英美文學(xué)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、Name/CN NameWriter's FeaturesWritings / CN WritingsWriting's FeaturesofrkEnglish LiteratureThe Renaissance Period1. age: 1500-16602. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church England broke away

2、 from the Catholic Church3. features:New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain(3) the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his worldly happ

3、inessEdm und Spe nser 埃德蒙.斯賓賽1. The poet's poet;2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a sple ndid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealismThe Faerie Queen仙后(The Shepheades Cale nde牧 人日記;Epithalamion 新婚喜 歌)An allegory; "a historical poem" to prese nt

4、th example of a perfect gen tlema n; a hero represe nt one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful lovesChristopher Marlowe 克里斯扥夫.馬洛(Bia nk verseUniversity wit)1. perfected bla nk verse and tur ned it into the prin cipal medium of En glish drama2. created a series of images of the Ren aissa ne

5、e hero for En glish dramaDr Fauctus浮士德博士The Passi on ate Shepherd toHis Love多情的牧羊人致情 人1. symbolic of a huma nist in the Ren aissa nee based on the Germa n lege nd of a magicia n aspiri ng for kno wledge and fin ally meet ing his tragic end as a result of selli ng his soul to the DevilWilliam Shakesp

6、eare 威廉.莎士比亞The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a Ian guage; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatra ins and a couplet三 節(jié)四行詩(shī)加一 節(jié)偶句);n ati on al un ity un der a mighty and just sovereig n is a

7、n ecessit“ The Ki ngs gover nment must be carried on”在一個(gè)強(qiáng)大英明的君主統(tǒng)治下的國(guó)家，統(tǒng)一是非常 必要的)(Each hero has his week ness of n ature: Hamlet, the mela ncholic scholar-pri nee, faces the dilemma betwee nSonn ets十四行詩(shī)The Merchant of 6nice 威尼斯商人Hamlet哈姆雷特(Venus and Ado nis 維納斯和 安東尼斯；The Rape of Lucrece魯克麗斯受辱 記;roma

8、ntic tragicomedies 浪 漫悲喜劇;Romeo and Juliet;1. 154 poems; En glish form2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betwee n Antonio and Bassa nio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the in satiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many

9、people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy and their false sta ndards of frie ndship and love, their cunning ways of pursu ing worldli ness and their un reas oning prejudice aga inst Jewsactio n and mi nd; Othello' s inner weak ness is ma(by the outside evi

10、l force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and in fidelity; and Macbeth for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.)literature should be a comb in ati on of beauty, kindn ess an truth, and should reflect n ature

11、 and realityFrancis Bac on弗蘭西斯.培根a well known philosopher scie ntist and essayist; lays the foun dati on of moder n scie nee; his 'Essays is an importa nt la ndmark in the developme nt of En glish prose brevitycompact nesspowerful nessJohn Donne約翰.鄧恩the leading figure(代表人物)of the "metaphysi

12、cal school(玄學(xué)派);his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermonsThe songs and Sonnetsa seem in gly un focused diversity of experie nces and attitudes and a free range of feeli ngs and moods; dyn ami rather tha n staticJohn Milt on 約翰彌爾頓A versatile writer; fight for fr

13、eedom in all aspects as a Christia n huma nistThe Neoclassical Period1. age: 1660-17982. background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a tur Enlightenment or the Age of Reason3. features:a furtherance of the Renaissancthe Enlightenment Movement, advo (2)reason, "eternal truth&q

14、uot;, "eternal justice", "eternal equality" was whatShatkeopeare's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macb'eth)lust d(Shylock).3. A man of con templati on rather tha n action; has the qualities of a-and-tflnunder ”thriller and a philosophical explora

15、tion of life and deathOf Studies 論學(xué)習(xí)It an alyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the differe nt ways adopted by differe nt people to pursue studies, and how studies exert in flue nee over huma n charaterThe Sun Risi ng太陽(yáng)升起Death, Be Not Proud 死神，莫驕橫(Holy Sonn ets)f1. dramatizing and illustrating the

16、state of being in love2. a bold challe nge to the proud DeathParadise Lost失樂(lè)園Sata n, after being defeated in his rebel aga in God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidde n Tree, and causes the Fal of Manbulent one. Fast development of England as a nation; the Age of seated universal

