上海高中英語語法整理集-市重點內部資料

1、 高中英語語法整理集-市重點部資料情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義，但要與動詞原形及其被動語態(tài)一起使用，給謂語動詞增添情態(tài)色彩，表示說話人對有關行為或事物的態(tài)度和看法，認為其可能、應該或必要等。情態(tài)動詞沒有人和數(shù)的變化，后面加動詞原形，沒有不定式，分詞或動名詞的形式。英語中主要的情態(tài)動詞有：canmaymustshallwilldareneed等。情態(tài)動詞的用法和要點：can和could的用法can和could都表示能力或客觀可能性，還可表示請求或允許。Can you work out this math problem on your own?（能力）Water can be chan

2、ged into ice.（客觀可能性）Can I go now?(Could I go now?這里could用在疑問句中，表示語氣委婉，并不表示過去式，回答應用Yesyou can.)(表示請求)can表示能力時，可以用be able to代替，但當我們要表示“某事已成功”時，應用was(were) able to(相當于manage to do或succeed in doing)而不能用could。此外，be able to 可以用于各種時態(tài)。He can/is able to enter for the English contest.(能力)They will be able to

3、tell you the news soon.（將來時態(tài)）He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.情態(tài)動詞cancould用在否定、疑問句中表示推測，懷疑或驚訝。He couldnt be a wealthy man.(推測)You cant be hungry so soonTom.You have just had（懷疑）How can that be!（驚訝）may和might的用法may和might都表示允許或請求。在語

4、氣上might比may委婉。此時may的否定式是mustnt，表示“不可以，禁止”。can也可以表示允許，多用于口語，語氣比較隨便。在句型May/Might?中，表示征求對方許可，在文體上比較正式，在語氣上較為客氣。在日常生活中常用Can I?征求對方意見更為常見。You may(can)ring us up any time during office hours.Can/May(Might)I have your name?Of courseyou may/can.May I take the magazine out of the reading-room?Noyou mustnt.Co

5、uld I leave for a while?表示可能、推測（一般不用于疑問句中）。此時may的否定式是may not（可能不），cant表示不可能。might表示推測時，如指現(xiàn)在的情況，只是表示可能性比may 小，并不表示過去。may放在句首，表示祝愿。Dont disturb him.He may(might)get angry.She may not go to the concert tonight.Our teacher said that he might test us on grammar the next day.May God bless you!must和have to

6、的用法兩詞都是“必須”的意思，must表示說話人主觀上的看法，have to表示客觀的需要。must的否定式，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”。mustnt(禁止，不許)是may的否定式。My brother was very illso I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.（客觀上需要做這件事）He said that they must work hard.（主觀上要做這件事）Must we hand in our exercise books today?Yesyou mus

7、t.(Noyou neednt./Noyou dont have to.)You mustnt waste our time.must只有一種形式現(xiàn)在式，而have to有人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)的變化，但must可用于間接引語中表示過去的必要或義務。Everyone must obey the traffic rules when driving in the city.They have to empty the house because a couple will soon move in.I am afraid you will have to wait a while.He told us

8、we must all be ready by nine.must表示推測。must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測，比may肯定得多，意為“一定”或“準是”。must表示對現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測時，后面通常用動詞的進行式。否定式則用cant來表示。You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.Grandpa Liu must be over eighty years old.You ate a big cake half an hour ago.You cant be hungry now.He must be working in

9、his office.She cant be waiting for us at the bus stop because I saw her in the room just now.will和would的用法用于各種人稱，表示“意志”、“意愿”和“決心”。Who will take the difficult job?I will.(愿意)They would walk home though it was raining heavily.（意志）I have advised her not to give up the planbut she will.（決心）用于第二人稱疑問句中，Wi

10、ll you?或Would you like?句型中，表示征求對方意見或請求、建議。would較will語氣婉轉。Will you be so kind as to open the door for me?Would you like to have a drink with me?Yesof course.Would you mind showing me the way to the hospital?表示一種習慣性動作或狀態(tài)，will表示“總是”，would表示“過去總是”。Water will boil at100degree Centigrade.We would play jok

