外文翻譯---關(guān)于自動變速器部分簡介

1、中文3275字附錄一外文翻譯A Short Course on a part of Automatic Transmissions The automatic transmission gearbox, as an important part in automobile driving system is used to make up the shortcoming of engine torque and rotary speed. It can change the vehicle speed and tyre torque in a big scope, cut off the po

2、wer transfer from the engine, and also provides a reverse traveling direction for the vehicle. Therefore, the reasonability of the structure design of a transmission gearbox directly affects the vehicle's dynamic performance. It is usually required shifting gears rapidly and conveniently, saving

3、 force, and having a higher working efficiency and low working noises.The modern automatic transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical component in today's automobile.  Manual transmissions contain mechanical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls,

4、all working together in perfect harmony which goes virtually unnoticed until there is a problem. This article will help you understand the concepts behind what goes on inside these technological marvels and what goes into repairing them when they fail.TransmissionThe transmission is a device that is

5、 connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels. An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) range and it is the transmission's job to make sure that the power is delivered to the wheels while keeping the engine wit

6、hin that range. It does this through various gear combinations. In first gear, the engine turns much faster in relation to the drive wheels, while in high gear the engine is loafing even though the car may be going in excess of 70 MPH. In addition to the various forward gears, a transmission also ha

7、s a neutral position which disconnects the engine from the drive wheels, and reverse; which causes the drive wheels to turn in the opposite direction allowing you to back up. Finally, there is the Park position. In this position, a latch mechanism (not unlike a deadbolt lock on a door) is inserted i

8、nto a slot in the output shaft to lock the drive wheels and keep them from turning, thereby preventing the vehicle from rolling. There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whether thevehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive. On a rear wheel drive car, the transmission is u

9、sually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position. A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels. Power flow o

10、n this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, through the torque converter, then through the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear wheels. On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined with th

11、e final drive to form what is called a transaxle. The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car. Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front w

12、heels. In this example, power flows from the engine, through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine. From there, the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent

13、tothe two front wheels through the drive axles. There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular.

14、 A much less popular rear drive arrangement has the transmission mounted directly to the final drive at the rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine. This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly

15、between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling. Another rear drive system mountseverything, the engine, transmission and final drive in the rear. This rear enginearrangement is popular on the Porsche.Transmission Components The modern automatic transmission consists of many

16、components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electrical technology that has evolved over the years into what many mechanically inclined individuals consider to be an art form. The cyeloid driveThe cyeloid drive has the essential advnatag

17、es sueh as Wide rnage of tranmsission ratio，eompact surtcture，high relibaility nad long wokrnig lief，So It gets borad application and its rsearch goes deep eonstnatly. The drive has been not only applied to traditionalt rnasmissionfield but also has alluring applieation in the aspeets of micro machi

18、ne，robot gear ,preeision machine taansmission，super mini cycloid drive，asrtonaut cquipment，measurment apparatus，tenement intelligence and high-tech equipment. In the family of the cycloid drive，the AFcycloid一pin wheel plnaetary driver educer is a new .Trnasmission device.Compared with the common cyc

19、loid drive，it has a series of advantages such as small volume，lihgtweight，wide range of tranmsission，diversity transmission，long lief time，high rigidiyt，high slewing precision，stbale preeision，high effieiency and stable transmission.The design of the drive daopts a lot of advnaced theories and techn

20、ology methoods and uses a kind of innovation stureurte，so the FA drive has overcome the defect of the traditional surtcture，enhnaccd the transmissin efficency，volume,and the transmission precision. Automatic transmissions contain many gears in various combinations. In a manual transmission, gears sl

21、ide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another, engaging various sized gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio. In an automatic transmission, however, the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears. This is accomplished t

22、hrough the use of planetary gear sets. One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine, connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft, and locking the sun gear so that it can't move. In this scenario, when we turn the

23、 ring gear, the planets will "walk" along the sun gear (which is held stationary) causing the planet carrier to mm the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction (similar to a car in first gear). If we unlock the sun gear and lock any

