非謂語動詞的用法

1、非謂語動詞的用法概述：非謂語動詞（不定式、動名詞、分詞）不是真正意義上的謂語動詞，在句中都不能單獨作謂語。但都具有動詞的某些特點，可以有自己的賓語或狀語，構成非謂語動詞短語。都不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制（即無人稱和數(shù)的變化），但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。如：He let me did it.（×）-He let me do it.（） Lily helps me does it.（×）-Lily helps me do it.（） She wanted to be punished by her father.掌握非謂語動詞的關鍵在于：弄清三大非謂語動詞各種不同的結構形式、每種結構所

2、表達的時間概念及其主被動關系；弄清楚三大非謂語動詞各自所作的句子成分；不同的非謂語動詞作同一句子成分時的區(qū)別；三大非謂語動詞的其他特殊用法。一、三大非謂語動詞的結構形式及每種結構所表達的時間概念及其主被動關系（一）不定式名稱語態(tài)結構形式時間概念及主被動關系舉例一般式主動（not）to do發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之后或同時發(fā)生的主動動作1. I want to be a teacher. 2. I saw him go out. 被動(not) to be done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之后或同時發(fā)生的被動動作The teacher wanted the materials to be typed

3、soon.進行式主動(not) to be doing與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的動作He happened to be working when the boss came in.完成式主動(not) to have done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的主動動作1. I happened to have come across your brother. 2. We planned to have met each other at ten. 被動(not) to have been done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的被動動作1. Im glad to have been invited to

4、visit your factory. 2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday.完成進行式主動(not) to have been doing在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前一直在進行著的動作It is a great pleasure to have been working with you.（二）動名詞名稱語態(tài)結構形式時間概念及主被動關系舉例一般式主動（not）doing與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的主動動作或無明顯的時間性（可表經常）1. Mike is fond of playing football. 2. Would you min

5、d my opening the window？被動(not) being done與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的被動動作或無明顯的時間性（可表經常）1. He told his past without being asked2. Being scolded isnt a good thing.完成式主動(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的主動動作They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.被動(not) having been done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的被動動作I remembered

6、 having been taken to Beijing three times.（三）分詞 名稱語態(tài)結構形式時間概念及主被動關系舉例現(xiàn) 在 分 詞一般式主動（not）doing與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的主動動作Singing a song, he was watching TV.被動(not) being done與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的被動動作Being punished, he is crying.完成式主動(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的主動動作Having finished the course，we had an exam.被動(not) havin

7、g been done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的被動動作Having been warned several times，they became more careful in doing the job.過去分詞（not）done1. 可以只表一個被動的動作；2. 可以只表一個完成的動作（即發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的動作）；3. 可以同時既表被動又表完成的動作（即發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的動作）；1. Seen from the hill，the town looks nice.（只表被動） 2. The fallen leaves are yellow.（只表完成）3. The retur

8、ned books looks new.（既表被動又表完成）二、三大非謂語動詞各自所充當?shù)木渥映煞?非謂語動詞具有各自不同的詞類特征，因此充當?shù)木渥映煞忠哺鞑幌嗤２欢ㄊ骄哂忻~、動詞、形容詞和副詞的特性，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語；動名詞具有名詞和動詞的特性，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語和定語；分詞具有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特性，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語。（見下面的圖表）。 不定式：主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓補動名詞：主語、賓語、表語、定語分 詞： 表語、定語、狀語、賓補 附：三大非謂語動詞的區(qū)別一覽表非謂語動詞種類特征形式所作成分結構否定不定式

9、vnadjadv6種主賓表定狀補復合結構for/of sb. to donot to do動名詞vn-4種主賓表定-復合結構n's/one's doingnot doing現(xiàn)在分詞v-adjadv4種-表定狀補獨立主格結構n/pron doingnot doing過去分詞v-adjadv1種-表定狀補獨立主格結構n/pron donenot done注意：當由現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞變化而來的形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人或事物時，可以作主語或賓語。如：the dying，the wounded等。三、不同的非謂語動詞作同一句子成分時的區(qū)別 （一）、作主語（不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別）

