淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)“讀寫任務(wù)型”寫作技巧

1、 淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)“讀寫任務(wù)型”寫作技巧 澄海區(qū)澄華中學(xué) 李曉華 淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)“讀寫任務(wù)型”寫作技巧內(nèi)容摘要“讀寫任務(wù)”寫作目的在于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生快速閱讀能力，信息組織能力和寫作能力。它的主要寫作技巧是：細(xì)讀文章，精準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)述；層層深入，發(fā)表看法。關(guān)鍵詞 讀寫任務(wù)寫作 寫作方法 寫作積累“讀寫任務(wù)”寫作是廣東近兩年高考出現(xiàn)的一種新題型。所謂讀寫任務(wù)就是試題提供一則閱讀材料，這則材料一般在200詞左右。它可以是說(shuō)明一種現(xiàn)象的說(shuō)明文；可以是講一個(gè)小故事，引出一個(gè)道理的夾敘夾議的文章；也可以是一篇新聞報(bào)道；還可以是說(shuō)理性很強(qiáng)的的文章。考題要求學(xué)生通過(guò)閱讀這樣一篇文章，然后用大約30詞來(lái)概括短文要點(diǎn)和大約120詞來(lái)發(fā)表自己

2、的觀點(diǎn)。它不僅考查學(xué)生的快速閱讀能力和概括能力，而且考查學(xué)生的創(chuàng)作能力和信息組織能力。面對(duì)這樣的新題型，本人經(jīng)過(guò)不斷的教學(xué)實(shí)踐，總結(jié)了幾種寫作技巧。一、細(xì)讀文章，把握大意，精準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)述。（讀寫任務(wù)寫作第一部分要求）準(zhǔn)確地把握閱讀材料的結(jié)構(gòu)和思路，了解作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖是轉(zhuǎn)述好原材料的必要途徑。一般情況下，文章體裁不同，概括大意的方法也不同。對(duì)于故事性、記敘性的文體，其要點(diǎn)渙散，有可能遍布文章每一角落。因此，考生概括時(shí)應(yīng)抓住兩要點(diǎn)：一是把文中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事情，一一找出；二是找出文中、段中的主題句。學(xué)生結(jié)合這兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)，用自己的語(yǔ)言，把文章內(nèi)容介紹清楚，做到言簡(jiǎn)意賅。例:閱讀下面的短文， 然后按照

3、要求概括短文要點(diǎn)。 Everyone has an experience they would not forget. Some are embarrassing, some are moving, and some teach us a lesson. Here is a story of mine. Last Sunday I went fishing. After setting up my fishing rod（釣魚竿） with bait（釣魚的餌）, I sat down on the bank of the lake. But two hours later, I didnt

4、catch any fish. I got very angry and began to pack up my stuff（收拾東西）, preparing to go back home. Just then, I saw an old man sitting near me. To my surprise, his basket was full of fish, so I went over to him, wanting to know why. “Excuse me, but how long have you sat here?” I asked. “About four hou

5、rs,” he answered. “Four hours?” I could not believe my ears. “Yes. Its very important to be patient,” the old man said. “ Dont consider fishing a tiring sport. Just enjoy it.” Suddenly, I understand what he said. I must learn to be patient. Then I sat there and waited for fish patiently. I felt a fi

6、sh touch the bait, but I didnt move and waited for the right moment to reel it in（卷收釣魚線）. At last, I caught it. This made me very happy. In the following six hours, I caught over 10 fish. On my way home, I thought what had happened on the bank. I gradually realized that the secret of success was pat

7、ience.這則讀寫任務(wù)的材料是一篇記敘文，它講述的是有一天“我”去釣魚，從一位老漁夫那里“我”認(rèn)識(shí)到只要有耐心，才能釣到魚，而從這件事中我也意識(shí)到耐心是成功的重要條件。文中加粗部分就是我們歸納材料時(shí)應(yīng)注意的要點(diǎn)，所以這則材料可以這樣概括：The story is about an unforgetable lesson of the writer from an old man while fishing on the bank of the lake, through which the writer realized patience was very important and tha

8、t it was the secret of success.對(duì)于議論文，轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)則要準(zhǔn)確而全面地概括作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。一般也可分三步驟來(lái)進(jìn)行概括：1在文中找關(guān)鍵詞（主題字眼）；2找出涉及主題的問(wèn)題（作者看法）3找出相關(guān)問(wèn)題的解決辦法。通過(guò)超出的內(nèi)容，我們?cè)倮斫馄渖顚雨P(guān)系，借助相關(guān)過(guò)度詞，恰當(dāng)?shù)馗爬ㄎ恼乱c(diǎn)，切勿照抄原文句子。例：There is a saying: breakfast is like a king, lunch is like a prince, and dinner is like a pauper. It means that breakfast should be the

9、 largest meal of the day. In many countries, the biggest meal of the day is dinner. So why does this saying advise us to eat a large breakfast instead?The answer is in the word “breakfast” of a “fast”, or a long period without eating. The gap between dinner and breakfast can be up to twelve hours, s

