新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)

1、新概念英語(yǔ)二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法詳解和總結(jié)一、學(xué)習(xí)前的準(zhǔn)備新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)旨在全面訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的 4 項(xiàng)技能、理解、口語(yǔ)、閱讀、 寫(xiě)作。使學(xué)生具有使用語(yǔ)言的能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，具有以下知識(shí)便可進(jìn)入新概念 英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)的學(xué)習(xí)：1動(dòng)詞be與have現(xiàn)在時(shí)與過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法。2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，能夠識(shí)別并懂得如何構(gòu)成。3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別；懂得動(dòng)詞第 3人稱單數(shù)上添加 -s, -es, 或 -ies 后綴。4、一般過(guò)去時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別并會(huì)運(yùn)用常見(jiàn)的規(guī)劃動(dòng)詞與不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的一 般過(guò)去時(shí)形態(tài)。5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別。6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（一般）：能夠識(shí)別。7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)：能夠識(shí)別。8 將來(lái)時(shí)：能夠認(rèn)識(shí)并運(yùn)用 going to, shal

2、l與will構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)。9、助動(dòng)詞：can, may與must的基本用法；能夠識(shí)別could, might與would 的形式。10、能夠用do/does/did等助動(dòng)詞造疑問(wèn)句與否定句；能運(yùn)用疑問(wèn)代詞 與副詞。11、能夠回答以助動(dòng)詞與疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的問(wèn)句。12、 副詞：能夠用-ly與-ily后綴組成副詞；能夠識(shí)別 well, hard, fast等 特例。13、 冠詞：定冠詞與不定冠詞。懂得a/an/the的基本用法；some, any, no, much, many, a lot of 接可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞的用法。14、名詞：能夠用-s, -es -ves后綴組成名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式；會(huì)用常見(jiàn)的不規(guī)貝

3、U復(fù)數(shù)形式： me n, wome n, childre n, teeth r等形式。15、 代詞：人稱代詞、所有格代詞、反身代詞；所有符號(hào)“'加s（'s）。16、形容詞：基本用法；規(guī)貝的比較級(jí)； 不規(guī)貝的比較級(jí)： good, bad, much與 little.17、介詞：常見(jiàn)的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方位介詞的用法。18、關(guān)系代詞：能夠識(shí)別并使用 who/whom, which/that。19、this/that; these/those。20、省略形式： it's, I'm, isn't, didn't 等。21、There is/it is; the

4、re are/they are。22、祈使句。23、一周 7 天的名稱、 日期、季節(jié)、數(shù)字、時(shí)辰（今天、昨天、明天等）。24、報(bào)時(shí)。二、新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)總結(jié)和詳解1.簡(jiǎn)單句的結(jié)構(gòu) :主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) +方式狀語(yǔ) +時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)） 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)還可以放在句首2. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)感嘆句：what+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)，how+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ) 頻度副詞：位于主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間，常見(jiàn)頻度副詞及其程度的深淺： always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, hardly, rarely, seldom, never I always

5、 buy CDs on Sundays.3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)： 主語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象， 間接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或事務(wù)， 也可 以說(shuō)間接賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的， 或者是為誰(shuí)做的。 所以間接賓語(yǔ)要用名詞或者賓格代詞 來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)。He gives me a book.me間接賓語(yǔ),a book直接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的位置調(diào)換時(shí)要加一個(gè)介詞 to 或 for， to 表示動(dòng)作對(duì)誰(shuí) 而做，for 表示動(dòng)作為誰(shuí)而做。主語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞直接賓語(yǔ)介詞 +間接賓語(yǔ)Give the book to me.Send a letter to him.I bo

6、ught a coat for my mother.4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，注意頻度及時(shí)間副詞的位置receive/take5. 復(fù)習(xí)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別in the way/on the way/in this way/by the way/in a way/get out of my way/Don stand in my way./by the way/no wayspare/to spare6. 冠詞用法（一）1不定冠詞用于修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)發(fā)音為元音時(shí)要 用冠詞an,如果是輔音用a即可。2不定冠詞還可以用來(lái)修飾一類事物，有時(shí)候也可以省略：A cat is a l

