高中考試語法之非謂語動詞

1、非謂語動詞1非謂語動詞作主語、賓語和表語一、動名詞和不定式作主語能作主語的非謂語動詞有不定式和動名詞.二者的區(qū)別是：表示某一具體的動作時,多用不定式；表示比擬抽象的一般行為傾向的,多用動名詞.動名詞作主語時通常位于句首；不定式作主語時常置于句末,用it作形式主語放在句首.?Smokingisprohibited禁止here.抽象?Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.具體注意：如果表語是不定式,主語也是不定式；表語是動名詞,主語也是動名詞.如：?Toseeistobelieve.=Seeingisbelieving.常用動名詞作主語的句型：?Itsnouseco

2、mplainingwithouttakingaction采取行動只是抱怨是沒有用的.二、動名詞和不定式作賓語1. 以下動詞只能用不定式作賓語,請牢記下面的口訣決心學會想希望,拒絕設法愿假裝.主動容許選方案,同意請求幫一幫.decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help.此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作賓語.?Shepretendednottoseemew

3、henIpassedby當我經(jīng)過時,她假裝沒看見我.2. 有些動詞只能用動名詞作賓語,巧記動詞后跟動名詞的口訣：防止錯過少延期,建議完成多練習,喜歡想象禁不住,成認否認與妒忌,逃脫冒險莫原諒,忍受保持不在意.avoid,miss,delay,suggest,finish,practice,enjoy,imagine,resist,admit,deny,envy,escape,risk,pardon,stand,keep,mind?Iwouldappreciateyourcallingbackthisafternoon.今天下午如果你能給我回,我將非常感謝.3. 注意區(qū)別以下動詞后接不定式和動名

4、詞 forgettodosth.忘記要去做某事此事未做forgetdoingsth.忘記做過某事此事已做過或已發(fā)生remembertodosth.記得去做某事未做rememberdoingsth.記得做過某事已做 stoptodo停止某件事,目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事goontodo繼續(xù)去做另外一件事情goondoing繼續(xù)原先沒有做完的事情 regrettodosth.對要做的事感到遺憾遺憾地要去做某事regretdoingsth.對過去做過的事或未做過的事感到懊悔懊悔做過或未做過某事 trytodo努力、企圖做trydoing試驗、試一試某種方法meantod

5、o人打算,有意要meandoing物意味著canthelptodosth.不能幫助做某事canthelpdoingsth.情不自禁做某事三、不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語作表語用的非謂語動詞有：不定式todo,動名詞doing,和分詞done,doing不定式作表語 Herwishwastobecomeanartist.她的愿望是成為一位藝術家. Themostimportantthingistoputtheoryintopractice.最重要的是要把理論應用到實踐. Ouraimistohelpthem,nottoteachthemalesson.我們的目的是幫助他們,而不是教訓他們.總結(jié)：不

6、定式作表語表示主語的具體內(nèi)容,如；表示將來的動作,如；表示目的,如.因此,在表示“目的,愿望,夢想,需求等名詞作主語時其表語應該用不定式.動名詞作表語Myjobisteaching.(Teachingismyjob.)總結(jié)：動名詞作表語,表示抽象概念.動名詞作表語一般用來表示身份,職業(yè)等.大局部時候主語與表語可以互換,如.此外,還要注意主語與表語的一致性,如.例還可以說成：Toseeistobelieve.試比擬：一般來說,表示比擬抽象的一般行為時多用動名詞作表語;表示具體某次動作,特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式.?Theirjobisbuildinghouses.他們的工作是蓋房子.?Our

7、tasknowistodevelopoureconomy.我們的任務是開展經(jīng)濟.總結(jié)：surprise,interest,excite,puzzle,disappoint,astonish,encourage,inspire,shock,move等及物動詞用作表語時,要看其與主語的關系.如果與主語為主動關系,那么用-ing形式,表示主語的特征.如果是被動關系,用-done這種形式,表示主語的狀態(tài).?Thenewsastonishedus.這句話就說明了thenews與astonish為主動關系.astonish與us為被動關系.那么就可以直接得出以下兩個句子：?Thenewswasastoni