17、 educationhuman society should seek for; advocated universal education(3) reviving the interest in old classical works (neoclassicism)(4) keep to order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy(5) had specific rules for almost every genre of literatureJohn Bunyan 約翰.班楊A(yù)s a stout Puritan, he had made a

18、 conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggleCon crete and liv ing Ian guage'carefully observed and vividly prese nted detailThe Pilgrim ' Progress 天路歷程(Symbolizes huma n world, for "All the cometh is van ity" everythi ng and anything

19、 in this world is "vani ty", have no value and no meaning; but this tow n "lay "in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the temptations there when they made their way through)Is the most successful religious allegory in the En glish Ian guage; its purpose

20、 is to urge people to abide by Christia n doctri nes and seek salvati on through con sta nt struggles with their own weak ness and all kinds of social evilsAlexa nder Pope亞歷山大.蒲伯Stro ngly advocated n eoclassicism, emphasiz ing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order reas on,

21、 1 ogic, restra ined emotio n, good taste and decorur Satiricc on cisesmoothgracefulwell-bala need styleOn Criticism 論批評(píng) na comprehe nsive study of the theories of literary criticism; a typical didactic one; written in the form of heroic couplets, it's plain in style and it is easy to read.Danie

22、l Defoe丹尼爾.笛弗A very good story-teller; his senten ces are sometimes short, crisp and pla in, and sometimes long and rambli ng, which leave on the reader an impressi on of casual n arrati onSmootheasycolloquialmostly vern acularRobinson Crusoe 魯賓遜漂流記Adve nture on a deserted isla nd; depicts a hex gro

23、ws from an in experie need youth onto a shrewd and harde ned man; a song of courage wisdom, struggle aga inst the hostile n atural en vir onmentJon atha n Swift喬納森.斯威特Is almost un surpassed in the writi ng of simple, direct, precise prose;“ proper words in proper placesClearsimplec on crete dictio n

24、un complicated sentence structureec onomy and con cise ness of lang uageGulliver ' Travels 格列佛遊記Four places: Lilliput, Brobd ingn ag, the flying isla nd; Houyh nhnmHenry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁First of all the 18th cen tury En glish no velist to write the "comic epic in prose" the first to giv

25、e the modern novelTom Jones湯姆.瓊斯its structure and style; use the third-person narration; Father of the English Novel ” ;“ the copies of humanmannersEasyuni abouredfamiliarextremely vivid and vigorous' logic and rhythmSamuel Joh nson賽繆爾約翰遜Very much concerned with the theme of the van ity of huma

26、n wishes; no matter how complex his senten ces are the thought is always clearly expressedTo the Right Hono rable theEarl of Chesterfield 致可敬的吉士菲爾伯爵書(shū)A stro ng in dig nati on at the Earl's fame-fishing; implying writers independence in economy and writi ng; ope n a new era in th developme nt of l

27、iteratureRichard Brin sleySherida n 理查德.比.謝立丹The only importa nt En glish dramatist of the eightee nth century; in his plays, morality is the constant themeThe School of Scan dal 造謠學(xué)校A story about two brothersThomas Gray 扥馬斯格雷The leader of the sen time ntal poetry of the day, especially “ the Gravey

28、ard School”Elegy Writte n in a Country Churchyard墓園挽歌Reflects on death, the sorrow of life, and the mysteries of huma n life with a touch of his pers onal mela ncholyThe Romantic Period1. age: 1798-18702. background: coming along with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution3. features:(1

29、) contrary with the neoclassicism: emphasize that man have in common, focuses on the special qualities of individual mind(2) tend to probe into the inner world of the human spirit rather narrate daily happenings of the human world(3) employ rural scenery, legendary and mythological, stories of ancie

30、nt times, figures from country and Orientals(4) produce a number of great poets, the Romantic period is an age of poetry(5) the focus of the everyday life of human beings in the Age brought about the flourishing of familiar essaysWilliam Blake 威廉.布萊克The first importa nt Roma ntic poet; the spokesma