11、es on each other when we were in the countryside.He would e to see us during his stay in Beijing.shall和should的用法:/shall用于第一、第三人稱疑問句中，表示征求對方意見或對方請示。Shall I put the table near the door?Please dont.Shall he fetch the magazine for you?Nothanks.What shall they do this evening?shall用于第二、第三人稱，表示說話人給對方的命令、警

12、告、允許或威脅。Please tell him that he shall have the book as soon as I have finished it.(允諾) You shall do the jobwhether you like it or not.（命令）You shall get into trouble if you dont follow my advice.（警告）He shall be punished if he keeps on stealing like that.（威脅）should作為情態(tài)動詞，并不一定表示過去時態(tài)。它通常表示“勸告；建議”，常譯作“應該

13、”，同義詞組時ought to，但其語氣不如should強。We should listen to the teachersadvice and study hard.You shouldnt leave so early this morning.命題熱點：情態(tài)動詞的基本用法辨析，情態(tài)動詞表示態(tài)度的用法辨析，情態(tài)動詞表示推測的用法辨析，情態(tài)動詞在虛擬語氣中的運用?？疾樾问剑褐饕w現(xiàn)在聽力理解、單項填空和完形填空中。倒裝句倒裝：將某些句子成分移至句首而引起主語和謂語詞序的顛倒，稱為倒裝（Inversion）。倒裝分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝兩種。完全倒裝結構：提前成分謂語動詞主語部分倒裝結構：提前成

14、分情態(tài)動詞/助動詞主語（主要動詞）完全倒裝1.Herethere放在句首，謂語動詞一般為，be，egoe.g.There goes the bell.Here es the bus.但當主語為人稱代詞時不引起倒裝。e.g.Here we are.2.表示位置轉移的副詞如updowninoutawayahead在句首。e.g.Up went the rocket.Away went the boy.但當主語為人稱代詞時不引起倒裝。e.g.Away they went.3.句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組。e.g.In the centre of the square stands a high mo

15、nument.On the mountain lies a temple.4.分詞結構位于句首。e.g.Seated on the grass are a group of students.Lying about on the floor are books and magazines.部分倒裝1.句首有含有否定意義的副詞如:neverlittleseldomrarelynothardly.e.g.Little does he care for dress.Hardly any sound could we hear.Not a single mistake did he make in t

16、he test.Not until then did he know the truth.2.在sothat的結果狀語從句中，so位于句首。e.g.So hot was the weather that we couldnt sleep indoors.So loudly did he shout that all the people in the room got a fright.Such.that.Such was the disaster that no one could escape.3.soneithernor做替代詞指代上文情況。e.g.Tim bought a nice b

17、ycicle.So did Liz.I have no money with me.Nor/Neither have I.so表示對上文情況的肯定，“確實如此”，不用倒裝。e.g.He can speak good Chinese.So he can.4.only 狀語在句首e.g.Only in this way can we succeedOnly in my house do they feel at home.Only then did he learn about the truth.only修飾主語不引起倒裝。e.g.Only Miller has got the invitati

18、on.5.not onlybut also當not only位于句首時not only部分引起部分倒裝，but also部分不引起倒裝。e.g.Not only could he type but also he could operate the puter.not onlybut also連接并列主句不引起倒裝。e.g.Not only the children but also the grown-ups took interest in the cartoon.注意:讓步狀語從句中的as倒裝結構。e.g.Hard as he tried=Although he tried hard.B

19、oy as he is=Although he is a boy.虛擬語氣倒裝If I were you=Were I youIf I had known the truth=Had I known the truthIf I should meet him tomorrow=Should I meet him tomorrow分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1形式：分詞可分現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，但按時間和語態(tài)又可分為以下五種，各表示不同的意思：現(xiàn)在分詞doing主動，進行現(xiàn)在分詞被動式being done被動。進行現(xiàn)在分詞完成式having done主動，完成現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式having been done