7、ovely animal. Cat is a lovely animal.3不可數(shù)名詞加冠詞表示一類事物：Apple is a fruit.4如果特制某人 ,某物或上文提過(guò)的人或物時(shí)要用定冠詞the5. Some表示一些，可以修飾可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞。6在姓名，城市，地名，過(guò)名，月份，節(jié)日，星期前不加冠詞，季節(jié)前也 一般不加，特指時(shí)加。put on/take off/look for/look after/knock at/knock sth. off/knock off/knock %off/knock over/knock out7. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 短語(yǔ)：在短語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞后面的介詞或副

8、詞叫小品詞， 有些小品詞既可以緊跟在動(dòng)詞后面也可以跟在動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)后面，而有些則只能緊跟著動(dòng)詞使用。8. 形容詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí) 單音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí)最高級(jí)：直接加 -er, -est: small-smaller, smallest以 e 結(jié)尾的加 -r, -st: large-larger, largest以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i加-er, -est: busy-busier, busiest 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞，雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加 -er, -est：big-bigger, biggest以ow, er, le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞和個(gè)別單音節(jié)詞也直接加-er, -est: narrow,

9、com mon, clever, simple, polite, quiet 多音節(jié)詞及雙音節(jié)詞: more/less, most/lest不規(guī)則變化：good/bad/ma ny/little/far少數(shù)單音節(jié)詞也要通過(guò)加 more/less, most/lest構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)：pleased, glad, tired, fond,注意：形容詞最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞 the 不定代詞的用法,如果不定代詞做主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)： Everyone is here. enter/enter for9. 介詞（表示時(shí)間）in:表示一天中的某段時(shí)間： in the morning/aftern

10、oon/evening表示月份 /年份： in March, in 1990表示季節(jié)： in spring/winterin+段時(shí)間可以表示在一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)也可以表示在一段時(shí)間之后，可以與 現(xiàn)在時(shí),過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)連用。on:表示星期： on Monday表示具體日期： on June 1st表示具體時(shí)間： on that day/that evening/on that nightat:表示確切時(shí)間： at 10 o 'clock表示用餐時(shí)間： at lunch time/teatime表示其他時(shí)刻： at noon/night/midnight, at this timeduri ng

11、+段時(shí)間from tilltill/untill 直到not any=no,語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)10. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：結(jié)構(gòu)：be+過(guò)去分詞用法：主語(yǔ)不清或不需要提及時(shí)I was born in 1999. The apple was eaten.強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，用by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者The policeman caught the thief. The thief was caught by the policeman.Be made in/be made of/be made from/be made by雙重名詞所有格：one of +形容詞性物主代詞 /名詞所有格 +名詞復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)名詞

12、+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格one of my father ' s friends/a friend of my fatherone of my friends/a friend of mine one of your records/a record of yours1. 復(fù)習(xí) 動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的用法：wan t/help/ask/teach/advise sb. to do 代詞要用賓格形式 borrow/lend, salary/wages2. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：be goi ng to結(jié)構(gòu)的用法be+副詞詞組：be away/be back/be out/be in/be o

13、ver/be on/be up to sb./sth.set out=set off, set up=create3. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)： 名詞所有格： 如果名詞復(fù)數(shù)以S結(jié)尾一般只加，如果名詞是以 S結(jié)尾的專有名詞如人 名，可以加' S, 也可以直接加，如： Keats' work, the Johns ' house名詞所有格也可以用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的1 時(shí)間： today 's, new centry 's2 國(guó)家，城市名詞： the country 's, the city 's3 機(jī)構(gòu)組織： the station's waitin

