2019年考研英語一真題

1、2019年英語(一)考研真題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphon

2、es2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindeworthkatohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?A

3、ndwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsighosumaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.A

4、nother12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollutio

5、n.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumndnofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.1. ASomeBMostCFewDAll2. AputBtakeCrunDcome3. ASinceBIfCThoughDUntil4. AformallyBrelativelyCgraduallyDliterally5. AbackBnextCaroundDaway6. AontoBoffCacros

6、sDalone7. AunattractiveBuncrowded©unchangedDunfamiliar8. AsiteBpointCwayDplace9. ASoBYetCInsteadDBesides10. AimmediatelyBintentionally©unexpectedlyDeventually11. AsurprisedBannoyedCfrightenedDconfused12. AproblemBoptionCviewDresult13. AAboveallBIncontrastCOnaverageDForexample14. AbridgeBav

7、oidCspotDseparate15. AfromBthroughCbeyondDunder16. ApostsBlinksCshadesDbreaks17. AartificialBmysteriousChiddenDlimited18. AFinallyBConsequentlyCincidentallyDGenerally19. AmemoriesBmarksCnotesDbelongings20. ArestrictBadoptCleadDexposeSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtex

8、ts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Th

9、emainpurposeofthis“clawlistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Shortermism"orthedesirefo

10、rquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"ratherthanpithemasidetobeeatenlast.Th

11、eaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapi

12、talism”.Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.seemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflorterminvesting,“saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspee

13、chthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“hort-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthatsubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbed

14、onetoencourage-termlsmg"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirow

15、ntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britainnewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.21. AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe.A. enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibilityB. helpcorporationsachievelargerp

16、rofitsC. buildanewsystemoffinancialregulationD. guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives22. AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofitsB.governmentsimpatienceindec-makingC.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompaniesD.”shotermism“ineconomicsactivities23. Itisarguedthattheinflue

17、nceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedto川ustrate.A. theobstaclestopreventing-termismhort.B. thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.C. theapproachestopromoting-termism”.D. theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.25. Whichofthe

18、followingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A. FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismB. PatienceasaCorporateVirtueC. DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesD. FrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsume

19、rerainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforcepolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradesfhejjvegessseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsinc

20、alculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeacl

21、assintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencoura

22、gingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,"saidJackMiner,(StateUniversity'sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thats

23、aid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneForpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheend

24、oftheday,arepayingthebillfeelthey'vegottenttervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoincenticonsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisintheb

25、estinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossibleoratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcollegestobealigned.26. Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A. Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.B. Students'indifferencetoGPAS.C. Colleges'neglectofGPAS.D. Theinfluenceofconsumer

26、culture.27. Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?A. Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.B. Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.C. Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D. Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.28. AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto.A. obtainmor

27、efinancialsupportB. boosttheirstudentenrollmentsC. improvetheirteachingqualityD. meetlocalgovernments'needs29. Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?A. Tocounterbalanceeachother.B. Tocomplementeachother.C. Tobeidenticalwitheachother.D. Tobecontradictorytoeachother.30. Thea

28、uthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.A. assessingitsfeasibilityB. analyzingthecausesbehinditC. comparingdifferentviewsonitD. listingitslong-runeffectsText3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectri

29、clightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:isintelligence,identify,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificial

30、generalintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humang.Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunders

31、tood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwhtherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Theconofautonomousvehi

32、cles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision"todayisnotnearsyicatedopisthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateever

33、yimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveSoingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernments

34、andmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI"thatwouldcause“overaortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.Itals

35、opledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'sh

36、ighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'soo-controlmonster.31. MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseA. fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.B. hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C. involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontrovers

37、ies.32.InDavidEaglemansopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconnscA.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D. istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.33. ThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehiclesA. canhardlyeverbefound.B. isstillbeyondourcapac

38、ity.C.causeslittlepublicconcern.'spledgeisoneofD.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.34. Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogleA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.35. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsB. Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

39、C. TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableD.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverrul

40、edapairofdecaldesecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustennspurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuch

41、asawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvestfeyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“Eachyesignificantrev

42、enuelossestotheStates,physicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinhewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates'abietymopsespeotygandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswith

43、apresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssal

44、estaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallerselle

45、rs,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothstate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalyst

46、NeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.36. TheSupremeCourtdec

47、isionThursdaywillA. Dettebusiness'relutionswithstatesB. putmostonlinebusinessinadilemmaC. makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestaxD. forcessomestatestocutsalestax37. Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisionsA. haveledtothedominanceofe-commerceB. havecostconsumersalotovertheyearsC. were

48、widelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasesD. wereconsideredupfavorablebystates38. AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehasA. hinderedeconomicdevelopmentB. broughtprosperitytothecountryC. harmedfairmarketcompetitionD. boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue39. WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtr

49、ulingA.InternetentrepreneursB.Big-chairownersC.Third-partysellersD.Smallretailers40. IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthorA. givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequencesB. describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmakingC. presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthemD. cit

50、iessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplicationsPart BDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouransw

51、ersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)A. Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofargumentsfromaverbalfightortennisgamet

52、oareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.B. Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluatio

53、niscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.C. Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyour

54、position,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.D. Carnegiew

55、ouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Parisofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinnereme

56、rgesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.E. Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“thereisonlyonewaytogetthebestofanargumentandthatistoavoidit.“Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitde

57、pendsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.YoUwigbechaqgpy.toF. Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudonconvincepeoplewithbadarg

58、uments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.G. Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“yes,"andIyell.“No,”rlearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:that