20、被動，完成過去分詞done被動，完成分詞的否定式：在分詞前加not.Not doing/Not having done2.作用：1)作定語：The lady carrying a suitcase is Ms Wang.The girl dressed in white is my sister.The lady who is carryingThe girl who is dressed:/2)作狀語；Cooking dinnerI heard the door bell ring.（時間狀語）Feeling tiredhe went to bed early.（原因狀語）Heatedwat

21、er can be changed into vapour.(條件狀語)The film star walked out of the hallfollowed by a group of journalist.（伴隨狀語）When I was cooking dinnerBecause he felt tiredIf water is heatedand he was followed by a group of journalist3)作表語：The story is touching.The window is broken.4)作賓語補足語：I found a man sitting

22、in his car.補充說明正坐在汽車里面He had the car mended.汽車是被修，所以用被動注意：1)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語與被修飾詞成主謂關系；過去分詞作定語與被修飾詞成動賓關系，都可改寫成定語從句，而動名詞作定語與被修飾詞之間無此種關系，只能用for的介詞短語改寫。e.g.The man selling the newspaper is gone.?The man who sells the newspaper is gone.The bridge built100years ago is still in very good condition.The bridge which

23、 was built100years ago is still in very good condition.The washing machine is quite expensive.?The machine for washing is quite expensive.2)表示“使感到種類動詞時，常用現(xiàn)在分詞描述事物，用過去分詞表示人的感情。e.g.the frightening look(令人可怕的相貌)；the excited people（激動的人群）3)分詞作表語，起到形容詞的作用，表示主語的特性，而動名詞作表語起名詞作用，代替主語，而動詞不定式作表語則含有將來的意思。Your

24、job today is to go shopping.4)分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語一致，它們之間的關系是主謂關系，用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓關系用過去分詞，如果分詞的動作先于謂語，分詞要用完成式。e.g.Following instructionsthe man guided the plane towards the airfield.The man followed instructionsand guided the planeA cold rain was fallingmixed with snow.a cold rain was mixed with snow.Havin

25、g finished his homeworkthe boy watched TV.After the boy had finished his homework以下保留文字5)如果分詞短語的邏輯主語與句子不是相同的，則要用分詞獨立結構來表示。e.g.Their work donethe workers left the construction field.?After their work was donethe workers left the construction filed.Weather permittingwe will go camping.If weather permi

26、tswe will go camping.6)分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語，因此，要表示完成主動的意思用定語從句。e.g.The accident which happened yesterday is very serious.7)動詞不定式與分詞都可以作賓補I have him polish the floor.(動詞不定式作賓補表動作的全過程)She felt her heart beating fast.(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補強調主動，進行;)You must make your voice heard(過去分詞作賓補表示被動)名詞性從句(Noun Clause)名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語

27、從句、表語從句和同位語從句。常用來引導名詞性從句的連接代詞有whowhich和what。連接副詞whenwherehow和why以及連接詞thatif和whether。注意：在用連接代詞或連接副詞引導的名詞性從句中，主語和謂語應按述句的語序排列。主從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)要保持一致。I主語從句：1.What I need is a cup of coffee.All that I need is a cup of coffee.2.It is quite clear that he told a lie.That he told a lie is quite clear.(that不能省略)3.W

28、hether he will e or not is not important.(句首不能用if)4.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.(Whatwhateverwhoever引導的主語從句在意義上等于名詞加上定語從句。)II.賓語從句：1.We really appreciate what you have done for us.2.Are you sure that he will e?3.The difficulty lies in(the fact)t

29、hat we can not speak French.4.在動詞makethinkconsiderfeelfind等之后用動詞 it 形容詞賓語從句。They find it hard that they should finish this job within two hours.5.在thinkexpectsupposebelieveguess等引導的賓語從句中否定詞一般要前移。I don't think he will win the game.III.表語從句：1.My request is that we should be given another chance.2.