10、：1. 所表動作的具體含義不同：不定式作主語多表示具體的、一次性的動作；動名詞作主語多表示經常性的、習慣性的動作。如：To swim today is a good idea Eating too much is bad for your health. 2. it作形式主語的情況不同：不定式作主語時，?？梢杂胕t作形式主語，而將真正的不定式主語后置。但動名詞作后置主語的情況比較少見，一般限于名詞fun，good，luck，joy，use，pleasure或形容詞foolish，wonderful，good，nice，interesting，useless，worth等作表語時，才用it作形式

11、主語，將真正的動名詞主語后置。如：In a shop，it is important to please customers. It is no use telling him the truth. 常用動名詞作主語的句型有：a waste of time（浪費） no good/use（沒有用處）It is/was + useless/senseless (沒有用處) doing. hardly any good/use（幾乎沒用） worthwhile（有價值、值得） no（無法） no sense in（沒道理）There is/was + no point/possibility in

12、（沒意義） doing. no good/use in（沒用處） nothing worse than（沒有比更糟糕的）注意：There is no need for sb to do sth.3. 主謂一致不同：一般情況下，不定式和動名詞作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如：To see is to believe. Laying eggs is her full-time job. Planting flowers needs constant watering.但and連接的多個動名詞作主語，謂語動詞大多用復數(shù)（如果前后動名詞的語義一致，謂語一般用單數(shù)）。如：Lying and steal

13、ing are immoral. 說謊與盜竊是不道德的。 Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.哭泣無濟于解決問題。（weeping與wailing均表示“哭”）4. 注意主語和表語的一致性：當主語為不定式時，表語也用不定式；當主語為動名詞時，表語也用動名詞。如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.附：動名詞短語作主語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾主語時的區(qū)別：動名詞短語作主語時，動名詞用來說明被修飾詞的性質、特征和用途，與被修飾詞之間無邏輯關系；而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾主語時，現(xiàn)在

14、分詞和被修飾詞（即主語）之間有邏輯上的主謂關系?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與分詞后面的名詞保持一致。如：The swimming pool is very large. Visiting foreigners were being given the glad hand. 來訪的外國人都受到熱烈的歡迎。（visiting為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語） （二）、作賓語（不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別）： 不定式作賓語通常表示具體的、一次性的動作；動名詞作賓語通常表示經常性的、習慣性的動作。如： Tom likes playing football, but he likes to play basket

15、ball today.1. 作動詞賓語的情況不同：（1）有些動詞后面只能接不定式作賓語。注意下面的口訣： 決心學會想希望 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish設法拒絕愿假裝 manage, refuse, care, pretend主動答應選計劃 offer, promise, choose, plan同意請求幫一幫 agree, ask/beg, help等待發(fā)生付得起 wait, happen, afford失敗威脅記心上 fail, threaten如：I plan to go to Shanghai next week. He

16、decided to help me.（2）有些動詞后面只能接動名詞作賓語。注意下面的口訣：避免錯過 (少) 延期 avoid, miss, delay / postpone建議完成 (多) 練習 suggest / advise, finish, practise喜歡想象禁不住 enjoy/appreciate, imagine, resist/cant help承認否定 (與) 嫉妒 admit, deny, envy逃脫冒險 (莫) 原諒 escape / envy, risk, pardon / excuse保持忍受 (不) 介意 keep / keep on, stand, mind

17、 如：Would you mind given me a cup of tea？ He missed catching the early bus. I have finished reading the book. Will you admit having broken the window？ She suggested having lunch at the new restaurant. 有些動詞短語后面也只能接動名詞作賓語： lead to, get down to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to，be addicted to

18、, adjust/adapt to, devote to，object to，get to/be used to（習慣于），preferto, can't stand（忍不?。琯ive up，insist on，keep（on），put off，be worth，be/keep busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem（in），feel/look/seem like，set about，depend on，prevent sb. from，succeed in, thank you for, apologize for等。如：I feel like d