10、o the meal that breaks your fast should be healthy. Also , unlike your dinner, the food you consume for breakfast will give you energy to use while you are acting during the day. There is evidence that eating a big breakfast, particularly one containing whole grains and fruits, can improve your conc

11、entration and mood. Although health experts stress the importance of eating a good breakfast and having ones main meal earlier in the day, not many people are changing their daily eating habits. For example, about twothirds of Americans still have their main meals in the evening. Many of the most po

12、pular types of American food, such as steak and potatoes, are full of fat and carbohydrates, which make people digest slowly. 這則材料是一篇議論文，它討論了吃早餐的重要性，而且提醒人們不吃早餐對(duì)身體不利。文中加粗部分就是我們應(yīng)注意的重點(diǎn)所在。結(jié)合各段要點(diǎn)，可以做如下概括：In this passage, the author tells us the importance of eating breakfast. However , many people dont r

13、ealize this point and they often start work without breakfast.二、層層深入，發(fā)表看法（寫作第二部分要求）在讀寫任務(wù)中，“發(fā)表自己看法”占據(jù)了大部分的內(nèi)容，它是考生能否在書面表達(dá)中拿到高分的關(guān)鍵。因此，我們寫作時(shí)需要有一個(gè)清晰的思路，要列出提綱，作一個(gè)合理的安排。（一）理思路，列提綱。根據(jù)所提問(wèn)題，我們首先應(yīng)充分調(diào)動(dòng)自身的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，搜集有關(guān)背景資料，篩選可用的素材。例：寫作要求：就“童年對(duì)人生的影響”這個(gè)主題發(fā)表你的看法，至少包含了以下的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，該部分字?jǐn)?shù)大約為120詞左右。1你的童年是怎樣度過(guò)的；2在你童年時(shí)，你爸媽的言行或教導(dǎo)給

14、你留下了什么影響；3你認(rèn)為怎樣的童年是最幸福的？基于以上的寫作要求，我們列出的提綱可以是：（1） how to spend childhoodplay withgo fishing(climbing)（2） influences from your parentswhat parents say/didthe way which parents educate us（3） what is the happiest childhoodstay with do what we like to（二）圈點(diǎn)相關(guān)短語(yǔ)、句式除了學(xué)生自己提供的材料外，運(yùn)用原文中一些相關(guān)的斷語(yǔ)，句式，也是相當(dāng)重要的。這樣可避免

15、寫作時(shí)離題、跑題；相反我們應(yīng)緊緊圍繞主題，做到中心明確，條理清晰。例如，在原文中我們可以找出以下有用的斷語(yǔ)、句式。 （1）a quiet and simple live1 how to spend childhood （2）I have （1）The parents give me so that2. influences from your parents （2）Not only but also （1）I consider the happiest life3. what is the happiest childhood （2）I think（三）圍繞中心，發(fā)表看法。 根據(jù)上面已羅列出來(lái)

16、的素材，學(xué)生可適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用話題積累詞語(yǔ)、句式和其他一些過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)，航標(biāo)式主題句等材料來(lái)靈活表達(dá)要點(diǎn)。這樣寫出來(lái)的文章更加自然、流暢，句子前后銜接緊密，條理清晰，層層深入，連貫通順，符合邏輯。三另外，從上面的寫作過(guò)程中我們也了解到平時(shí)的知識(shí)積累非常重要，我認(rèn)為寫作除了應(yīng)具備必要的詞匯量，一定的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言組織能力外，作為讀寫任務(wù)還要著重注意以下幾方面的積累。（一）過(guò)渡詞的積累。過(guò)渡詞的適當(dāng)運(yùn)用能增加文章的層次性，明確句與句，詞與詞之間的關(guān)系。例如：表并列，遞進(jìn)的過(guò)渡詞有：and, and then, too, in additions, moreover表時(shí)間順序的有：now, then, be

17、fore, after, next表對(duì)比關(guān)系的：but,however, on the contrary 表總結(jié)性的：finally, in other, on the whole（二）多樣化句式的積累。句式的變化包括句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和長(zhǎng)度兩方面的變化。單一的句式讀起來(lái)給人以單調(diào)的感覺(jué)，而句式多樣化不僅可給文章增色，提高文章的檔次，更能顯示作者的寫作水平。其實(shí)多樣化的句式在高中階段已學(xué)了不少，主要有：1以形式主語(yǔ)“it”引導(dǎo)的有關(guān)句型。（1） It + be + adj. /n. +to do sth. /doing sth （2） 強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It + be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+其它2各種各樣的從句。3倒裝句。4感嘆句。5表虛擬的語(yǔ)句。（三）話題積累。我們?cè)陉P(guān)注社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)話題的同時(shí)，也應(yīng)該關(guān)注這些話題的相關(guān)詞匯、經(jīng)典句子，以備我們寫作所用。例：表中學(xué)生之間友誼的詞匯、句子有：get to know sb.(認(rèn)識(shí)某人)；know sb really well (熟知某人)；make friends with sb (與某人交朋友)；personal matters (隱私)；share with sb （與分享）；Friends give us （朋友給與我們）；A good friend is someone you can （一位好朋友就是一個(gè)我們能夠的人）；We can tur