8、shing.?Wewereastonished(bythenews)考向2非謂語動詞作定語高考對非謂語動詞作定語的考查主要包括以下幾個方面的內(nèi)容：1不定式作定語 不定式作定語常用于不定代詞或被thefirst/next/only/last等修飾的名詞和其他一些名詞、代詞之后.其中,不定式的一般式通常表示一個將來或經(jīng)常性的動作,完成式那么表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前.?Sheisalwaysthefirst(one)tocomeandthelasttoleave. 如果作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞有動賓關系,在不及物動詞后通常要加上適當?shù)慕樵~.?Letsfirstfindaroomt

9、olivein/toputthethingsin.?Wehavenothingtoworryabout.(=Thereisnothingforustoworryabout.) 不定式作定語修飾一個在邏輯上是其賓語名詞時,假設在句子中能找到該不定式的邏輯主語,那么該不定式多用主動表被動,否那么,用被動式.?Ihavealotofthingstodotoday.(I.do.things)?Haveyougotanythingtosayatthemeeting?(you.say.anything)?HereisalettertobetakentoMr.Li.在therebe句型中,有時用主動式或被動

10、式意思不同.比擬：2 -ing分詞作定語 單個的-ing分詞作定語一般前置,說明名詞的性質(zhì)、特征或用途等,-ing短語作定語一般后置；強調(diào)動作的單個-ing分詞也常后置.asleepingcar(=acarforsleeping)asleepingchild(=achildwhoissleeping)theboystandingthere(=theboywhoisstandingthere)Thegirlsingingismyclassmate. -ing分詞作定語一般要求其動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生或是在說話時該動作正在進行,否那么,要用從句作定語.?Doyouknowtheboyt

11、alking(=whoistalking)totheteacher?Didyounoticetheboysitting(=whowassitting)atthisdeskyesterday?Themanshaking(=whoisnowshaking)handswithMr.Livisitedourclassyesterday.比擬：【誤】Heisthemanvisitingourclassyesterday.【正】Heisthemanwhovisitedourclassyesterday.3 -ed分詞作定語-ed分詞作定語一般表示一個被動或已完成動作,-ing分詞表示一個主動或正在進行的動

12、作.adeveloped/developingcountryHeisastudentlovedbyalltheteachers.ThebuildingbeingbuiltwillbethethirdTeachingBuildingofourschool.考向3非謂語動詞作補語1. 帶to的不定式(todo)作賓補的動詞常見的有：ask,invite,tell,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,send,call

13、on,waitfor,wouldlike/love/prefer等表示勸請、要求類動詞后,用帶to的不定式作賓補.?Theteacheraskedustofinishourhomework老師叫我們完成家庭作業(yè).?Shewantedhimtosingforherfriends她想讓他為她的朋友唱歌.?Thepolicemantoldtheboysnottoplayinthestreet警察告訴孩子們別在街上玩耍.2. 常見的接不帶to的不定式作賓補的動詞：一感：feel二聽：hear,listento三讓：let,make,have四看：see,watch,notice,observe半幫助：

14、helpsb.todo/dosth.表示某人做某事的全過程或某事發(fā)生的全過程,強調(diào)事物的發(fā)生和結(jié)束.?Isawhimleaveafewminutesago.我看見他幾分鐘前離開了.?TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglishspokenasmuchaspossible.為了學好英語,我們應該盡可能多地找時機聽英語.?Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.那個老師提升了嗓門以便別人能聽到他.3. V-ing形式作賓補V-ing形式作賓補,表示動作的過程,即動作正在

15、進行,尚未結(jié)束.賓語與賓補之間是主動的邏輯主謂關系.?Ihearsomeoneknockingatthedoor.?Imsorrytokeepyouwaitingforalongtime.4. V-ed形式作賓補著重動作完成,說明動作的結(jié)果,它與賓語之間是被動的邏輯主謂關系.?Hesawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.?Imgoingtohavemyhaircut.考向4非謂語動詞作狀語1不定式作狀語(1)作目的狀語.注意其他非謂語動詞形式不能用作目的狀語.?Tokeepthemselvesawaketheysatonthefloorandtoldeachotherstor

16、ies.為了不至于睡著,他們坐在地板上輪流講故事.(2)作結(jié)果狀語,表示出乎意料的結(jié)果,經(jīng)常與only連用.?Wehurriedtothestation,onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.我們急匆匆趕到車站,結(jié)果被告知火車已開走了.(3)作原因狀語形容詞或過去分詞作表語時,后面可接不定式作原因狀語.常見詞有：happy,lucky,sorry,proud,disappointed,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased等.?WereproudtobeyoungpeopleofChina.作為中國青年我們感到

