句子成分和非謂語動詞

1、句子成分：主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語一、 主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在there be結 構、疑問句（當主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動 詞后面。主語 可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and morepopular.（名詞）We ofte n speak En glish in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this

2、class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式短語）Smoki ng does harm to the health.（動名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（ 主語從句）It is necessary to master a foreign Ianguage.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為 后面的不定式）It is reported th

3、at 5000 people were killed in the earthquake.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的主語從句二、 謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：He practices running every morni ng.（動詞或動詞短語）You may keep the book for two weeks.（情態(tài)動詞+V原）He has caught a bad cold.（助動詞+V）We are stude nts.（系動詞+表語）三、表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如

4、be,become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher of En glish is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seve n is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to_ teach English.（ 不定式）His hobby（愛好）is pla

5、ying football.（動名詞）The mach ine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（ 畐寸詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）四、賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。They went to see an exhibition（ 展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain preve nted me from coming to school on time.（代詞）How many di

6、ct ion aries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（ 不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）I think（that）he is not suitable for this post.（賓語從句）Lend me（間接賓語）your dictionary（直接賓語）,please.（雙賓語）They elected him（賓語）the

7、ir monitor（賓補）五、賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個 賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般是某些及物動詞（如see /watch/ observe/ no tice/ hear/ feel/ make/ find/ n ame/ call/ elect/ have/ get /leave/keep等+賓語+賓補）和with+賓語+賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。His father n amed him Dongming.（名詞）They pain ted their boat white.（形容詞

8、）（復合賓語）Let the fresh air in.（畐寸詞）You must nt force him to lend his money to you.（ 不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）I have to have my hair cut.（過去分詞）We found everyth ing in the lab in good order.（ 介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）六、定語：修飾名詞或代詞。Guilin is a beautiful cit

9、y.（形容詞）Chi na is a developing coun try; America is a developed cou ntry.（分詞）There are thirty wome n teachers is our school.（ 名詞）His rapid progress in En glish made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to get to the school.（ 不定式短語）The teaching pla n for n ext term has bee n worked out.（動名

10、詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）The building being repaired is our library.（ 現(xiàn)在分詞短語 ）The buildi ng completed last mon th is our library.（ 過去分詞短語）The n ews that you told me yesterday is really excit ing.（從句）七、狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分.Light travels most quickly.（副

11、詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the n ati onal college entrance exam in ati on.（ 不定式短語）He is in the room, maki ng a model pla ne.（分詞短語）Wait a mi nute.（名詞）Once you beg in, you must con ti nu e.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How about meeting again at six?（時間狀語）Last ni gh

12、t she did nt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）I shall go there if it does nt rain.（條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictio nary in her han d.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up with the others, I must work ha

13、rder.（目 的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（ 結果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）八、同位語：解釋說明前面另一個名詞或代詞m Li Hua, preside nt of Stude nts Union of our uni versity.（名詞短語）Mr Smith, our new teacher, is very ki nd to us.（名詞短語）We Chi n ese people ar

14、e brave and hardwork ing.（名詞短語）The n ews that he passed the driv ing test surprised us.（從句）不定式（do/to do）非謂語動詞分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞doing,過去分詞done）動名詞（doing）1.不定式作狀語功能用法原因狀語多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞后目的狀語可與so as to/in order to替換,但so as to般不可置于句首結果狀語常表示意想不到的結果,常用only to doI was satisfied to hear the news.（原因狀語）To meet the

15、movie star I got up very early.（目 的狀語）I rushed to school only to find no body was there.（ 結果狀語） 不定式表結果的固定結構：onl y/just to. . . ; too. . . to. . . ; so/suchas to.;.eno ugh（for sb.）to.He was too scared to say a word.The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.I m not such a fool as to beli

16、eve that.I was lucky eno ugh to be employed（ 雇傭）as a secretary（秘書）2.分詞作狀語考點1非謂語動詞作狀語功能用法現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，用來表時間、條 件、原因、伴隨、結果等現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與句子主 語 之間構成邏輯上的主動關系，且含 有進行之意功能用法過去分詞作狀語，用來表時間、 條 件、原因、伴隨等過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主 語 之間構成邏輯上的被動關系，且含 有完成之意源于系表結構的部分過去分詞作 狀 語，不表示被動關系，表示句子主語 所處的一種狀態(tài)常見的有:seated（坐在.） 、hidden（躲臧于.）、located（