19、rinking a glass of milk.(3)有些動詞后面既可以接不定式作賓語，又可以接動名詞作賓語，如：continue，begin，start，prefer，like，love，hate，fear，dread（害怕），propose（打算），can't bear，endure（忍耐），omit（忽略），neglect（忽視），disdain（輕視），scorn（蔑視），protect（保護），forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can't help。具體分為下面幾種情況： 、continue，b

20、egin，start等后面接不定式與接動名詞作賓語，意義上沒有多大區(qū)別。如：The teacher said，“You begin writing now，”and the children began to write. 注意begin和start本身為進行式時；或其前面的主語是物而不是人時；或其后面的非謂語動詞表示心理狀態(tài)或精神活動時；begin和start后面要接不定式作賓語（不接不定式）。如：She is beginning to cook supper. It began to rain. I began to understand my past mistakes.、prefer，

21、like，love，hate等后面接不定式與接動名詞作賓語，意義上沒有多大區(qū)別，但接不定式表示具體的、一次性的動作；接動名詞則表示經常性的、習慣性的動作。如：He likes swimming，but he doesn't like to swim today，because it is too cold.、forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can't help等動詞或短語后接動名詞與接不定式意義上差別很大。區(qū)別如下：a、remember/forget/regret to do sth記起/忘記/遺憾要去

22、做某事 remember/forget/regret doing sth記起/忘記/遺憾曾經做過某事 如：I have forgotten to bring my umbrella. I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.b、go on to do sth表示“（做完一件事之后）接著做（另一件事）”；go on doing sth表示“繼續(xù)作某事（原事）”。如：You ought not to go on living this way. Then he went on to show us how to use it.c、mea

23、n to do sth表示“打算做某事”；mean doing sth表示“意味著某種情況”。如：What do you mean to do with it？ Missing the train means waiting for an hour.d、stop to do sth表示“停下做某事”（指停下來做另一件事）；stop doing sth表示“停止做某事”（指停止做原事）。如：They asked him to stop talking，but he still went on. He stopped to shake hands with us.e、try to do sth表示

24、“試圖做某事”(to do sth.往往表示某種目的)；try doing sth表示“試著做某事”(doing sth往往表示某種方法或方式)。如：He has been trying to get you on the phone.他一直在設法打電話找你。 Let's try knocking at the back door.咱們敲敲后邊的門試試。f、be used to do sth表示“被用來做某事”；be used to doing sth表示“習慣于做某事”。如：Wood is used to make paper. He is used to getting up ea

25、rly.g、can't help to do sth表示“不能幫助做某事；can't help doing sth表示“忍不住做某事”。如：We can't help to answer this question. We can't help laughing.（4）allow，advise，forbid，permit等動詞的后面可以接動名詞作賓語，但有名詞或代詞作賓語補足語時，則接不定式作賓語補足語。故這類動詞用于被動結構時，應接不定式作主語補足語。即注意下面三種結構：advise/allow/permit/forbid doing sth, advise/

26、allow/permit/forbid sb to sth-sb be advised/allowed/permitted/forbidden to do sth. 如：The doctor advise (us) not smoking. The doctor advised us to take a week's rest. We were advised to take a week's rest.（5）need，require，want表示主語“需要（被作某種處置）”，后接動名詞的主動式或不定式的被動式作賓語均可（表示被動含義），注意句式的互換。如：The TV set

27、 needs mending again.=The TV set needs to be mended again.（6）be worth doing.結構表示被動含義，相當于be worthy to be done和be worthy of being done結構。如：This book is worth reading.=This book is worthy of being read.=This book is worthy to be read.2. 作介詞賓語的情況不同：不定式一般不作介詞的賓語（但but/other than，except，besides除外）；動名詞則常常作介

28、詞的賓語。如：I have no choice but to accept the fact. What do you like to do besides swim？ She went out of the room without saying anything. Mary is good at dancing.3. it作形式賓語的情況不同：有少數(shù)動詞，如find，think，consider，make，feel等接不定式作賓語且其后面有賓語補足語時，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的不定式賓語后置。動名詞作賓語帶有賓語補足語時，也要用it作形式賓語，而將真正的動名詞賓語后置，此種情況比較少