14、g room, the university's library4 車，船，用具 : the car's wheel, the computer 's harddisk5 專有結(jié)構(gòu)： at one 's wit 's end,6 價(jià)值： ten pound 'srtwhoof meat,7 時(shí)間： in twenty minutes ' time4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)： ask/ask for except/except for/apart from which of/neither of/both of/neither of5. 直接引語(yǔ) /

15、間接引語(yǔ)（一） 如果引語(yǔ)的主句所用動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)， 那么間接引語(yǔ)要做相應(yīng)變化： 時(shí)態(tài)，人 稱，時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞時(shí)態(tài)變化：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)be going towas/were going to/would cancouldmaymight時(shí)間地點(diǎn)及指示詞的變化：here there, tomorrow the next day, the following day, this that 人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。Nervous/irritableOffice/study/deskafford6. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：

16、 主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)“能 夠”，“必須”還可以用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞police/policeman pay attention to/care for/take care of remind/rememberon e/you可以指任何人：One must never tell lies. You must never tell lies.7. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞： must/have to as作為介詞，以身份，與like相同as作為連詞，因?yàn)?，正?dāng)。時(shí)候，以。方式，如同。那樣 dress/suit/costumegrow/grow up& have用法give in, give

17、 away, give up, give up beside/besides9. can/could/may/mightmight as well 表示“還是。的好”，“還不如。He will never pass. He might as well give up.動(dòng)名詞可以做主語(yǔ)， 標(biāo)語(yǔ)，被動(dòng)形式being donehaving been done10. 動(dòng)名詞： 動(dòng)名詞1. 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式在起名詞作用時(shí)稱為動(dòng)名詞賓語(yǔ)，介詞賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)（即復(fù)合名詞）2 動(dòng)名詞的幾種形式：主動(dòng)形式 一般式doing完成式having done3. 做主語(yǔ)：Finding work is difficult

18、now.Watching TV is my favorite pastime.4. 做表語(yǔ)：My main hobby is reading.One of her duties is growing roses.My job is teaching.5. 做賓語(yǔ)：I like taking with famous people.We enjoy learning English.The flowers need watering.6. 介詞賓語(yǔ)：He is fond of watching football matches.He went away without saying a word.

19、常用的一些加動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞詞組（注意總結(jié)）： take part in, look forward to , insist on, be interested in,7. 做定語(yǔ)：waiting room, swimming pool, washing machine, reading room, living room, drinking fountain（弓冰機(jī)）,park ing slot 8. 動(dòng)名詞的否定：在動(dòng)名詞前面加 not,I am sorry for not asking you.Interested/interesting, excited/exciting, amused/

20、amusing1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（二）will/must/can/would/could/have to be donehave/has been donemust have been donedrive 用法home/house2. 介詞用法：見(jiàn)書(shū)3. 復(fù)習(xí)there be 句型it 做為虛主語(yǔ)可以用來(lái)表示時(shí)間，天氣，溫度，距離，人或指代一個(gè)句子或 不定式。4. Summary of Unit two5. 并列句 but我們可以將幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起 ,組成并列句 ,常用以下連詞 :and, but, so, yet, or, both and, either or, neither nor, n

21、ot onlywell, not only but also主謂一致 :當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and , botha連接時(shí)，通常用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ).Both the girls and the boy are his friends.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由 neither nor, either or, not only或-but連接）時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與nor, or, but also后面的一致，在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，這被稱為就近一致.Neither he nor I am going to the airport.Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.6. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的復(fù)

22、習(xí) ,狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用 . 以下一些動(dòng)詞很少用與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) :appear看起來(lái)）,appreciate 鑒賞）,believe（相信）,feel（感覺(jué)到）,forget（忘記）, hear（聽(tīng) 見(jiàn)）,kn ow（知道）,like（喜歡），look like（看起來(lái)像），n otice（注意到）, remember 記得）,resemble形 似）,see 看到），think（認(rèn)為），un dersta nd理解），have（擁 有）,love（愛(ài)）,seem看起來(lái)）,show（顯示）,mind（介意）,soun d（聽(tīng) 起來(lái)），hate（討厭）, detest 憎恨）,desire（