24、 two elements together, this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that the output shaft will mm at the same rate of speed as the input shaft. This is like a car that is in third or high gear. Another way that we can use a Planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from

25、 moving, then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in the opposite direction giving us reverse gear. The clutch pack is used, in this instance, to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed. If both the clutch pack and the band w

26、ere released, the system would be in neutral. Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear, but since nothing is holding the sun gear, it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft. To place the unit in first gear, the band is applied to hold the sun gear

27、from moving. To shift from first to high gear, the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft. Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various ways to provide the different forward speeds

28、and reverse that are found in modem automatic transmissions. Some of the clever gear arrangements found in four and now, five, six and even seven-speed automatics are complex enough to make a technically astute lay person's head spin trying to understand the flow of power through the transmissio

29、n as it shifts from first gear through top gear while the vehicle accelerates to highway speed. On newer vehicles, the vehicle's computer monitors and controls these shifts so that theyare almost imperceptible.Computer ControlsThe computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect su

30、ch things as throttle position, vehicle speed, engine speed, engine load, brake pedal position, etc. to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be. Once the computer receives this information, it then sends signals to a solenoid pack inside the transmission. The solen

31、oid pack contains several electrically controlled solenoids that redirect the fluid to the appropriate clutch pack or servo in order to control shifting. Computerized transmissions even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it.

32、 Because of computer controls, sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as though it were a stick shift, allowing the driver to select gears manually. This is accomplished on some cars by passing the shift lever through a special gate, then tapping it

33、in one direction or the other in order to up-shift or down-shift at will. The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver does not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it.Hydraulic SystemThe Hydraulic system is a complex maze of passages and tubes that sendstran

34、smission fluid under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter.The newer systems are much more complex and are combined with computerized electrical components. Transmission fluid serves a number of purposes including:shift control, general lubrication and transmission cooling.

35、Unlike the engine, which uses oil primarily for lubrication, every aspect of a transmission's functions are dependant on a constant supply of fluid under pressure. This is not unlike the human circulatory system (the fluid is even red) where even a few minutes of operation when there is a lack o

36、f pressure can be harmful or even fatal to the life of the transmission. In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature, a portion of the fluid is sent through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator. Fluid passing through this

37、chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube. A typical transmission has an average of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission, torque converter, and cooler tank. In fact, most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid includin

38、g the clutch packs and bands. The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil.Valve BodyThe valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission. It contains a maze of channels and 'passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the nu

39、merous valves which then activate the appropriate clutch pack or band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation. Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function. For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear to

40、 3rd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur. The most important valve, and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depen

41、ding on what position the gear shift is placed in. When you place the gear shift in Drive, for instance, the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack(s) that activates 1st gear. it also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the forc

42、e for the 1 - 2 shift. On computer controlled transmissions, you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points. 關(guān)于自動變速器部分簡介變速器是汽車重要的傳動系組成，在較大范圍內(nèi)改變汽車行駛速度的大小和

43、汽車驅(qū)動輪上扭矩的大小。變速器能在發(fā)動機旋轉(zhuǎn)方向不變的前提下，使汽車倒退行駛，而且利用擋位可以中斷動力的傳遞。所以變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的合理性直接影響到汽車動力性和經(jīng)濟性。設(shè)計要求達到換擋迅速、省力、方便、有較高的工作效率、工作噪聲低。手動變速器到現(xiàn)在為止是汽車上最為復(fù)雜的機械部件。手動變速器包含機械系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)配合在一起，能夠非常的協(xié)調(diào)。本文將幫助您了解變速器的一些常識和一些技術(shù)問題以便幫助您解決一些問題。變速器 變速器是連接在發(fā)動機背后的一個裝置，從引擎?zhèn)魉蛣恿Φ斤w跑的輪胎上。一個汽車引擎最好的狀態(tài)是在某一的范圍內(nèi)每分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)，它傳輸?shù)墓ぷ饕_保動力是被傳到輪胎上的與此同時引擎要保