17、位于.）buried in（埋頭于.專心于.、 、devoted to（奉獻 于） 、lost/absorbedin（全神貫注于，沉浸于 ）、born in（出 身于）、dressed in（穿著）、tired of（厭煩了）、faced with（面臨.）、addicted to（沉溺于.）、occupied in（忙于）Hear ing （hear） the good n ews, he jumped with great joy.Not knowing （k now） what to do, I had to wait here.The girls came in, followinTh

18、e teacher came in, followed （follow） by some stude nts.Seen （see） from the hill, the city looks like a garde n.Seeing （see） from the hill, we can enjoy the view of the city.Give n （give） more atte nti on, the childre n could have grow n better.（follow） theirAbsorbed （absorb） in reading, we all didnH

19、aving driven （drive） all day, we were rather tired.【點津】 把握分詞與句子邏輯主語之間的關系 詞;不定式作結果狀語為主觀上意想不到的結果觀上、順其自然而產(chǎn)生的結果；The poor old man died, leav ing no thi ng to his childre n.3準確理解形容詞化的過去分詞作狀語的用法；4如果分詞的動作和句子主語之間是主動關系，同時分詞動作發(fā)生在謂語動 詞之前時，則用完成式having done。Not having finished her work in time, she was fired by h

20、er boss.5分詞短語作狀語時，通常與主句中的主語在邏輯上一致，但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語，這種結構稱為獨立主格結構。Her father being ill (Because her father was ill), she had to stay at home tolook after him.Weather permitti ng (=lf weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.3.有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響。常見的有：gen erally speak ing般來說fran

21、 kly speaki ng坦白地說judgi ng from/by.根據(jù) 來判斷t hear the sound.，區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分，現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語為客considering. . . /taking. . . into consideration考慮至U .to tell (you) the truth說實話to be honest老實說provided/provid ing that.女口果考點2非謂語動詞作定語定語形式功能1.現(xiàn)在分詞般式doing表示動作是主動進仃的仃為或者正在進行當中2.現(xiàn)在分詞般式的被動結構being done表示動作是被動仃為且正在進仃當中3.過去分詞般

22、式done表示動作是被動兀成的仃為或者單純表示已經(jīng)完成4.動詞不定式to do表示將要發(fā)生的動作5.動詞不定式般式的被動結構to be done表示將要被做的動作1. The boy sitting by the Wn dow is Tom.discussed now is of great importa nee.3. So far no body has claimed（認領）the money discovered in the library.4. There is nothing to worry about.suppos ing / suppose that假設,女口果assu m

23、i ng that假使2. The matter beinPlease give me a kn ife to cut with.She is now look ing for a room to live in.5. The con fere nee to be held next year is about global en vir onment.【點津】準確判定非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動關系還是被動關系；準確判定非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，即是正在 進行或已經(jīng)完 成還是將要發(fā)生?？键c3非謂語動詞作補語1.在看、聽、感覺”的感官動詞see, watch, observe, no

24、tice, hear,feel等后面的賓語補足語常見的有三種非謂語動詞形式（do/doing/done）。do表主動和完成（被動句中要加to）, doing表主動 或 正在進行，done表被動或完成。He is ofte n heard to sing the song.The missi ng boy was last see n playing n ear the river.They once heard the song sung in En glish.2.動詞make, have, get, leave, keep, find后可接非謂語動詞形式作補語。即動詞+賓語+賓補廣To m

25、ake himself heard by the students at the back of the classroom, hespoke as loudly as he could.Paul doesn have to be made to learn. He always works hard. What made him so frightened?f have sb. do sth.讓某人做某事have sb. /sth. doi ng讓某人或某物一直做某事（使 . 處于某種狀態(tài)）J have sth. done/ get sth. done請人做某事；主語遭遇到某事Peter h

26、ad the computer fixed, because he does n know much about computers.We had the fire burning all day.我們讓火燃燒了一整天。Don forget to have Mr. Brow n come to our party.I get sb. to do sth.get sth.do ne.Can you get us to do the experime nt?I must get my bike repaired.leave sth.d on e.使某人/某物處于某種狀態(tài)leave sb./sth.