23、意欲）,弓號(hào) :弓號(hào)位于一行之上 ,應(yīng)該在句尾其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào) , 如逗號(hào),句號(hào),問(wèn)好之外 . 弓語(yǔ)的第一個(gè)詞以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭 .在 said, asked, 等詞后面用逗號(hào) ,只有當(dāng)它們位于句尾時(shí)才在它們后面用句號(hào).當(dāng)said, asked等詞置于引語(yǔ)之間時(shí)，句子的后半部分以小寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭. 當(dāng)一個(gè)新的說(shuō)話人開(kāi)始講話時(shí) , 要另起一個(gè)段落 .7. 復(fù)習(xí)一般過(guò)去時(shí) /不規(guī)則過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞 常用不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞在英語(yǔ)里約有 300 多個(gè)put up（搭建）,put out（撲滅）,put on（穿上）,put sb. up為某人安排住宿）,put up with（容忍）,put down（抄寫(xiě)）

24、，put off（推遲）,put away（放好，放到一邊去）8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)復(fù)習(xí) /定語(yǔ)從句 （見(jiàn)復(fù)合句部分 ） 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間副詞 :yet, just, before, recently, lately, ever, never,so far（迄今為止）,up till now（直到現(xiàn)在）,up to now（直到現(xiàn)在）,since（自從）,for a long time（很艮長(zhǎng)時(shí)間），in the past/in the last few years在過(guò)去的幾年里）,these days（目 前）,某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 （動(dòng)作開(kāi)始變終止的動(dòng)詞 ）, 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不 能與表示一段時(shí)

25、間狀語(yǔ)搭配 :例如 :die, arrive, join, leave, go, refuse , fail, finish, buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend,這些動(dòng)詞并非不能用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而是不能接由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí) 間狀語(yǔ).但是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀 語(yǔ)連用 .Jane has gone away for a month. （wrong）Jane has been away for a month.（right）His father has died for two years. （wrong）

26、His father has been dead for two years.（right）has gone to （去了某地 ,指人還在那里 ）, have been to （去過(guò)某地 , 人已經(jīng)不在那 里了）。9. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)對(duì)比過(guò)去完成時(shí) ,現(xiàn)在分詞 /過(guò)去分詞refuse/deny, bring/take/fetch, very/too10. 冠詞用法 定冠詞用法（1）特指（2）地理名詞前加定冠詞河流 the yellow river 山脈the Alps, the Himalayas海峽海灣 the Taiwan Straits, the English Channel（3）由普通名

27、詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前要加定冠詞國(guó)名及政治組織名 the United States, the United Kingdom 某些機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)校及建筑名the British Museum由普通名詞構(gòu)成的報(bào)刊雜志名the New York Times, the Times零冠詞街名1. 廣場(chǎng)名2. 車站, 機(jī)場(chǎng), 公園, 橋梁名 : Kennedy Airport, Beijing Railway Station, London Bridge3. 大學(xué)名Yale University, Cambridge University4. 節(jié)日名 National Day, May Day, News Year

28、s ' Day5. 多數(shù)雜志名Time, Reader ' s Digest6. 物質(zhì)名詞一般意義Water boils at 100 degrees. We can not live without air.7. 抽象名詞 Life is short. Art is difficult to appreciate.1. used to do 用法Used to do 表示過(guò)去常常做某事現(xiàn)在不做了I used to get up at seven o ' clock.Experience, save, very/too2. 比較級(jí) /最高級(jí) , 比較狀語(yǔ)從句（見(jiàn)復(fù)合句