44、持在那個范圍里。它做這個動作要經(jīng)過不同的齒輪聯(lián)動。在第一擋，引擎要涉及到驅(qū)動器所以轉(zhuǎn)動的要快得多；在高速擋是空轉(zhuǎn)的即使汽車大多保持在時速70公里。除了不同的前進裝置，變速器在驅(qū)動器離開引擎時它處于空擋；相反的，導(dǎo)致驅(qū)動器變?yōu)榉聪蚓驮试S倒擋了。最后有個停車位置。在這個位置上，閉鎖的機械裝置是被嵌入從動軸的一個槽里去鎖住驅(qū)動器并阻止轉(zhuǎn)動，從而防止車子轉(zhuǎn)動。 自動駕駛有兩個基本類型：汽車是后驅(qū)動還是前驅(qū)動。 后驅(qū)動的汽車，變速器通常安裝在引擎后面并定位于油門旁的車底板中心隆起的下邊。主驅(qū)動橋連結(jié)變速箱的背面到最后的位于后車橋并用來傳送動力到后輪。在這一個系統(tǒng)方面的動力流量是簡單的和筆直前方從引擎去，

45、經(jīng)過扭力變換器，然后經(jīng)過變速箱和驅(qū)動橋直到最后傳動的時候是分送到兩個后輪胎的。 前驅(qū)動的汽車，變速器通常連接最后傳動到一個形狀為驅(qū)動橋的地方。在前驅(qū)動汽車的引擎通常安裝在車子面對后輪的引擎一邊的驅(qū)動橋縫摺下。前車橋直接地被連接到聯(lián)合傳動箱而且提供動力給前輪。在這一個例中，電源從引擎流動扭力變換器達到一個巨大的鏈上通過180度沿著引擎轉(zhuǎn)到變速器。從那，動力通過變速器被發(fā)送到最后的傳動，通過驅(qū)動的車軸送到兩個前輪。 許多其他的安排包括前驅(qū)動的從前到后代替從一旁的引擎的車子以及到四輪驅(qū)動的是目前為止描述的最流行的。少量流行的后輪驅(qū)動，變速器直接安裝在后面并通過主動軸連接到仍綁在引擎上的轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器上。

46、這個系統(tǒng)在新的Corvette并為了因為改進的性能和處理使重量被均勻的平衡到前輪和后輪而使用。另外的一個后輪驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)展開背面的每件事物，引擎，變速箱和最后的傳動。這一個后引擎布置是在流行的保時捷上；變速器的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)代自動變速器由許多成分和系統(tǒng)組成。讓在機械的、水壓的和電器技術(shù)的能夠靈活的和諧的一起工作，那么多年已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了許多機械傾向的個體當(dāng)作是個藝術(shù)的形式。擺線針輪行星傳動擺線針輪行星傳動具有傳動比范圍大、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、可靠性高和壽命長等顯著特點，因而獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用，研究也不斷深入。該傳動不僅廣泛應(yīng)用于通用傳動領(lǐng)域，而且在微機械、機械人傳動裝置、精密機械傳動、超小型傳動、宇航設(shè)備，測量儀器、住

47、宅智能化和高技術(shù)設(shè)備等方面有誘人的應(yīng)用潛力。在擺線針輪行星傳動家族中，AF型擺線針輪行星傳動變速器是一種新的傳動裝置。與一般的擺線針輪行星傳動相比，它具有體積小、重量輕、傳動比范圍大、傳動比的多樣性、壽命長、剛度大、回轉(zhuǎn)精度高、精度保持穩(wěn)定、效率高、傳動平穩(wěn)等一系列的優(yōu)點。該傳動設(shè)計采用了許多先進的理念和技術(shù)，應(yīng)用一種創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，因此該種AF型針擺傳動有效地克服了傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)不足，提高了傳遞的功率和容量，提高了傳遞的精度。自動駕駛包含了許多不同組合的齒輪。在人力操作駕駛中，齒輪沿著軸滑行正如你從一個位置達到另一個位置移動著操縱桿，引擎不同的尺寸正是為了提供正確的齒輪傳動比的必要性。在自動駕駛