30、It looks as if it is going to snow.IV.同位語從句；1.The news that there will be a flood is true.定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別：定語從句的that在從句中擔任成分；同位語從句的that不擔任成分。同位語從句不能用whichif引導。同位語從句通常在一些抽象名詞的后面，如：ideanewsfactsuggestionhopewish 等詞后面。除了that，同位語從句還可用其他連詞引導。注意要點：that引導主語從句常見句型：1.It be adj. that從句（常見形容詞clearobviouslikelytru

31、eprobable possiblecertain;當形容詞為surprisingstrangenaturalnecessary essentialimportant時，需用虛擬語氣should 動詞原型）2.It be n. that從句(常見名詞a pitybeliefmon knowledgea facta shamea surpriseno wonder)3.It be 過去分詞 that從句（常見過去分詞saidbelievedreportedhoped estimatedannouncedknown句型it be suggested that后需虛擬）4.It 不及物動詞 that

32、從句（常見不及物動詞seemhappenappearturn out）知識點撥：定語從句（Relative Clause）Relative Clause1Relative Pronouns:whowhomthatwhichwhose關系代詞引導定語從句的特性：1.關系代詞在從句常作主語或賓語。This is the man who helped me.The book which you are looking for has been lent to my roommate.2.That的先行詞既可是人，也可是物。This is the man that helped me.The buil

33、ding that stands near the river is our school.3.Whose表示先行詞和whose之后的名詞之間的所有格關系。Do you know the man whose notebook is left here?Relative Clause2Relative Adverbs:whenwherewhy關系副詞引導定語從句的特性：1.關系副詞有whenwherewhy可代替的先行詞是表示時間、地點或理由的名詞。在從句中作狀語。This is the city where I lived two years ago.Do you know the day w

34、hen I became a league member?That is the reason why I didnt attend the meeting.2.關系副詞whenwherewhy的含義相當于“介詞 which”結構，因此常常和“介詞（in/on/at/for） which”結構交替使用。There are no occasions when(on which)we shall give in.Hang Zhou is the place where(in which)I was born.Have you learned the reason why(for which)he

35、refused our offer?Relative Clause3The Non-restrictive Relative Clause定語從句有限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句兩種。非限定性定語從句的特征：1.非限定性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明。The housewhich we bought last monthis very nice.2.非限定性定語從句與主句之間通常用逗號分開。Have you seen the film“Who am I”whose leading actor is Jackie Chan？I bought a vasethe price of which is

36、very reasonable.3.關系代詞that不能引導非限定性定語從句。非限定性定語從句中作賓語、表語的關系代詞不可以省略。The housewhich we bought last monthis very nice.4.Which引導的非限定性定語從句還能指代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。He didnt keep his promisewhich we were unhappy about.知識點撥：狀語從句Adverbial Clause狀語從句可分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、方式、讓步從句。要點：?引導時間狀語從句的連詞whenwhileasWh

37、en/While/As he was in Japanhe picked up some Japanese.從句的謂語是持續(xù)性動詞，三者可以互換。When還可表示某事突然發(fā)生。I was walking along the street when someone shouted"Help!Help!".As之后不能用分詞作狀語。As還可用于表示兩個動作幾乎同時進行。As I looked upI noticed him looking at me.引導時間狀語從句的連詞after，beforeIt won't be long before we graduate f

38、rom high school.After he graduated from Yale Universityhe worked in a big pany.引導時間狀語從句的連詞sinceever since（ever強調since）It is three years since her son had a chance to go back home from Canada.Great chances have taken place in Shanghai since I visited Shanghai last time.引導時間狀語從句的連詞Until/tillMary didn&

39、#39;t tell us the truth until she left Shanghai.It was not until she left Shanghai that Mary told us the truth.Not until Mary left Shanghai did she tell us the truth.引導時間狀語從句的連詞as soon asoncethe momentno soonerthanhardlywhen As soon as he saw the firehe rushed into the room.On seeingThe moment I saw himI fell in love with him.Once I see himI will tell him the news.I had no sooner entered the room than the telephone rang.(No sooner had