29、-比較狀語(yǔ)從句） A/one 的區(qū)別3. 介詞用法Passed/past, next/other4. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) : is/am/are done一般過(guò)去時(shí) : was/were done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) : is/am/are being done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) : have/has been done過(guò)去完成時(shí) : had been done一般將來(lái)時(shí) : will be done過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) : would be done過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) : was/were being done情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 : can be done, must be done, could be done, may be d

30、one, might be done,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式 : can have been done, must have been done, could have been done, may have been done, might have been done,Call at（拜訪某地）,call out at（大聲喊）,call on（拜訪某人）,call sb up給某人打 電話）,call off（取消）5. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（感官動(dòng)詞）+doing表示正在發(fā)生的事情，+do表示已經(jīng)完成的 動(dòng)作.So/suchSo+adj. /adv.such+n.固定用法： so many6. 一般將來(lái)

31、時(shí) will/be going to dowill/be going to do 一般情況下可以相互替換 ,但是要表示說(shuō)話人決定做某事 或者表示建議 ,請(qǐng)求 , 肯定或不肯定等含義時(shí)只能用 will.Watch/look at/follow, solid/firm/stable7. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)Hold/look, look forward to（期望），look out（當(dāng)心），look up （查詢,），look sb. up（拜訪某人）& as if/though+虛擬語(yǔ)氣，過(guò)去完成時(shí)總結(jié)as if /though 常在描述行為的動(dòng)詞后面使用 , 如 act/look/feel/a

32、ppear/smell/sound后 面要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣He looks as if he were a king.Her skin feels as if it were silk.The song sounds as if it were a sad story.He looked as if he had never lived in England.No sooner than, hardlywhen, country/countryside, continuously, continually,No sooner than一 就與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用I had no sooner come i

33、nto the room than it began to rain.The bell had no sooner rung than the game began.如果 no sooner 放在句首 , 主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝No sooner had I come into the room than it began to rain.No sooner had the bell rung than it began to rain.Hardly when 幾乎沒(méi)來(lái)得及 就與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用He had hardly got the money when the policeman caught

34、 him.I had hardly finished the last question when the exam ended.如果hardlywhen放在句首，主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝Hardly had he got the money when the policeman caught him.Hardly had I finished the last question when the exam ended.8. 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)1. 引語(yǔ)前用 that, 口語(yǔ)中可以省略2. 根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q3. 時(shí)態(tài)變化 : 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) -一般過(guò)去時(shí) , 一般過(guò)去時(shí) -過(guò)去完成時(shí) , 一般將來(lái) 時(shí)

35、-過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) , 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) -過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) , 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) -過(guò)去完成時(shí) , can-could, may-might, must-had to,4. 一些指示代詞及表示地點(diǎn)及時(shí)間的詞this-that, these-those, now-then, today, tonight-that day, that night, this week-that week, yesterday-the day before, the previous day, last week- the week before, two days ago-two days before（earlier）, tomor

36、row-the next （following） day, next week-the following week, here-there, come, bring-go, take如果意思上沒(méi)有必要改變就不用變了，比如在同一天說(shuō)的話 .She said she would come again tonight.He said he arrived yesterday morning.幾種特殊的間接引語(yǔ)特殊疑問(wèn)句 , 語(yǔ)序要變?yōu)殛愂稣Z(yǔ)序“Where are you going? ” he asked.He asked me where I was going.一般疑問(wèn)句 , 要加 if/wh

37、ether“ Will you come tomorrow? ” he asked.He asked if I would come the next day.祈使句要變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ?, 所使用的謂語(yǔ)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣來(lái)選擇“ Stay here, ” the policeman said.The policeman requested him to stay there.“ Close the window, please, ” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window.常用的動(dòng)詞：advise, ask, beg, commanc命令）

38、,order, warn, tell, urge催促）, invite, persuade, remind, forbid10. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法 , make/do對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬 , if 從句中談?wù)摰氖窍胂蟮那闆r ,主句則推測(cè)想象的結(jié)果 結(jié)構(gòu) ： 主句用過(guò)去時(shí) , 從句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)If you came here earlier, you would catch the train.If you spent more time on studying, you would get better result.If I were you, I would accept this o