17、自豪.在u主語+系動詞+表語(形容詞)+todo結(jié)構中,不定式的主動形式表示被動意義.該結(jié)構中常用的形容詞有：easy,difficult,important,interesting,pleasant,comfortable,dangerous等.?Thechairisverycomfortabletositon.這把椅子坐上去很舒服.【解題技巧】動詞的不定式用法口訣：2分詞作狀語(表時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨、讓步等)(1)作狀語的分詞要求其邏輯主語與句子的主語保持一致.?Satisfiedwithwhathedid,theteacherpraisedhiminclass.由于老師對

18、他所做的事情很滿意,于是在班上表揚了他.(2)假設現(xiàn)在分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,那么用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式(havingdone).?Havingcleanedthedesks,webeganreading.擦完桌子后,我們便開始看書.(3)假設與句中主語為邏輯上的動賓關系,且先于謂語動詞動作發(fā)生,用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動形式(havingbeendone).?Havingbeenshowntheclassrooms,weweretakentoseethelibrary.我們被領著看了教室后,又被帶去看圖書館.(4)如句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者,那么要用過去分詞(done).?S

19、eenfromthetopofthemountain,thecityisverybeautiful.從山頂上看,這座城市很漂亮.(5)如句子的主語是分詞動作的發(fā)出者,就用現(xiàn)在分詞形式(doing).?Seeingfromthetopofthehill,wefindtheparkevenmorebeautiful.從山頂上看,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個公園顯得更加美麗.獨立主格結(jié)構(一)獨立主格結(jié)構的形式獨立結(jié)構可分為兩局部,一局部事名詞或代詞(主格),起著邏輯主語的作用；另一局部由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語等構成,表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)或動作.1. 名詞/代詞+形容詞?Iheardthat

20、shegotinjuredintheaccident,myheartfullofworry.我聽說她在這次事故中受了傷,內(nèi)心充滿擔憂.?Hestoodsilentinthemoon-light,hisdooropen.月光下,門開著,他默默地站在那兒.2. 名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞?Wintercoming,itgetscolderandcolder.冬天來了,天氣越來越冷了.?Therainhavingstopped,hewentoutforawalk.雨停了,他出去散散步.3. 名詞/代詞+過去分詞?Moretimegiven,weshouldhavedoneitmuchbetter.如果給我

21、們更多時間,我們會做的更好.?Theboystoodthere,hisrighthandraised.那個男生站在那里,右手高舉.4. 名詞/代詞主格+不定式?Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.這是前倆卷,第三卷將于下雨問世.?Thetwoboysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotohisfriends.兩個男孩彼此道了別,一個回了家,另一個去了他朋友家.5. 名詞/代詞+介詞短語?Thehuntsmanenteredtheforest,guninhand

22、.那個獵人手里提著槍走進了樹林.注意：這里guninhand還可以說成withaguninhand.但不可以說aguninhand或guninhishand.6. 名詞/代詞+副詞?Nobodyin,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.由于沒有人,小偷拿走了許多東西.?Lunchover,heleftthehouse.Buthewasthinking.午飯結(jié)束,他離開了路.但他還在考慮.7. 名詞/代詞+名詞?Hefoughtthewolf,astickhisonlyweapon.他和狼搏斗著,唯一的為武器是一根棍棒.8. with復合結(jié)構它的構成是：with+賓語+賓語

23、補足語.賓語由代詞、名詞、名詞詞組充當,賓語由分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞等充當.?HolmsandWatsonsatwiththelightonforhalfanhour.福爾摩斯和沃森坐著,讓燈亮了半個小時.介詞短語?Heusedtosleepwiththedooropen.他過去常開著門睡覺形容詞?Withaboyleadingtheway,theystartedtowardsthevillage.由一個小男孩領著路,他們朝那個村子去了.現(xiàn)在分詞?Withtheworkdone,hewenthome.工作做完后,他回了家.過去分詞?Withyoutohelpus,wewil

24、lfinishthetaskintime.有你來幫助,我們將會及時完成任務.不定式?HongKonglooksmorebeautifulwiththou-sandsoflightsonnight.夜里,香港萬盞燈火,分外美麗.副詞從以上例句可以看出：在with復合結(jié)構中,賓語和賓補之間形成邏輯上的主謂關系.當這種主謂關系表現(xiàn)為主動語態(tài)是,用現(xiàn)代分詞：當這種主謂關系表現(xiàn)為被動語態(tài)是,用過去分詞：當這種主謂關系表示將來意義是,用不定時：當這種主謂關系辨識伴隨意義時,用現(xiàn)在分詞或副詞.二獨立主格結(jié)構的用法它表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當于一個狀語從句或并列句.1. 作時間狀語?