29、見。如：I think it better to start off right now. We found it no use doing like that.附： 在動詞hope, want, plan, expect, intend, mean, promise, wish的過去式之后用不定式的完成式作賓語，表示本來希望或打算做而未做的事，常可以與had + 這些動詞ed + to do結構互換。如：I hoped to have met you at the airport, but I was too busy. = I had hoped to meet you at the ai

30、rport, but I was too busy. （三）、作表語（不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別）：1. 作表語時各自所表示動作的具體含義不同：不定式作表語表示具體的、一次性的動作；動名詞作表語相當于名詞，說明主語的性質和具體內容，表示經常性、習慣性的動作或抽象性的概念，主語表語常常可以互換；分詞作表語相當于形容詞，說明主語的性質、特征或狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語是句子的主語（一般情況下，當主語是人時，用過去分詞作表語；當主語是物時，用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語）。如：My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden. My job is teach

31、ing English. = Teaching English is my job. Chinese is interesting，so Lucy is interested in Chinese 注意：當人作主語時，常用過去分詞作主語，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，此時他們的意義有所不同。如：He is frightened.（他感到害怕。） He is frightening.（他讓人/令人感到害怕。）2. 注意主語和表語的一致性：當主語為動名詞時，表語也用動名詞；當主語為不定式時，表語也用不定式。如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.附：1.

32、 如果主語部分的謂語動詞或非謂語動詞中含有do，那么作表語的不定式可以省去to。如：The only thing he could do was（to）tell the truth.2. 分詞作表語要注意和進行時態(tài)、系表結構區(qū)別開來：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示狀態(tài)或特征，可以用very修飾；而進行時態(tài)表示正在進行的動作，不能用very修飾。過去分詞作表語時也要注意和被動語態(tài)區(qū)別開來：過去分詞作表語時相當于形容詞，表示主語的性質、狀態(tài)或特征；而被動語態(tài)則表示被動的動作。如：His speech is very encouraging. Her praise is encouraging us to wo

33、rk harder. The novel is well written. The novel was written by Lu Xun. （四）、作定語（不定式、動名詞和分詞作定語的區(qū)別）：1. 所表動作的時間含義不同： 不定式作定語多表示未來的動作。動名詞作定語，常常用來說明被修飾的詞的性質、特征和用途，不強調時間性（因為動名詞只能用一般主動式作定語）。現(xiàn)在分詞的一般主動式作定語，表示一個主動的、正在進行的動作；現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動式作定語，表示一個被動的、正在進行的動作；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式不能作定語；過去分詞作定語，表示一種被動的、完成的或被動完成的動作，或沒有一定時間性的動作。如：I h

34、aven't a pen to write with. a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking waterThe falling leaves are yellow. The fallen leaves are everywhere. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式和及物動詞的過去分詞都可以表示被動，但前者表示一個正在進行的被動動作，而后者多表示一個已經完成了的被動動作。如：The problem being discussed now has something important to do with our everyday life. The p

35、roblem discussed yesterday has something important to do with our everyday life2. 所用形式不同： 不定式可以用各種形式作定語，動名詞只能用一般主動式作定語（被動式和完成式不能作定語），分詞只能用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和過去分詞作定語（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不能作定語，但可以作后置定語）。3. 位置不同：不定式作定語常常放在它所修飾的詞之后；動名詞作定語常常放在它所修飾的詞之前（因為動名詞只能用一般主動式作定語）；單個的分詞作定語一般放在它所修飾的詞之前（如果強調動感，則要放在后面），分詞短語作定語常常放在它所修飾的詞后面

36、。如：There is nothing to worry about. a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking water （動名詞作定語） boiling water，boiled water I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair. Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（強調動感） 4. 所指不同：不定式和分詞作定語，用來說明被修飾詞的動作，與被修飾詞之間有邏輯關系（主謂或動賓關系）；動名詞作定語，用來說明被修飾

37、詞的性質、特征和用途，與被修飾詞之間無邏輯關系。如：the way to do the work, the sleeping car/the swimming pool, falling/fallen leaves附： 1. 常用不定式作定語的情況：(1) 當名詞被the first，the last等序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或no，all，any等修飾時，常用不定式的一般式作定語，而不管動作是否已經完成。如：He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.