39、ffer.注意：如果if從句中的動(dòng)詞是be,那么應(yīng)該在第一和第三人稱單數(shù)名詞后用were.Make/do 用法make conv ersati on聊天）,make the bed鋪甫床）,make a promise 許諾）,make trouble（找麻煩）,make progress取得進(jìn)步）,make money賺錢(qián)）,make a speech演講, 講話）,make mistakes犯錯(cuò)誤）,make up one ' s m下定決心）do one ' s b盡最大努力）,do one ' s homeW做家庭作業(yè)）,do a few jobs（故 家務(wù)）,

40、do sb. a favour幫忙）,do work（工作）,do exercise做練習(xí)）,do shopping購(gòu) 物）,do bus in ess做 生意）1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 need, must, have to1. need 一般作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用需要某物 He needs a hat. Does he need a hat?需要做某事 need to doI need to have a rest. You need to finish your work.需要被,主語(yǔ)與need后的動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系：need doing=need to be doneThe flowers need wa

41、tering. =The flowers need to be watered.2. need用做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般為否定形式 needn'不必要）,可以用來(lái)回答含有must, have to的一般疑問(wèn)句，與don' t have to同義Must I wash the dishes? No, you needn' t.3. need 完成式 needn' t have done4. mustn '表示不應(yīng)該，一般口氣比較強(qiáng)硬，沒(méi)有商量.You mustn ' t get up late.Remark/observe, notice2. have 用

42、法總結(jié)have a ride 騎奇）,have a look（看）, have a wash洗）, have a swim（游泳）, have a fight（打架）,have quarrel（吵架）,have a try（嘗試）,have a rest 休息），have a smoke（吸煙）, have a good sleep睡 覺(jué)）Pick sb up（接）, pick up（拿出,學(xué)習(xí)，找到）,pick out（挑出）,3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 can/could/be able to do1. can 表示可能性If you want, I can go with you.2. 表示天生或?qū)W

43、到的能力 , 可以用 can/could/be able to do, 三者都可以用 在現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)中，在將來(lái)時(shí)中要用 will be able to3. 表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事要用 canLook! He can stand on his head.4. 表示成果的完成某個(gè)具體動(dòng)作時(shí)通常不用 could 而用 be able to, 表示某 動(dòng)作沒(méi)有成功用 couldn 'tCan he borrow a book successfully?Yes, he was able to borrow a book from his sister. No, he couldn' t.

44、At 詞組At first（開(kāi)始）,at on ce 立即卩）,at prese nt目前）,at last最后）,at any rate 無(wú)論 如何），at heart本質(zhì)上）,at least至少），at times（不時(shí)）,at a loss不知所措）4. 復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)名詞用法1. 動(dòng)名詞可以做句子的主語(yǔ) ,表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),介詞賓語(yǔ)2. 在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后面要用動(dòng)名詞 , 如: look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to,be tired of , be thirsty of, go on, insist on etc.3. 有些動(dòng)詞后面既可用動(dòng)

45、名詞也可以用不定式 ,所表達(dá)的意思沒(méi)有區(qū)別 ,常 見(jiàn)的詞 : start, begin, continue, delay, mean,4. 有些動(dòng)詞后面加不定式表示一件具體的事情，加動(dòng)名詞表示一種習(xí)慣 .I like drinking coffee, but today, I like to drink some tea.5. 復(fù)習(xí)Steal/rob, pay backSteal表示偷偷摸摸的偷,其賓語(yǔ)一般為物品 rob 表示搶劫 , 其賓語(yǔ)一般是人或者某個(gè)處所 pay back 還錢(qián) , 報(bào)復(fù)6. 介詞用法7. 復(fù)習(xí)suggest用法，當(dāng)建議用時(shí)后面加虛擬should +動(dòng)詞原形，shoul