25、Theworkdone=Aftertheworkhadbeendone,wewenthome.工作完成后,我們才回家.2. 作條件狀語?Weatherpermitting=Ifweatherpermits,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游.3. 作原因狀語?Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrowtheprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.由于明天要發(fā)表一個重

26、要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚.4. 作伴隨狀語?Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead).他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦后.5. 表補充說明?Ahuntercamein,hisfaceredwithcold(=andhisfacewasredwithcold).一個獵人走了進來,他的臉凍得通紅.注：獨立主格結(jié)構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當于一個狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時,相當于一個并列句,通常放于句末.1. Thegrea

27、thallwascrowdedwithmanypeople,(include)manychildren(seat)ontheirparentslaps.2. ItssaidthattheOlympicGames(hold)inLondonin2021willcovermoreeventsthananyotherOlympicsdid.3. There(be)norainforalongtime,mostofthecropsinthisareadiedfromlackingwater.4. Yesterdayastreetbeggarboughtalotteryticketpurposeless

28、ly,(make)himamillionaireovernight.5. InthefaceofthebigfireinOct.inCalifornia,manypeopleinthefirestrickenareasmovedout(escape,burn)6. Takingthismedicine,if(continue),willofcoursedogoodtohishealth.7. Thelittleboystillneedsthe(remain)20dollarstodowithsomethings(settle)8. (consider)hisage,thelittleboyre

29、adquitewell.9. (judge)fromtheappearance,itisverypeaceful;butinfact,awarwillbreakoutsoon.10. -Tomenjoys(play)basketballonSundayafternoon,doesnthe?-Yes,hedoes.Butwhathissisterenjoys(dance)11. Hissister,(address)tothewrongnumber,reachedmelate.12. TheSpaceShuttleColumbiabrokeintopiecesoverTexasasitretur

30、nedtotheearthonFebruary1st,2003,(kill)allsevenastronautsaboard.13. Therearelotsofplacesofinterest(need,repair)inourcity.14. -Whatcausedthepartytobeputoff?-Toms(delay,send)theinvitations.15. Iwasafraid(talk)backtomycustomersbecauseIwasafraidof(lose)them.16. Standingonthetopofthehill,Iwouldnotdoanythi

31、ngbut(enjoy)thefollowingofthesmogaroundme.17. TsTomagoodtalker?-No,heneverspeakstomeotherthan(ask)forsomething.18. Icantgetmycar(run)oncoldmornings,soIhavetotry(fill)theradiatorwitsomehotwater.19. Thedrunkenhusbandknockedagainstthetableandsentthebowls(fly)inalldirectionsbeforehewassent(sleep)byhiswi

32、fe.20. Whenwegotbackfromthecinema,wefoundthelamp(burn)onbutthedoor(shut).21. Wefoundthestudentsseatedattablesandhadtheireyes_(fix)onthelaunchofShenzhouVspaceship.22. Adoctorcanexpect(call)atanyhourofthedayornight.23. Theboyoftengivesasatisfactoryanswertotheteachersquestion,(think)justaminute.Sohesus

33、uallytheteacherspet.24. Thepolicemancameuptothelonelyhousewiththedoor(open),(stand)thereforawhileandthenenteredit.25. (drive)alongthequietroadatfortymilesanhour,andthenanoldmansuddenlystartedtocrosstheroadinfrontofme.26. Mr.Smithwasmuchsurprisedtofindthewatchhehadhad(repair)wasnowheretobeseen.27. Wh

34、atdidthelibrarian(forbid,take)outofthelibrary?28. -Mum,whydoyougivemesomuchpopcorn?-(kill)theboringtime.29. WhatYangLiweiwantedtodowhenhegotoutofthespaceshipwas_(share)thejoywithalltheChinese.30. Whenhewasaloneathome,Maryneededafriendwithwhom(play)with.31. (see)thebigsnake,thelittlegirlstoodunderthe