48、中，齒輪仍然從未本身的移動總是和同樣的齒輪緊緊貼合在一起。通過行星齒輪組的使用是完全實現(xiàn)的?；镜男行驱X輪組包含了一個中心齒輪，一個環(huán)形齒輪和兩個以上的行星齒輪，所有的都經(jīng)常嚙合。行星齒輪通過一個普通的允許齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)在附屬于架子的叫做“小齒輪”的軸上彼此連接著。 一個這種方式的例子：這個系統(tǒng)可以使用是通過引擎上的環(huán)形齒輪和輸入軸連接在一起，行星齒輪和輸出軸連接在一起并把中心齒輪鎖住那樣就不會移動了。在這個情景下，我們轉(zhuǎn)動環(huán)形齒輪，行星齒輪就會沿著中心齒輪“行走”了從而在同一個方向行星齒輪去旋轉(zhuǎn)輸出軸以及輸入軸也是如此，但是在一個緩慢的速度下會導(dǎo)致齒輪變形(類似于汽車在低擋)。如果我們鎖住中心齒輪

49、以及任何兩個元件，這會導(dǎo)致所有三個元件在同一個方向旋轉(zhuǎn)那樣輸出軸會在同一速度上旋轉(zhuǎn)同時輸入軸也是。這就像一輛車子在三擋或者高速擋。其他的方式我們可以使用通過行星齒輪移動的行星齒輪組，然后將環(huán)形齒輪應(yīng)用于動力導(dǎo)致中心齒輪會在逆轉(zhuǎn)齒輪相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。離合器在這種情況下使用，把行星齒輪和中心齒輪鎖住強迫他們在同一個速度上。如果離合器和傳送帶都放松，齒輪將會在空擋。輸入軸旋轉(zhuǎn)行星齒輪就會朝著逆時針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，但是既然沒有東西鎖住中心齒輪，它就會空轉(zhuǎn)對輸出軸沒有影響。在一擋的位置，傳送帶用于中心齒輪移動。為了從第一到高速齒輪變擋，帶子被釋放，而且離合器被應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致輸出橋以如同輸入橋一般的速度轉(zhuǎn)。在現(xiàn)代自動變

50、速器中被發(fā)現(xiàn)許多的組成可能使用兩個或者更多行星齒輪聯(lián)結(jié)成各種的方式去提供不同的向前和相反的速度。一些零活的齒輪安排被發(fā)現(xiàn)有四個，現(xiàn)在五個、六個甚至七個擋的自動變速器，這足夠復(fù)雜的去制作一個技術(shù)性靈活的能夠放置在較新的車輛上，車輛的計算機檢測而且控制這些變化，以便他們幾乎察覺不到。計算機控制 計算機使用引擎和變速器上的傳感器捕捉類似于減速、汽車速度、引擎速度、引擎負(fù)荷、制動踏板等等的東西，去控制準(zhǔn)確的變化點。一旦計算機接收到這個信息，它會向變速器里電磁線圈發(fā)出信號。電磁線圈包含了幾個電控螺線管為了控制擋使改變流向離合器底座的方向。計算機處理的變速器甚至?xí)@悉到你的駕駛風(fēng)格并在不斷適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)節(jié)那樣在

51、需要時每個擋定被精確的計時。因為計算機的控制、有關(guān)運動的型號是伴隨著變速器手控的能力而投入市場，雖然它是一根棍棍但允許司機選擇手動換擋。這個在一些車上通過一個特殊的閘口經(jīng)過擋數(shù)來完成，然后意愿在一個方向或者另一個方向上進行調(diào)高速擋或降低速擋把它弄進去。計算機監(jiān)控到這個活動并確定司機沒有選擇一擋可能引擎會超速并導(dǎo)致?lián)p害。水壓系統(tǒng)水壓系統(tǒng)是一個復(fù)雜的通道，管子在壓力下送液體到變速器和轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器的所有的部分。新系統(tǒng)更復(fù)雜，由計算機處理的電力組成。變速器液體供應(yīng)許多包括移動控制、普通潤滑油和變速器制冷的用途。不像引擎首先為潤滑油為主的使用油，變速器運作的每方面是依靠在壓力下的液體的固定供應(yīng)。這不像人力