46、d可以省 略.8. 復(fù)習(xí)Summary of Unit 39. 復(fù)合句的構(gòu)成： 用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句：現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)需與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。 用過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，用語(yǔ)較正式的文體，代替被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life. 不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，不定式表示目的：To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the g

47、arden to pick some flowers. 通過(guò)從句構(gòu)成復(fù)合句：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句， 同謂語(yǔ)從句），關(guān)系從句（定語(yǔ)從句），狀語(yǔ)從句（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，方式，目的，結(jié)果，比較，讓步）10. 復(fù)合句： lose/loose/miss expect/wait for1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)： raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 形容詞變副詞： 1 直接在形容詞后加 -ly, careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I,力加-ly, happy-happily,

48、 lucky-luckily3. 有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化 fast, hard, late4. 有些詞加上 -ly 后意思與原詞相差很遠(yuǎn)： near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,3. 時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比：一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) throw to,/throw at/throw away quite/quiet cause/reason drop/fall4. Some, any 的用法some, any修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定 句和疑問(wèn)句，注意，當(dāng)期待對(duì)方的答案為肯定回答時(shí)用 someman

49、y修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，在口語(yǔ)中表示很多一般不用 many, much, 而用 a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用 many, much.I have a lot of money. I dont have m'uch money.當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞在詞組中表示主要目的時(shí)不要定冠詞：in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university,go to school/church/work/go to the cinema/theatremost 表示大多數(shù)

50、或非常：Most students came to class today. We are most excited.The most是many/much的比較級(jí)，或者構(gòu)成形容詞副詞的比較級(jí)，只能表 示最多或用在形容詞或副詞前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen.I have the most books in my class.5. Would/used to dowould do 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作， 也可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常性的行為， 與 used to do 有時(shí)可以替換。不能替換的情況：used to do表示與現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)

51、烈對(duì)照時(shí)，不可以用 wouldI used to get up early every day, but I get up very late now.used to do描寫(xiě)過(guò)去狀態(tài)，would只表示過(guò)去特有的習(xí)慣和行為。I used to be a teacher. I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.一個(gè)故事的開(kāi)頭不能用 would表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作，只能用 used to do或 者一般過(guò)去時(shí)：When I was a little girl, I always went

52、 to the cinema（I used to go to the cinema）. I would sit there for hours.used to do過(guò)去常常做某事）/be used to doing（習(xí)慣做某事）6. 比較級(jí)最高級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)：很多： many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great manyhandsome/beautiful/pretty/good-looking reach/arrivetake part in/take pla

53、ce7. 介詞用法：at表示某個(gè)具體的位置in 表示在。里面off 表示離開(kāi)in/with 還可以表示穿戴 ,with 可以表示帶有或長(zhǎng)有： a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beardmake sb. do迫使某人做某事，變被動(dòng)時(shí)要加 toHis father made to quit his job. He was made to quit the job.Let sb. do表示允許某人做某事Let '表示建議：Let ' s go out for a walk. Let us go out

54、please.否定：Don t let us /Let s don ' t 8. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) /強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：據(jù)說(shuō)： it is said/ it was said that強(qiáng)調(diào)： It is/was+ 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 +that/who 從句I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago. It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)用do+動(dòng)詞原型I did eat th

55、e apple two hours ago.Increase/growGain/earnPick/cut9. 表示目的的幾種方式：帶 to 的不定式及其變體： in order to, so as toI came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study EnglishSo as not to/in order not toEvery morning I got up very early in order not to be late.

56、Wan t/bri ng/buy/need/take/use常用賓語(yǔ)+不定式，不定式常表示賓語(yǔ)的目的：I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.So that/in order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，主句一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用 shall, may, can, willHe speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she ca

57、n enter university.主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)，從句要用 should, could, might, wouldThe teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主語(yǔ)和從句主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)還可以用不定式+fo葉名詞/代詞He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：ar