31、n of vevolt; took“This World ” as “a World of ImacVision ” , declaring thatreThfismywork isvisi onary and imag in ativePlaindirectlyric beauty'symbolismThe Chimney Sweoapeir/Songs of Innocen 掃煙囪的孩子/天真之歌The Chimney Sweeper/Son of Experience掃煙囪的孩子/經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌The Tiger 老虎1. indicates the conditions of the

32、 exploitation cof child labor, which make religio n a con solati on;2 reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor childre nWilliam Wordsworth 威廉華茲華斯A “ worshipper of nature” ; a poet in memory of thehim, life is a cyclical journ ey, its begi nning fin ally turns out to b

33、e its end; Advocate the writ ing of the com mon people in ordi nary Ian guage; the joys and sorrows of the com mon people are his themes; natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite theme the poor in rural places; reveal the inner work ings of in dividual' s mind

34、; the seem ing simplicity of the poetin dict ion and descripti on is immersed in a profo und and sympathetic longing for a better world; poetry orig in ates from“ emoti on recollected in tranq uillity”Samuel TaylorColeridge塞繆爾特勒科勒 律治Can be divided into two groups: the dem onic and conv ersatio nal;G

35、eorge Gordon Byron 喬治戈登拜倫G.GByron ' s chief contribution:“ Byronic herohero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of n oble orig in. Passi on ate and powerful, he is right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight sin gle -ha ndedly aga inst all the misdo in gs, political, religious

36、and moral. Thus his figure is a rebellious in dividual aga inst outworn social systems and conven tio ns.Percy Bysshe Shelley 鉑.比.雪萊Greatest achieveme nt is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus UnboundLyeistaltB allads 抒情歌謠集Ti ntern Abbey丁登寺I Wan dered Lon ely as aCloud我孤獨(dú)地漂泊猶如一 片浮云Cihnposed upon W

37、estm in steBridge作于西敏寺橋上She Dwelt Among theUn trodden Ways她居住在人 跡罕至的地方The Solitary Reaper 孤獨(dú)的 割麥女）A vivid picture of a beautiful morning I n "London; Italia n formKubla Khan忽必烈漢Describes the pleasure dome of the Khan;S6ng SurdheaLuddites 為盧得派歌唱Don Juan （The Isles ofGreece）唐璜（哀希臘）A Song : Men of

38、 En gla nd 英國(guó)人民之歌Ode to the West Wind 西風(fēng)頌1. a war cry calli ng upon all work ing people of En gla nd to rise up aga inst their political oppressors and an address to point out to the the in tolerable injustice of econo mic exploitati on2. The autu mn wind, bury ing the dead year,prepari ng for a new

39、 Spri ng;“If Wintecan Spring be far beh ind?”expressed eager ness to enjoy the boun dless freedom from the realityJohn Keats約翰濟(jì)慈Sen suous, colorful and rich in imagery; exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptionOde to an Grecia n Urn 希臘古甕頌Show the con trast betwee n the perma nence o a

40、rt and the tran sie nee of huma n passi onJane Auste n 簡(jiǎn)奧斯汀Main literary concern is about huma n beings in their pers onal relati on ships; her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusi ons Delightful and profo undPride and Prejudice 傲慢與偏見(jiàn)Wave vivid pictures of eve

41、ryday life of simple country societyThe Victorian P1. age:1836-19012. background:early years: rap(2) the next twenty(3) the last three d(3. idea:Darwin ' The O(2) Utilitarianism: w(3) socially consci(4) literature: magr4. critical realist weriod)id economic development as well as serious social

42、problemsyears: prosperity and relative stability. a national spirit of earnestness, respectability, modesty domesticity ecades: the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian valuesOrigin of Species; The Descent of Man shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith vhether it

43、 could promote the material happinessous writers criticized(2)s depreciation of cultural values, cold indifference towards human feeling litude and diversity, romantically and realisticallyriters: criticized the society, concerned about the fate of common peopleCharles Dickens查爾斯狄更斯1. theme: critica

44、l realist writers, criticize: poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, corrupt ness2. characteristics:(1) he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary(2) character portrayal(3) characters are mostly innocen t ,helpless, persecuted child characters(4) a mixture of humor and sympathism (pathos)(5)