52、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)(液體甚至是紅的)甚至幾分鐘的操作當(dāng)壓力的缺少都是有害的甚至對變速器的壽命是致命的。為了保持變速器在一個正常的運作溫度，液體的一部分是通過一到兩個鋼管傳送到特殊的地方那樣在水箱中防凍劑被淹沒。液體穿過這個地方是凍住的然后通過其他鋼管回到變速器。一個典型的變速器在變速器、轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器和冷卻器中有一個平均十夸脫的液體。事實上，一個變速箱的大部份結(jié)構(gòu)不變地在包括離合器底座和傳送帶的流體中被浸水。只有當(dāng)他們在油中被浸水的時候，在這些零配件上的磨擦表面被設(shè)計適當(dāng)?shù)夭僮?。閥體 閥體是自動變速器的控制中心。他包含了一連串的電路和通道，直接將液壓機液體傳到眾多的閥上然后適當(dāng)?shù)氖闺x合器底座和傳輸帶活躍起來

53、，每次駕駛操作系統(tǒng)適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整到平穩(wěn)移動以及適當(dāng)?shù)膫鲃?。閥體中的每個閥有明確的作用并因為它的作用而命名。比如2-3換擋油閥刺激二擋到三擋或者3-2的延時擋這個在調(diào)低速擋發(fā)生的時候就會這樣。最重要的閥就是你直接控制的手控閥。手控閥是直接傳動機構(gòu)中擋，蓋著和未蓋的各種通道依靠使換中擋放置的位置上。當(dāng)你放置使換中擋在駕駛中，這種情況手控閥直接到離合器底座刺激到一擋。它也會設(shè)立監(jiān)控車子速度并進行減速，以便它能為12擋變化決定最佳的時間和力。電腦控制的變速器，你也不得不用安在閥門部分的電磁線圈使之直接流向離合器底座或傳輸帶再到更好的控制點。 教師見習(xí)報告總結(jié)期待已久的見習(xí)已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，在龍巖三中高中部見習(xí)聽

54、課，雖然只是短短的兩個星期，但感觸還是蠻深的，以前作為一名學(xué)生坐在課室聽課，和現(xiàn)在作為一名準(zhǔn)教師坐在課室聽課是完全不同的感受，感覺自己學(xué)到了一些在平時課堂上學(xué)不到的東西。在這里，我獲得的不僅是經(jīng)驗上的收獲，更多是教學(xué)管理，課堂教學(xué)等的理念，以及他們帶給我的種種思考。教育見習(xí)實踐過程：聽課。教育見習(xí)的主要目的是讓學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的引導(dǎo)下，觀摩教師上課方法、技巧等。聽課是教育見習(xí)的主要內(nèi)容。我院規(guī)定在一周的見習(xí)中需完成至少6課的見習(xí)任務(wù)。我在教師的安排指導(dǎo)下，分別對高一、高二物理專業(yè)課型為主，其他課型齊頭的方式，積極主動的完成了聽課任務(wù)，收到良好的效果。我聽的第一節(jié)課是高二（8）班，這是一個平衡班，水平不如實驗班高。在上課前。科任老師已經(jīng)跟我說了這個班的紀(jì)律是比較差的，而且成績也不是很好。在我聽課期間，確實有幾個學(xué)生在課堂上說話，但是我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個有趣的現(xiàn)象，這個現(xiàn)象我在往后的幾個班都發(fā)現(xiàn)了，就是絕大部分的學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情都好高漲，積極舉手發(fā)言，積