38、He has no right to do it.(2)不定式常用來修飾表示抽象意義的詞，常見的有right（權利），ability，chance，answer, belief, reason, reply，attempt，key，way，moment，time, idea, fact, excuse, promise, 等。如：Could you at least make an attempt to smile，Jim？（吉姆，你起碼試著笑一笑，行嗎？） Do you have the ability to read and write in English？2. 不定式作定語與被修飾的名

39、詞或代詞之間常常構成的幾種關系。（1）邏輯主謂關系：不定式和它所修飾的名詞或代詞構成主謂關系。如：He is the first person to come and the last one to leave.注意：此時不定式常常用主動形式。（2）邏輯動賓關系：不定式和它所修飾的名詞或代詞構成動賓關系。如：He has nothing to do. 注意：A、此時要求不定式為及物動詞（如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面必須有相應的介詞，即“不及物動詞 + 介詞”）；并且不定式常常也用主動形式。如：He has nothing to do. T

40、here is nothing to worry about. The boy cried as he had no children to play games with. There is no room to live in. I haven't a pen to write with.B、不定式修飾名詞time，place，way時，不定式后面的介詞習慣上要省去。如：He had no money and no place to live.（不是no place to live in）C、這種“動詞不定式 + 介詞”修飾名詞/代詞，可以轉換成“介詞 + 關系代詞（which，w

41、hom）+ 不定式”。如：Jim had only ten yuan to buy a present with.=Jim had only ten yuan with which to buy a present （3）同位關系：不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞構成同位關系。如：His wish to become an artist has never come true3. 分詞作定語時與被修飾詞之間的位置詳解：單個的分詞作定語時，一般放在它所修飾的詞的前面（如果強調動感，單個的分詞也要放在后面；同時，如果被修飾的詞是every/some/any/nothing/nobody/no one所形

42、成的不定代詞或指示代詞those時，即使單個分詞作定語，也要放在被修飾的詞后面），分詞短語作定語時，一般放在它所修飾的詞的后面。如：boiling water，boiled water He is the only one of those invited.I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair. Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（強調動感）4. 分詞作定語時與被修飾詞之間的時間關系及主被動關系）：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語（指現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式），多表示“說話時正

43、在進行”或“與謂語動詞同時進行”或“經常性的”動作，且被修飾的詞是現(xiàn)在分詞動作邏輯上的執(zhí)行者；而過去分詞作定語，多表示分詞動作“先于謂語動作”或“沒有一定的時間性”，且被修飾的詞是過去分詞動作邏輯上的承受者。如：Do you know the boy lying under the big tree？（表同時或正在進行） The man selling vegetables has gone.（表經常） The book borrowed from the library returned yesterday.（先于謂語動詞所表示的動作） He is a teacher respected b

44、y all. （沒有一定的時間性）5. 分詞作定語時有兩種詞性情況：一種是具有動詞的性質，此時分詞和它所修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系；另一種是分詞已經轉化成了形容詞，不再具有動詞特性，此時可以用very修飾，甚至有比較級的變化。如：falling/fallen leaves developing/developed countries a（more）promising young man（一個有前途的青年，promising已經轉化成了形容詞）6. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（主動式和被動式）不能作定語（但非限制性后置定語則可以用分詞的完成式）,若要表達此含義，應分別用定語從句和過去分詞代替

45、。如：The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.（×） -The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.（） At last we found the house having been built several years ago. （×）-At last we found the house built several years ago.（）The old man, having worked for 20 yea