27、do ing sth.He hurried to school, leav ing the breakfast un touched.Don leave her waiting outside in the rain.keep sb./sth. doing讓某人/某物一直.一keep sb./sth. done（adj.）rm sorry to have kept you waiting.不好意思讓你久等了。Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her frie nds amused with herstories.She found

28、 a wallet lying on the ground.They fou nd the street lined with people.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大街兩側站著？人。3.固定短語，如advise/ ask/ tell/ order/ force/ allow/ encourage/ request/ wouldlike/ want/ require/ warn sb. to do sth.等。4. with復合結構常用形式：sb./sth. doi ng（表主動且進行，或表特征）with sth. do ne（表被動且完成，或表狀態(tài)）*sth. to do（表將來）Joh n receive

29、d an in vitati on to dinn er, and with his work fini shed, he gladlyaccepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected preside nt is hav ing a hardtime.With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.【點津】注意作補足語的三種非謂語動詞形式to do, doi ng,done之間的區(qū)別，把握動

30、作是主動、被動還是進行。具體分析作賓語補足語的動詞與邏輯主語即句子賓語之間的邏輯關系，再結合動作發(fā)生的時間（未發(fā)生、正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生）來 選擇合適的形式?？键c4非謂語動詞作賓語非謂語動詞中能作賓語的有動名詞和不定式：1.只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞和短語：suggest, imagine（想象），mi nd（介意），admit（承認），resist（抵制）practice, allow, advise, risk（冒險），keep, avoid（避免），escape（逃脫），enjoy, consider（考慮），appreciate（感激），excuse（原諒），finish, miss（錯過

31、）,give up dong sth.（放棄），be worth doing（值 得做某事）,delay doing sth.（延 遲），put off doingsth.（推遲），deny doing（否認），insist on doing sth.（堅持），keep on doingsth.（不斷做某事），look forward to doing sth., feel like doing sth.（想做做事），get dow n to doi ng sth.,（著手做某事）object todoing sth.（反對做某事），can help doing sth., can stand

32、 doing, lead to doing, havetrouble/difficulty in doing sth.（ 做某事有困難 ）,be fond of 等。2.只能跟不定式作賓語的動詞：afford, wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, prete nd,man age, pla n, fail, choose, would like, want, expect, lear n, offer, agree等3.既可用動名詞作賓語、又可跟不定式作賓語的動詞和短語like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, beg in, s

33、tart, con ti nue后面接doing或to do都行，意思無太大差別。表示一種傾向用doing ,表示某一特定的或具體的行為用to do.remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, mean, try后面接to do或doing意思不同。I forget to do sth.忘記要去做某事（此事未做）-forget doing sth.忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.I forgot giv ing it to you yesterday.I stop t

34、o do sth.停下來去做某事（另外一件事）I stop doi ng sth .停止做某事（正在做的事）He stopped to liste n to her talk ing.It has stopped raining.remember to do sth.記住去做某事（未做）-remember doing sth.記得做過某事（已做）Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.I remember see ing her once somewhere.regret to do sth.對將要做的事抱歉/感到遺憾（常跟sa

35、y, tell, inform等）? regret doi ng sth.對做過的事后悔We regret to inform you that your applicati on has not bee n successful.我 很遺憾地告知你你的申請沒有成功。I regret not hav ing worked hard.我后悔沒努力學習try to do sth.設法做某事try doing sth.嘗試做某事We must try to get everyth ing done.He tried cha nging his un healthy lifestyle.mean to

36、 do sth.打算做某事? mean doing sth.意味著.I had meant to go on Mon day.That will mean floodi ng some farmla nd.go on to do sth.繼續(xù)做某事（去做另外一件事）*go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做（原來沒有做完的事）After they read the text, the stude nts went on to do the exercises.After hav ing a rest, I went on doing my homework.4. it作形式賓語，代替真正作賓語的

37、動詞不定式或動名詞。I think it. important to lear n En glish well.5.有些動詞 （teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, know, ask可以接疑問詞+不定式”Yao Ming lear nt how to play basketball whe n he was young.We haven decided where to go this weekend.考點5非謂語動詞作主語、表語或其他1.非謂語動詞中能作主語的有動名詞和不定式。（1）動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的或習慣性動作，不定式作主 體

38、的、等）后語表示具一次性的或尚未做的動作。（2）it作形式主語，代替真正作主語的動詞不定式或動名詞。 常見句 型有:It is+ adj./n. +to do sth. It takes sb. some time to do sth. It is no use/good + doing sth.（做某事沒有用/沒有好處）等。2.非謂語動詞中能作表語的有現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞和不定式。注意現(xiàn)在分詞作表語意為令人感到的”而過去分詞作表語意為本身感到.的”。My job is to teach En glish.His hobby is playing basketball.The n ews

