterial infection. Most of vertical transmission from breeder or hatching eggs custody process and the process of health management mistakes caused.環(huán)境因素。第一周的雛雞對環(huán)境的適應(yīng)能力較低，溫度過低雞群扎堆，部分雛雞被擠壓窒息死亡，某段時間在溫度控制上的失誤，雛雞也會腹瀉得病。一般情況下，剛接來的部分雛雞體內(nèi)多少帶有一些有害細(xì)菌，在雞群體質(zhì)健壯時并不都會出現(xiàn)問題。如果雛雞生活在不適宜不穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境中會影響體內(nèi)正常的生

57、理活動，抗病能力下降，部分雛雞就可能發(fā)病死亡。為減少育雛初期的死亡，一好似要從衛(wèi)生管理好的種雞場進雛，其次要控制好育雛環(huán)境，前三天可預(yù)防性用些抗菌素。 environmental factors. Chickens first week of the ability to adapt to the environment of low temperature is low, chickens each other, and some chickens were squeezed suffocation and death, in a certain period of time, temperature control errors, chicks will diarrhea disease. Under normal circum