45、bizarre figure, horribleOliver Twist霧都孤兒 (The Pickwick Paper; David Copperfield; Domeby and Son; A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Little Dorrit; Hard Times; Great Expectati ons)the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse system and the dark crim inal un derworld lifer comesThe Bron te Sisters l.sce

46、 ne: vast, rough, un touched moorla nd wilder ness 夏治特.布郎帝2. Charlotte ' s works are all about the struggle of anin dividual con scious ness towards self-realizati on, about some Ion ely and n eglected young wome n with a fierce longing for love, un dersta nding and a full, happylife .In her min

47、d, man ' s life is composed of perpetual battle betwee n sin and virtue, good and evilJane Eyre /Charlotte Bronte 簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)Wuthering Heights/EmilyBron te呼嘯山莊1.Mr.Rochester and Jane Eyre. Rochester: a grim-look ing, en ergetic, quick-tempered, but an un dersta nding middle-aged man; has a bur ning spiri

48、t and a longing to love and be loved; struggles for recog niti on of her basic rights and equality as a woma n. It s an in dividual con scious str towards self-realizati on. She gets joy through the sacrifice of herself or her weak nessAlfred Tennyson 阿爾弗雷德.丁尼 生Poet Laureate(Wordsworth, Southey)a po

49、werful expression of thepoet s philosophical and religious thoughts, his doubts about life, soul; has the n atural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressi on, and these two with the feeli ngsBreak, Break, Break 沖激，沖激，沖激Cross ing The Bar 過(guò)沙洲 Ulysses尤利西斯overcome3. (uses flashbacks)Nelly

50、: Catheri ne'old nu rse, n arrator, told M Lockwood, a temporary tenant the story1. the feeling of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the childre n an the un feeli ng moveme nt of the ship and sea waves; abcb2. means leav ing this world and en teri ng the n ext world3. ex

51、press Tennyson ' s own determ in aticourage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness and aspiration of thandRobert Browning perfects "dramatic mono logue", keeps readers alert, 羅伯特布郞寧thoughtful a nd en lighte nedMy Last Duchess 我逝去的公爵夫人 Meeting at Night 夜會(huì) Parti

52、ng at Morning 晨別age1. in heroic couplets, dramatic mono logue sounds like bla nk verseGeorge Eliot 喬治艾略特Pseudo nym: Mary Ann Eva ns foun der of "stream of con scious ness", focus on inner struggle. hereditary in flue nces gover n huma n acti on. concern for the desti ny of woma n. the trag

53、edy of wome nMiddlemarch A Study of Provin cial Life 米德?tīng)栺R契，外省生活研究a full view of life in a small En glishtow nlies in their very birth(hereditary in flue nces) n aturalistic and psychological no velThomas Hardy 扥馬斯哈代1. evaluation: naturalist (D.H.Lawranee; Theodore Dreiser; George Eliot),also critica

54、l realist writer(Dicke ns)2. features: no stalgic(Washi ngton Irvi ng; F.Scott Fitzergerald; William Faulk ner),also pessimisticin tellectually adva need and emoti on ally traditi onal tells very good stories about very in teresti ng people but seldom stops to ask why3. n aturalism: Darwin 'idea

55、 of "survival of the fittest"(1) ma n is born with tragic, in evitably bound by his own hereditary traits(2) ma n proves powerless before fate however he tries, he seldom escapes his doomed dest inyTess of The D'rbervilles 德伯家的苔絲(Wessex: The Retur n of the Nature; The Mayor of Casterbr

56、idge; Jude the Obscure)1criticize the society, hypocricy of the society n aturalism, the misery, poverty Tess suffers“ Not guess ing the cause, there was nothing remi nd him that experie nce is as to in ten sity, and not as to duration. Tess' s passcorporeal blight had bee n her men tal harvestT

57、he Modern Period1. background:佃 14-佃45natural and social sciences enormously advanced(2) capitalism came into its monopoly stage(3) the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened(4) World War 1 2 broke2. what ideas influence this period: all kinds of philosophical ideas(1) Karl Marx: scientific socialism(2) Darwin ' theory of evolution, "survival of the fittest"(3) Freud's analytical psychology(4) The irrationalist philosophers give immense influence3.ideas:(1) Modernism originated from skepticism and disillusion of capitalism(2) The French symboli