39、 was exciting and we were excited the whole ni ght.3.動詞不定式在but（表“除了”）后面時，如果前面謂語動詞有行為動詞do的各種形式時，后面不定式不帶to.否則要帶to.He could do nothing but cry.What can you do but take back what you said?除了收回你的話外，你還能做什么？幾個含but的句型：can help but do sth.只能做某事，不得不做.When a close friend dies, we can help but feel sad.（不能不難過）c

40、an choose but do sth.只能做某事I can choose but obey.我無從選擇只能服從。have no choice but to do sth.除了做 . 夕卜另H無選擇She had no choice but to wait.非謂語形式習題1. （2014天津高考）Anxiously, she took the dress out of thepackage and tried it on, only _ （find）it didn t fit.2. （2014福建高考）_（spend）the past year as anexcha nge stude nt

41、 in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature tha n those of her age.3. （2014湖南高考）_ （free）ourselves from the physical a ndmen tal tensions, we each n eed deep thought and inner quiet n ess.4. （2014天津高考）Clearly and thoughtfully _ （write）, thebook in spires con fide nee in stude nts who wish to seek their

42、own an swers.5. （2014四川高考）I hope to take the computer course.Good idea._ （fin d）out more about it, visit this website.6. （2014重慶高考）Group activities will be organized after class （help） childre ndevelop team spirit.7. （2012四川高考）Tom took a taxi to the airport, only_（fin d）his pla ne high up in the sky

43、.8. （2014山東高考）There s a note pinned to the do _（say）whe n the shop will ope n aga in.9. （2014北京高考）There are still many problems _（solve） before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.10. （2014大綱版全國卷）Today there are more airplanes_（carry）more people tha n ever before in the skies.11. （2014浙江高考）Ann

44、ie Salm on, disabled, is atte ndedthroughout her school days by a nurse_（appo in t）toguard her.12. （2014北京高考）Last night, there were millions of people （watch）the ope ningcere mony live on TV.13. （2014重慶高考）The producer comes regularly to collect thecameras _ （return）to our shop for quality problems.1

45、4. （2013遼寧高考）Laura was away in Paris for over a week.Whe n she got home, there was a pile of mail_（wait）forher.15. （2013天津高考）ln some Ianguages, 100 words make up halfof all words_ (use)i n daily conv ersati ons.16. (2013陜西高考)The witnesses _ (question)by thepolice just now gave very different descrip

46、tions of the fight.17. (2014江？西高考)He is thought _ (act)foolishly. Now he hasno one but himself to blame for los ing the job.18. (2014四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many newproducts _ (develop)after great effort.19. (2013陜西高考兒et those in need_ (understand)that we will go all out to help them.2

47、0. (2013北京高考)When we saw the road _ (block)withsnow, we decided to spe nd the holiday at home.21. (2012遼寧高考)The old couple often take a walk after supperin the park with their pet dog_(follow)them.22. (2014陜西高考)It s quite hot today. Do you feel like _(go)for a swim?23. (2014新課標全國卷H)One morning, I wa

48、s waiting at the busstop, worried about_ (be)late for school.24. (2014北京高考)The film star wears sun glasses. Therefore, hecan go shopp ing without _ (recog ni ze).25. (2014遼寧高考)Keep_(hold)your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.26. (2014江西高考)When it comes to _ (speak)

49、in public,no one can match him.27. (2013上海高考)Young people may risk_(go) deaf if theyare exposed to very loud music every day.28. (2013江蘇高考 Shortly after suffering from a massiveearthquake and_(reduce)to ruins, the city took ona new look.29. (2012安徽高考)I remembered_(lock)the door before Ileft the offi

50、ce, but forgot to turn off the lights.30. (2014福建高考)For those with family members far away, the pers onal computerand the phone are importa nt in stay ing (conn ect).31. (2014廣東高考)We got a little _(sun bur n), but the day had bee n so relax ing that we did n32. (2014湖南高考)_(understand)your own needsand styles of com muni catio n is as importa nt as lear ning to con vey your affecti onand emotio ns.33. (2014新課標全國卷I)lt took years of work _ (reduce)the in dustrial polluti o