35、tree(frighten)otoflife.32. Thecompetitorneverdreamedofthere(be)achanceforhimtowinthefirstprizeinthe100-meterrace.33. (except)everythingtogowronginadvance,andyouwontfeelquitesobadwhenitdoes.34. -You(benottake)partinthepartyontime.-Sorry,Iwasdelayedbytheaccident.35. When(compared)withthesizeofthewhole

36、earth,thehighestmountaindoesntseemhighatall.36. (dress)inherbestsuit,thegirltriedtomakeherself(notice)attheparty.37. Thematter(relate)toyourstudysurelyrequires(deal)withcarefully.38. Her(notcome)backmadeherparentsworriedalot.39. Everything(take)intoconsideration,theybelievedthemselvesmoreandreturned

37、totheirpositions.40. Hemovedawayfromhisparentsandmissedthemtoomuchtoenjoythe(excite)lifeinNewYork.41. -Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?Ttseasiersaidthan(carry)out.42. ManybusinessmenattendedtheBOAOForumbecausetheyknewwhat(get)fromtheforum.43. Therewasafamouspersonatthepartywhomeveryonewouldlike(introduce)to

38、themselves.44. -WereyouathomelastSunday?Yeah!Idevotedthewholedayto(review)theEnglishgrammar.45. Once(catch,steal)attheshop,youwillbedismissedimmediately.46. Pricesofdailygoods(buy)throughacomputercanbeloweredthanstoreprices.47. Thesummervacation(be)over,Johnreturnedtoschoolfromhishometown.48. (suppo

39、se)shecanco0me,whowilldothework?49. Tsthereanythingyouwantfromtown?-No,thankyou.ButIwouldliketogetthoseletters(mail).50. Aftertheguestsleft,shespentasmuchtimeasshecould(tidy)uptherooms.選用括號內(nèi)適宜的內(nèi)容補全下面句子.1. (Polluted,Polluting)waterandairareharmfultopeopleshealth.2. (Blinded,Blinding)bythesnow,almost(

40、freezing,frozen)afterthelongjourney,theexplorercouldnotevenstrikeamatch.3. Sherylforgot(bringing,tobring)herpurse,soIlenthertendollars.4. Lydiareallyregrets(todrop,dropping)outofhighschool.Shehasreallyhadtostruggletomakealivingbecauseofthatdecision.5. Hewasntaskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,

41、(beingconsidered,tobeconsidered)unpopularwithallmembers.6. Althoughhesnagee,Fredcouldresist(beingtold,havingbeentold)whattodoandwhatnottodo.用括號內(nèi)動詞的正確形式完成下面短文.AAccesstoaclean,reliablewatersupplyisessentialtooursurvival.1.(cover)over70%percentoftheearthsurface,waterisapparentlyplentiful.Butinfact,less

42、than1%ofallthewateronearthisaccessibleforhumanuseinlakes,riversandreservoirs.Renewedbyrainandsnowfall,thiswatersupplyisavailabletousasafinite(有限的)butsustainableresource.Asthedemandforaccesstothis2.(limit)supplyincrease,itisthoughtthatasmanyas3.5billionpeoplecouldexperiencewatershortagesby2025.Aworld

43、widewatermanagementplanisvital.Aninternationalcampaignmustbeintroduced3.(raise)publicawarenessoftheimportanceof4.(save)and5.(recycle)thispreciousresource.Furthermore,industryandagriculturemustbemade6.(reduce)theirwaterconsumption.Onlyinthiswaycanwater-relatedinternationalconflictsbeavoided.BThereare

44、differentcommentsonthebookHelpingChildrentoSucceed.( 1) IfoundHelpingChildrentoSucceedtobea(n)1.(inspire)book.Whatwasthemost2.(fascinate)tomewastheresearchfindingthatchildrenfromwealthyfamiliesarenomorepreparedforasuccessfulindependentfuturethanchildrenfrompoorerfamilies.Theauthorshowsthatchildrenfr

45、omallbackgroundsneedtolearnnotonlyhow3.(work)hardbutalsohow4.(deal)withfailurewithout5.(fall)topieces.Thebookshowsconvincinglyhowpoorchildrenaswellasmiddleclasschildrenandthosefromwealthierhomesarecapableof6.(learn)theseskillsnecessaryforfuturesuccess.Thishasmademe7.(feel)veryoptimisticthatnochildwillfailbecauseoftheirfamilybackgroundandthatsomethingcanbedone8.(increase)thelifechancesofpoorchildren.( 2) IenjoyedHelpingChildrentoSucceed,butinmanywaysIalsofoundit1