46、rs, is on the way to his motherland.（)分詞完成式作非限制性后置定語 （五）、作狀語（不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別）：1. 作狀語的種類不同： 不定式多作目的、結果、程度和原因狀語；分詞多作時間、條件、原因、方式、伴隨和結果狀語。注意：某些表示喜怒哀樂的形容詞在句中作表語時，其后面常常用不定式作原因狀語，其余時間多用分詞作原因狀語。不定式作結果狀語時，表示出乎意料之外的結果；而分詞作結果狀語時，表示意料之中的結果。在帶有enough或too得句子里，常用不定式作程度狀語。如：She swept to hear the bad news. Im very glad

47、 to hear the good news. Having been late for class，he says sorry to his teacher. （作原因狀語） He tried his best to arrive there only to find some waste paper. He died，leaving his wife alone.（作結果狀語） He is old enough to go to school. She is too tired to do the job. 2. 不定式作狀語（多作目的、結果、程度和原因狀語）： （1）作目的狀語（可以放在

48、句首或句中，在句中作目的狀語時一般不用逗號隔開）：He stopped to have a rest.=To have a rest，he stopped. 注意：in order to和so as to后面都可以接不定式作目的狀語，但in order to可以放在句首或句中，而so as to則只能放在句中。如：In order to catch the first bus，he got up early.=He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus. （2）作結果/程度狀語： 作結果狀語時為意料之外的結果。不定式作結果/

49、程度狀語常見的五種搭配：so.as to do.，such.as to do.，enough（.）to do.，too.to do.（程度狀語）；only to do.（結果狀語）。如：Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police. It is such a good book for me as to read it three times. He is old enough to go to school. She is too young to go to school. He broke into the room，only to f

50、ind an empty box.（結果狀語，意料之外） （3）作原因狀語：不定式作原因狀語與作目的狀語的區(qū)別在于：前者表示的動作先于謂語動詞所表示的動作，而后者后于謂語動詞所表示的動作；同時不定式作目的狀語時，可以在不定式前面加上in order或so as，而不定式作原因狀語時則不能，并且當句中表語為喜怒哀樂的形容詞時，其后面才用不定式作原因狀語。如：She swept to obtain sympathy.（作目的狀語） She swept to hear the bad news.（作原因狀語）Im pleased to meet you.（作原因狀語）3. 分詞作狀語（多作時間、條件

51、、原因、方式和伴隨狀語，可以用相應的狀語從句來代替）：（1）作時間狀語。如：Walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.=When（I was） walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine. While/When waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.=While/When he was waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily. H

52、aving finished his homework，the boy went out.=After he had finished his homework，the boy went out. Taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.=After we had been taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.（2）作條件狀語。如：Walking ahead，you will see a white hous

53、e.=If you walk ahead，you will see a white house. Given another chance，I can do it better.=If I had been given another chance，I can do it better.注意：當分詞作時間狀語和條件狀語時，有時可以根據需要在分詞前面加上相應的表時間和條件的引導詞when, while, before, after, if等, 還可以變成相應的時間和條件狀語從句（見上面（1）、（2）。（3）作原因狀語。如：Being ill，he didnt go to school.=As h

54、e was ill，he didnt go to school. Tired out，they stopped to have a rest.=Because they were tired out，they stopped to have a rest.（4）作方式、伴隨狀語：如：He sat on the sofa，watching TV.=He sat on the sofa and watched TV. Laughing and talking，they went into the classroom.=They laughed，talked and went into the cl

55、assroom. He stood leaning against the wall.=He stood and leaned against the wall. 注意：、作伴隨狀語的分詞表示的動作，必須是主語發(fā)出的一個動作或是與謂語動作（或狀態(tài)）同時發(fā)生（不可能發(fā)生在之前），或是對謂語動詞所表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）作進一步的補充說明，所以一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式、過去分詞作伴隨狀語，只用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作伴隨狀語。、分詞作伴隨狀語時，若表示“正在被.”的概念，常常用過去分詞，而不用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式。如：Being followed by some officials，he went out.（×）-Followed by some officials，he went out.（）（5）作結果狀語（意料之中的結果）。如：Her mother died in 1990，leaving